Ultraviolet optical and microstructural properties of MgF2 and LaF3 coatings deposited by ion-beam sputtering and boat and electron-beam evaporation

Single layers of MgF2 and LaF3 were deposited upon superpolished fused-silica and CaF2 substrates by ion-beam sputtering (IBS) as well as by boat and electron beam (e-beam) evaporation and were characterized by a variety of complementary analytical techniques. Besides undergoing photometric and ellipsometric inspection, the samples were investigated at 193 and 633 nm by an optical scatter measurement facility. The structural properties were assessed with atomic-force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, TEM techniques that involved conventional thinning methods for the layers. For measurement of mechanical stress in the coatings, special silicon substrates were coated and analyzed. The dispersion behavior of both deposition materials, which was determined on the basis of various independent photometric measurements and data reduction techniques, is in good agreement with that published in the literature and with the bulk properties of the materials. The refractive indices of the MgF2 coatings ranged from 1.415 to 1.440 for the wavelength of the ArF excimer laser (193 nm) and from 1.435 to 1.465 for the wavelength of the F2 excimer laser (157 nm). For single layers of LaF3 the refractive indices extended from 1.67 to 1.70 at 193 nm to ~1.80 at 157 nm. The IBS process achieves the best homogeneity and the lowest surface roughness values (close to 1 nmrms) of the processes compared in the joint experiment. In contrast to MgF2 boat and e-beam evaporated coatings, which exhibit tensile mechanical stress ranging from 300 to 400 MPa, IBS coatings exhibit high compressive stress of as much as 910 MPa. A similar tendency was found for coating stress in LaF3 single layers. Experimental results are discussed with respect to the microstructural and compositional properties as well as to the surface topography of the coatings.

Usefulness of heart rate to predict cardiac events in treated patients with high-risk systemic hypertension.

A high heart rate (HR) predicts future cardiovascular events. We explored the predictive value of HR in patients with high-risk hypertension and examined whether blood pressure reduction modifies this association. The participants were 15,193 patients with hypertension enrolled in the Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation (VALUE) trial and followed up for 5 years. The HR was assessed from electrocardiographic recordings obtained annually throughout the study period. The primary end point was the interval to cardiac events. After adjustment for confounders, the hazard ratio of the composite cardiac primary end point for a 10-beats/min of the baseline HR increment was 1.16 (95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.20). Compared to the lowest HR quintile, the adjusted hazard ratio in the highest quintile was 1.73 (95% confidence interval 1.46 to 2.04). Compared to the pooled lower quintiles of baseline HR, the annual incidence of primary end point in the top baseline quintile was greater in each of the 5 study years (all p <0.05). The adjusted hazard ratio for the primary end point in the highest in-trial HR heart rate quintile versus the lowest quintile was 1.53 (95% confidence interval 1.26 to 1.85). The incidence of primary end points in the highest in-trial HR group compared to the pooled 4 lower quintiles was 53% greater in patients with well-controlled blood pressure (p <0.001) and 34% greater in those with uncontrolled blood pressure (p = 0.002). In conclusion, an increased HR is a long-term predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with high-risk hypertension. This effect was not modified by good blood pressure control. It is not yet known whether a therapeutic reduction of HR would improve cardiovascular prognosis.

