Habitat-predator association and avoidance in rainbowfish (Melanotaenia spp.)

The ability to recall the location of a predator and later avoid it was tested in nine populations of rainbowfish (Melanotaenia spp.), representing three species from a variety of environments. Following the introduction of a model predator into a particular microhabitat, the model was removed, the arena rotated and the distribution of the fish recorded again. In this manner it could be determined what cues the fish relied on in order to recall the previous location of the predator model. Fish from all populations but one (Dirran Creek) were capable of avoiding the predator by remembering either the location and/or the microhabitat in which the predator was recently observed. Reliance on different types of visual cues appears to vary between populations but the reason for this variation remains elusive. Of the ecological variables tested (flow variability, predator density and habitat complexity), only the level of predation appeared to be correlated with the orientation technique employed by each population. There was no effect of species identity, which suggests that the habitat that each population occupies plays a strong role in the development of both predator avoidance responses and the cues used to track predators in the wild.

Sorting and convergence of primary olfactory axons are independent of the olfactory bulb

Primary olfactory axons expressing the same odorant receptor gene sort out and converge to fixed sites in the olfactory bulb. We examined the guidance of axons expressing the P2 odorant receptor when they were challenged with different cellular environments in vivo. In the mutant extratoes mouse, the olfactory bulb is lacking and is replaced by a fibrocellular mass. In these animals, primary olfactory axons form glomerular-like loci despite the absence of normal postsynaptic targets. P2 axons are able to sort out from other axons in this fibrocellular mass and converge to form loci of like axons. The sites of these loci along mediolateral and ventrodorsal axes were highly variable. Similar convergence was observed for larger subpopulations of axons expressing the same cell surface carbohydrates. The sorting out and convergence of like axons also occurred during regeneration following bulbectomy. Olfactory axon behaviour in these models demonstrates that sorting and convergence of axons are independent of the target, which instead provides distinct topographic cues for guidance. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

A retrospective analysis of leadership development through sport

The purpose of this study was to examine the development of six leader-athletes. In-depth qualitative interviews were used to explore the various activities that leader athletes engaged in from an early age as well as the roles and influences that peers, coaches, and parents played within these activities. Results indicated that leadership development in sport focused on developing four central components: high skill, strong work ethic, enriched cognitive sport knowledge, and good rapport with people. The types of activities engaged in throughout development as well as receiving feedback, acknowledgement, support, cognitive engagement, mature conversations with adults, and physical encounters with older peers are important social influences that can play an instrumental role in the formation of these four central tenets.

The effect of volition on the stability of bimanual coordination

The authors investigated how the intention to passively perform a behavior and the intention to persist with a behavior impact upon the spatial and temporal properties of bimanual coordination. Participants (N = 30) were asked to perform a bimanual coordination task that demanded the continuous rhythmic extension-flexion of the wrists. The frequency of movement was scaled by an auditory metronome beat from 1.5 Hz, increasing to 3.25 Hz in .25-Hz increments. The task was further defined by the requirement that the movements be performed initially in a prescribed pattern of coordination (in-phase or antiphase) while the participants assumed one of two different intentional states: stay with the prescribed pattern should it become unstable or do not intervene should the pattern begin to change. Transitions away from the initially prescribed pattern were observed only in trials conducted in the antiphase mode of coordination. The time at which the antiphase pattern of coordination became unstable was not found to be influenced by the intentional state. In addition, the do-not-intervene set led to a switch to an in-phase pattern of coordination whereas the stay set led to phase wandering. Those findings are discussed within the framework of a dynamic account of bimanual coordination.

Ocular scanning and perceptual size distortion in hemispatial neglect: effects of prism adaptation and sequential stimulus presentation

When asked to compare two lateralized shapes for horizontal size, neglect patients often indicate the left stimulus to be smaller. Gainotti and Tiacci (1971) hypothesized that this phenomenon might be related to a rightward bias in the patients' gaze. This study aimed to assess the relation between this size underestimation and oculomotor asymmetries. Eye movements were recorded while three neglect patients judged the horizontal extent of two rectangles. Two experimental manipulations were performed to increase the likelihood of symmetrical scanning of the stimulus display. The first manipulation entailed a sequential, rather than simultaneous presentation of the two rectangles. The second required adaptation to rightward displacing prisms, which is known to reduce many manifestations of neglect. All patients consistently underestimated the left rectangle, but the pattern of verbal responses and eye movements suggested different underlying causes. These include a distortion of space perception without ocular asymmetry, a failure to view the full leftward extent of the left stimulus, and a high-level response bias. Sequential presentation of the rectangles and prism adaptation reduced ocular asymmetries without affecting size underestimation. Overall, the results suggest that leftward size underestimation in neglect can arise for a number of different reasons. Incomplete leftward scanning may perhaps be sufficient to induce perceptual size distortion, but it is not a necessary prerequisite.

Effects of Exercise on Physical and Mental Health, and Cognitive and Brain Functions in Schizophrenia: Clinical and Experimental Evidence

Exercise promotes several health benefits, such as cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory improvements. It is believed that the practice of exercise in individuals with psychiatric disorders, e.g. schizophrenia, can cause significant changes. Schizophrenic patients have problematic lifestyle habits compared with general population; this may cause a high mortality rate, mainly caused by cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate changes in physical and mental health, cognitive and brain functioning due to the practice of exercise in patients with schizophrenia. Although still little is known about the benefits of exercise on mental health, cognitive and brain functioning of schizophrenic patients, exercise training has been shown to be a beneficial intervention in the control and reduction of disease severity. Type of training, form of execution, duration and intensity need to be better studied as the effects on physical and mental health, cognition and brain activity depend exclusively of interconnected factors, such as the combination of exercise and medication. However, one should understand that exercise is not only an effective nondrug alternative, but also acts as a supporting linking up interventions to promote improvements in process performance optimization. In general, the positive effects on mental health, cognition and brain activity as a result of an exercise program are quite evident. Few studies have been published correlating effects of exercise in patients with schizophrenia, but there is increasing evidence that positive and negative symptoms can be improved. Therefore, it is important that further studies be undertaken to expand the knowledge of physical exercise on mental health in people with schizophrenia, as well as its dose-response and the most effective type of exercise.