LIBERAÇÃO DE NUTRIENTES DA PALHADA DE FORRAGEIRAS CONSORCIADAS COM MILHO E SUCESSÃO COM SOJA

Em regiões de clima tropical ocorre rápida decomposição do material vegetal depositado sobre o solo, sendo a capacidade de reciclar nutrientes pela decomposição da palhada um dos aspectos mais importantes das plantas de cobertura. Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade e a liberação de nutrientes de forrageiras consorciadas com milho para ensilagem, sucedido pela cultura da soja. Em área da Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus de Ilha Solteira, o experimento consistiu do consórcio de milho com quatro forrageiras: Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, Urochloa ruziziensis, Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia e Panicum maximum cv. Áries, semeadas de três formas: na linha de semeadura do milho, misturada ao adubo; a lanço no mesmo dia da semeadura do milho; e a lanço no estádio V4 do milho, em delineamento de blocos casualizados com esquema fatorial 4 × 3 e quatro repetições. A avaliação da liberação de nutrientes foi realizada durante o cultivo da soja em sucessão aos consórcios pelo método do litter bag, aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 após a semeadura da soja. Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia apresentou maior produtividade de matéria seca quando semeada a lanço por ocasião da semeadura do milho. A semeadura das forrageiras na linha do milho e a lanço simultaneamente ao milho proporcionaram maior produtividade de matéria seca para formação de palhada. O consórcio da cultura do milho com forrageiras no outono é alternativa para elevar a quantidade de palhada e ciclagem de macronutrientes em sistema plantio direto. O K foi o nutriente que apresentou maior acúmulo na palhada das forrageiras (até 150 kg ha-1), com 100 % de liberação aos 90 dias após a semeadura da soja, sendo excelente alternativa de ciclagem desse nutriente. Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia semeada a lanço simultaneamente ao milho se destacou na ciclagem de P (13 kg ha-1). Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia distribuída a lanço no estádio V4 do milho é a opção com menor potencial para produção de palhada e ciclagem de nutrientes, enquanto as demais opções (forrageiras e modalidades de semeadura) têm maior potencial de utilização, ficando a critério da disponibilidade dos maquinários para implantação do consórcio com a cultura do milho.

Extended treatment of treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (HCV) genotype 1-infection and slow response to pegylated interferon-alfa and ribavirin: a meta-analysis

Aims: Recently, several clinical trials analyzed if extended duration of treatment with pegylated interferon-alfa and ribavirin over 48 weeks can improve sustained virologic response (SVR) rates in HCV genotype 1-infected patients with slow virologic response. Because results of these clinical trials are conflicting, we performed a metaanalysis to determine the overall impact of extended treatment compared to standard treatment on virologic response rates in treatment-naive HCV genotype 1 slow responders. Methods: Literature search was performed independently by two observers using Pub Med, EMBASE, CENTRAL and abstracts presented in English at international liver and gastroenterology meetings. Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs; but studies that re-analyzed data retrospectively RCTs were also allowed) were considered if they included monoinfected treatment-naive HCV genotype 1 patients and compared treatment with pegIFN-alfa 2a or 2b in combination with ribavirin for 48 weeks versus extended treatment (up to 72 weeks) in slow responders. Primary and secondary end points were SVR rates and end-of-treatment (EOT) and relapse rates, respectively. In the present meta-analysis, study endpoints were summarized with a DerSimonian-Laird estimate for binary outcome basing on a random effects model. Results: Literature search yielded seven RTCs addressing the benefit of extended treatment with pegylated interferon-alfa and ribavirin in treatment-naive HCV genotype 1 slow responders. In total, 1330 slow responders were included in our meta-analysis. We show that extended treatment duration compared to the standard of care significantly improves SVR rates in HCV genotype 1 slow responders (12.4% improvement of overall SVR rate, 95% CI 0.055- 0.193, P = 0.0005). In addition, we show that rates of viral relapse were significantly reduced by extended treatment (24.1% reduction of relapse, 95% CI −0.3332 to −0.1487, P < 0.0001), whereas no significant impact of extended treatment on EOT response rates was found. Though extended treatment was burdened with an enhanced rate of premature treatment discontinuation due to interferonalfa- and ribavirin-related side effects, the frequency of serious adverse events was not increased. Conclusions: Treatment extension in HCV genotype 1 slow responders can improve SVR rates in difficult to treat patients and should be considered in patients who need to be treated before specific antivirals will be approved.

PRODUÇÃO DE UM MAPA PEDOLÓGICO ASSOCIANDO TÉCNICAS COMUNS AOS MAPEAMENTOS DIGITAIS DE SOLOS COM DELINEAMENTO MANUAL DE UNIDADES DE MAPEAMENTO

A produção de mapas pedológicos por meio de técnicas do mapeamento digital de solos (MDS) pode ser dificultada pela falta de mapas pedológicos tradicionais de referência. Nessas situações, o conhecimento tácito do mapeador pode ser usado para o delineamento manual das unidades de mapeamento (UMs) a partir de geração de um mapa de ocorrência de tipos de solos preditos pelo MDS. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar e comparar mapas de solos gerados por dois métodos, um denominado “MDS direto”, em que foi gerado um mapa preditor de UMs com base no modelo estabelecido com informações provenientes de um mapa pedológico convencional de referência preexistente, e outro em que o modelo preditor foi estabelecido a partir do exame de atributos morfológicos de 193 perfis de solo para identificar os tipos de solos, gerando-se um mapa com a indicação de ocorrência de tipos de solos sobre o qual foi realizado o delineamento manual das UMs, com base em mudanças das feições da superfície do solo. As predições foram feitas usando árvores de classificação Simple Cart,correlacionando oito variáveis do terreno com a ocorrência de UMs identificadas com nomes de classes de solos do Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos. A acurácia dos mapas foi avaliada pela “verdade de campo” (verificação em campo do tipo de solo ocorrente e comparação com o previsto no mapa) e pela concordância dos mapas gerados com o mapa de referência. Quando avaliado pela “verdade de campo”, a acurácia do mapa gerado pelo método MDS direto foi de 74 %, enquanto a acurácia do mapa de MDS com delineamento manual foi de 79 %. Os dois métodos apresentaram resultados satisfatórios; o método que usou o delineamento manual e a identificação em alguns locais dos tipos de solo no campo apresentou a vantagem de não necessitar de mapas pedológicos de referência para o treinamento dos modelos preditores.

Neuromodulation by oxytocin and vasopressin in the central nervous system as a basis for their rapid behavioral effects.

The last several years have seen an increasing number of studies that describe effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on the behavior of animals or humans. Studies in humans have reported behavioral changes and, through fMRI, effects on brain function. These studies are paralleled by a large number of reports, mostly in rodents, that have also demonstrated neuromodulatory effects by oxytocin and vasopressin at the circuit level in specific brain regions. It is the scope of this review to give a summary of the most recent neuromodulatory findings in rodents with the aim of providing a potential neurophysiological basis for their behavioral effects. At the same time, these findings may point to promising areas for further translational research towards human applications.

Official Positions for FRAX® clinical regarding smoking from Joint Official Positions Development Conference of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation on FRAX®.

The worldwide prevalence of smoking has been estimated at about 50% in men, and 10% in women, with larger variations among different populations studied. Smoking has been shown to affect many organ systems resulting in severe morbidity and increased mortality. In addition, smoking has been identified as a predictor of ten-year fracture risk in men and women, largely independent of an individual's bone mineral density. This finding has eventually lead to incorporation of this risk factor into FRAX®, an algorithm that has been developed to calculate an individual's ten-year fracture risk. However, only little, or conflicting data is available on a possible association between smoking dose, duration, length of time after cessation, type of tobacco and fracture risk, limiting this risk factor's applicability in the context of FRAX®.

European integration, FDI and the internal geography of trade : evidence from Western European border regions

In this paper we use a gravity model to study the trade performance of French and Spanishborder regions relatively to non-border regions, over the past two decades. We find that,controlling for their size, proximity and location characteristics, border regions trade onaverage between 62% and 193% more with their neighbouring country than other regions,and twice as much if they are endowed with good cross border transport infrastructures.Despite European integration, however, this trade outperformance has fallen for the mostperipheral regions within the EU. We show that this trend was linked in part to a shift in the propensity of foreign investors to move their affiliates from the regions near their home market to the regions bordering the EU core.

Iowa Department of Transportation Major Items - Preliminary Quantity Report, July 16, 2013; With Addendums

Weekly letting report.