Neurocognitive profile and cognitive intervention in Alzheimer's disease

Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia (Especialidade de Psicologia Clínica)

El impacto de las normas y de la ideología sobre el procesamiento emocional, motivacional y cognitivo del comportamiento político de las elites de poder y la ciudadanía de Córdoba. Norms and ideologies impact on the emotional, motivational and cognitive processesing of power elite and citizen political behavior in Cordoba.

El presente estudio pretende arribar a la construcción de un modelo explicativo del comportamiento político a partir de la contribución que los marcos sociales (norma sociales, normas de ciudadanía, ideología, confianza política) y sociocognitivos (inteligencia afectiva, interés político, eficacia política, conocimiento político, sentimiento de comunidad) mostraron, en términos de relaciones entre las variables, sobre el mismo. Nuestra atención se centra no sólo al comportamiento político de la ciudadanía -que es donde se desarrollaron la mayor parte de los estudios-, sino a las elites de poder constitutivas del sistema político (jueces, legisladores provinciales y representantes de instituciones del gobierno y de organismos no gubernamentales). Asimismo, pretende establecer las diferencias que puedan evidenciarse en torno a la relación de estas variables con el comportamiento político entre los distintos colectivos estudiados en el ámbito de la ciudad de Córdoba. Para ello se realizara una primera etapa de estudio instrumental, con el objeto de analizar las propiedades psicométricas de los instrumentos a utilizar en la operacionalización de las variables. Para ello se tomara una muestra accidental de 250 personas entre 18 y 65 años de edad. Posteriormente, se realizarán dos etapas de estudio ex post facto, con la finalidad de construir los modelos planteados. En la primera de ellas, se trabajará con una muestra accidental de 100 representantes de los grupos de poder estudiados y en la segunda con una muestra probabilística de 500 ciudadanos cordobeses entre 18 y 65 años de edad.

Perfil neuropsicológico y sesgos cognitivos de adolescentes con diferentes patrones de consumo de alcohol. Neuropsychological profile and cognitive bias in adolescents with different alcohol consumption patterns.

Identificación y caracterización del problema objeto de estudio: Diversas investigaciones señalan que el uso o consumo de alcohol comienza durante la adolescencia. En este periodo del desarrollo típicamente se han reportado deterioros asociados con el consumo de alcohol sobre diversas funciones cognitivas. Sin embargo, los hallazgos no siempre han sido concluyentes. Hipótesis: a) Existe una mayor cantidad de déficits neuropsicológicos (especialmente en los dominios asociados con la toma de decisiones) en los grupos de adolescentes que presentan patrones de consumo elevados o tipo binge y en los adolescentes bajo tratamiento; b) Existen sesgos cognitivos de tipo implícito en los adolescentes expuestos a publicidades referidas a bebidas alcohólicas; y c) Existe mayor presencia de expectativas negativas en el grupo conformado por niños, así como una mayor presencia de expectativas positivas en el grupo conformado por adolescentes. Planteo de Objetivos: se pretende lograr un perfil neuropsicológico de adolescentes de ambos sexos en función de patrones de consumo de alcohol bien diferenciados. Asimismo, se intentará determinar la presencia de sesgos cognitivos hacia estímulos asociados con el alcohol en función de las expectativas hacia el psicotrópico y el tipo de consumo del mismo que presenta la población bajo estudio. Finalmente, se buscará determinar si existen cambios evolutivos en las expectativas hacia el alcohol que pudieran indicar la presencia de mayor vulnerabilidad al consumo de alcohol. Materiales y métodos a utilizar: Se utilizarán pruebas neuropsicológicas (IGT, WCST, otras) y cognitivas (AEQ o similares). Se apelará al uso de diseños ex post facto prospectivos de tipo simple o factoriales, diseños factoriales, estudios instrumentales y estudios descriptivos de poblaciones mediante encuestas. Resultados esperados: 1) Se espera encontrar una mayor cantidad de déficits neuropsicológicos (especialmente en los dominios asociados con la toma de decisiones) en los grupos de adolescentes con patrones de consumo de alcohol elevados y binge, así como en el grupo de adolescentes bajo tratamiento. 2) Se espera encontrar la presencia de sesgos cognitivos implícitos en aquellos adolescentes expuestos a publicidades referidas a bebidas alcohólicas en contraposición a los adolescentes expuestos a publicidades de bebidas no-alcohólicas. 3) Se espera encontrar una mayor presencia de expectativas negativas en el grupo conformado por niños, y una mayor presencia de expectativas positivas en el grupo conformado por adolescentes, con lo que se verificaría el supuesto que señala que las EA se modifican a lo largo del desarrollo. Asimismo, se espera confirmar que las EA cambian en función de la experiencia de consumo de alcohol. Importancia del proyecto: En el ámbito local no se han realizado estudios sistemáticos de esta naturaleza, la información que se obtenga permitirá evaluar el impacto del uso y abuso de alcohol durante la adolescencia así como diseñar y ejecutar mejores estrategias de prevención y de rehabilitación y, al mismo tiempo, facilitará la toma de decisiones en el campo de la planificación de políticas sanitarias dirigidas a los adolescentes.