高温高压下岩石部分熔融及熔体形态学研究

熔体形态学作为现代岩石学的前沿领域之一，其主要研究矿物颗粒之间熔体形态特征、连通性以及与周围矿物的相互作用关系。该学科在我国还不被广大地学工作者所熟悉。本论文以斜长角闪岩为初始物料，在850-1100℃和2.0-4.0 GPa条件下，进行了岩石的部分熔融实验，并对作为实验产物的熔体进行了形态学方面的研究。同时就目前形态学研究的基础理论和实验方法作了初步介绍。 利用YJ－3000吨六面顶高压装置，我们以天然的块状斜长角闪岩为样品，在高温高压条件下进行了斜长角闪岩的脱水部分熔融实验，测量了熔体与矿物相接触时所形成的二面角。结果表明： 1、熔体的形态分布与熔融程度具有明显依赖关系，当熔融程度小于5%时，熔体被矿物颗粒分隔开来，以熔块的形式相互独立；当熔融程度大于5%时，薄膜状或管状熔体沿矿物颗粒边缘形成一个相互连通的熔融网络。 2、当熔体相互隔离时，二面角平均值大于60°；当熔体相互连通时，二面角平均值小于60°。在熔体相互连通的测量实验中，英安质和安山质成分的熔体与石榴子石的二面角分布在56－58°之间，与单斜辉石的二面角分布在50－53°之间。 3、根据界面化学理论推导表面张力和界面能的最小化是推动熔体连通的两个驱动力。 4、二面角大小受体系温度、压力及物质组成等物理化学条件的影响，随着温度升高，固－液界面的表面张力减弱，二面角减小，熔体越容易相互连通。 5、通过对二面角的原位测量，不仅可以判断熔体的相互连通性，还能反演熔体的熔融过程。

5-9岁儿童对常见食物及其功能的认知发展

Research on naïve biology investigates children spontaneous understanding of biology objects, phenomena and function. Previous researches focus mostly on biology phenomena. Little has done on organism’s function, such as eating food. Many research in this field found that children were unable to categorize food by nutrition criterion, but rely on physical cues. In order to investigate the development of children’s naïve understanding of food and to find if they can classify food by nutrition criterion, three age groups (5-year-olds, 7-year-olds, and 9-year-olds) were included in this study. Varies experimental tasks were also used to explore the children’s understanding of food and its function. The results showed as the followings: 1) A few 5-year- old children can classify food by nutrition criterion when they take the spontaneous classification task. However, more and more children can realize what make a kind of food different from another can be the nutrition it contains. 2) Kindergarteners can find the relation between food and its output. When they become older, more and more children can explain the relation by consistent theory. It can be said that 9-year-old children have already have a profound understanding of nutrition. They gradually developed naive theory of biology on nutrition level. 3) Even kindergarteners can understand the concept of “food balance”. However, with development there was a significant age increase in food balance choice. 4) Children’s knowledge of food balance grows with age, but urban and rural educational background influence cognitive performance.

5-9岁儿童对常见病病因及其致病不确定性的认知发展

Research on children's naive concepts has previously tended to focus on the domains of physics and psychology, but more recently attention has turned to conceptual development in biology as a core domain of knowledge. Because of its familiarity, illness has been a popular topic for researchers in this domain. However, they have only studied the children’s understanding of its causes. Other aspects of illness, such as treatment and prognosis, have received little attention. This research addresses the development of 5- to 9-year-old children’s understanding of the causes of illness and their probabilities via open-ended and forced choice interviews. The results of this research are: 1) Most of the 5- to 7-year-old children used behavioral causes to explain illness, and the 9-year-old children primarily used biological causes to interpret illness. With age, more and more children selected psychological causes to explain illness. 2) Pre-school children did not over-generalize contagions to non-contagious illnesses. They used behavioral and biological causes to explain contagious illnesses. For non-contagious illnesses, they chose only behavioral causes. 3) Most of the children used only one kind of cause to explain illness. 4) Some preschool-aged children viewed outcomes of familiar causes of illness as probabilistic. With age, more and more could make uncertain predictions of illness. 5) The children’s understanding of the causes’ probabilities appeared to be based on naïve biology. 5- to 9-year-old children often made probabilistic predictions by analyzing a single cause of illness. 6) Children coming from higher educational backgrounds outperformed their counterparts coming from lower educational backgrounds with respect to understanding illness. 7) Specific knowledge acquired could generally improved the preschoolers’ understanding of causes of illness and their probabilities.

Ultra-wideband cognitive interrogator network for indoor location tracking - part 1: system architecture and network performance analysis

We explore the potential application of cognitive interrogator network (CIN) in remote monitoring of mobile subjects in domestic environments, where the ultra-wideband radio frequency identification (UWB-RFID) technique is considered for accurate source localization. We first present the CIN architecture in which the central base station (BS) continuously and intelligently customizes the illumination modes of the distributed transceivers in response to the systempsilas changing knowledge of the channel conditions and subject movements. Subsequently, the analytical results of the locating probability and time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation uncertainty for a large-scale CIN with randomly distributed interrogators are derived based upon the implemented cognitive intelligences. Finally, numerical examples are used to demonstrate the key effects of the proposed cognitions on the system performance

Novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV resistant analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide have preserved biological activities in vitro conferring improved glucose-lowering action in vivo

Although the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a potent stimulator of insulin release, its rapid degradation in vivo by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) greatly limits its potential for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Here, we report two novel Ala(8)-substituted analogues of GLP-1, (Abu(8))GLP-1 and (Val(8) GLP-1 which were completely resistant to inactivation by DPP IV or human plasma. (Abu(8))GLP-1 and (Val(8))GLP-1 exhibited moderate affinities (IC50: 4.76 and 81.1 nM, respectively) for the human GLP-1 receptor compared with native GLP-1 (IC50: 0.37 nM). (Abu(8))GLP-1 and (Val(8))GLP-1 dose-dependently stimulated cAMP in insulin-secreting BRIN BD11 cells with reduced potency compared with native GLP-1 (1.5- and 3.5-fold, respectively). Consistent with other mechanisms of action, the analogues showed similar, or in the case of (Val(8))GLP-1 slightly impaired insulin releasing activity in BRIN BD11 cells. Using adult obese (ob/ob) mice, (Abu(8))GLP-1 had similar glucose-lowering potency to native GLP-1 whereas the action of (Val(8))GLP-1 was enhanced by 37%. The in vivo insulin-releasing activities were similar. These data indicate that substitution of Ala(8) in GLP-1 with Abu or Val confers resistance to DPP IV inactivation and that (Val(8))GLP-1 is a particularly potent N-terminally modified GLP-1 analogue of possible use in type 2 diabetes.

Kv1.5 is a major component underlying the A-type potassium current in retinal arteriolar smooth muscle.

Little is known about the molecular characteristics of the voltage-activated K(+) (K(v)) channels that underlie the A-type K(+) current in vascular smooth muscle cells of the systemic circulation. We investigated the molecular identity of the A-type K(+) current in retinal arteriolar myocytes using patch-clamp techniques, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and neutralizing antibody studies. The A-type K(+) current was resistant to the actions of specific inhibitors for K(v)3 and K(v)4 channels but was blocked by the K(v)1 antagonist correolide. No effects were observed with pharmacological agents against K(v)1.1/2/3/6 and 7 channels, but the current was partially blocked by riluzole, a K(v)1.4 and K(v)1.5 inhibitor. The current was not altered by the removal of extracellular K(+) but was abolished by flecainide, indicative of K(v)1.5 rather than K(v)1.4 channels. Transcripts encoding K(v)1.5 and not K(v)1.4 were identified in freshly isolated retinal arterioles. Immunofluorescence labeling confirmed a lack of K(v)1.4 expression and revealed K(v)1.5 to be localized to the plasma membrane of the arteriolar smooth muscle cells. Anti-K(v)1.5 antibody applied intracellularly inhibited the A-type K(+) current, whereas anti-K(v)1.4 antibody had no effect. Co-expression of K(v)1.5 with K(v)beta1 or K(v)beta3 accessory subunits is known to transform K(v)1.5 currents from delayed rectifers into A-type currents. K(v)beta1 mRNA expression was detected in retinal arterioles, but K(v)beta3 was not observed. K(v)beta1 immunofluorescence was detected on the plasma membrane of retinal arteriolar myocytes. The findings of this study suggest that K(v)1.5, most likely co-assembled with K(v)beta1 subunits, comprises a major component underlying the A-type K(+) current in retinal arteriolar smooth muscle cells

Australia Telescope Compact Array 1.2cm Observations of the Massive Star Forming Region G305.2+0.2

We report on Australia Telescope Compact Array observations of the massive star-forming region G305.2+0.2 at 1.2 cm. We detected emission in five molecules towards G305A, confirming its hot core nature. We determined a rotational temperature of 26 K for methanol. A non-local thermodynamic equilibrium excitation calculation suggests a kinematic temperature of the order of 200 K. A time-dependent chemical model is also used to model the gas-phase chemistry of the hot core associated with G305A. A comparison with the observations suggest an age of between 2 × 104 and 1.5 × 105 yr. We also report on a feature to the south-east of G305A which may show weak Class I methanol maser emission in the line at 24.933 GHz. The more evolved source G305B does not show emission in any of the line tracers, but strong Class I methanol maser emission at 24.933 GHz is found 3 arcsec to the east. Radio continuum emission at 18.496 GHz is detected towards two H ii regions. The implications of the non-detection of radio continuum emission towards G305A and G305B are also discussed.

Enhanced cAMP generation and insulin-releasing potency of two novel Tyr(1)-modified enzyme-resistant forms of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is associated with significant antihyperglycaemic activity in spontaneous obesity-diabetes

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an important incretin hormone, which potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion. Antihyperglycaemic actions of GIP provide significant potential in Type 11 diabetes therapy. However, inactivation of GIP by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) and its consequent short circulating half-life limit its therapeutic use. Therefore two novel Tyr(1)-Modified analogues of GIP, N-Fmoc-GIP (where Fmoc is 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) and N-palmitate-GIP, were synthesized and tested for metabolic stability and biological activity. Both GIP analogues were resistant to degradation by DPP IV and human plasma. In Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells expressing the cloned human GIP receptor, both analogues exhibited a 2-fold increase in cAMP-generating potency compared with native GIP (EC50 values of 9.4, 10.0 and 18.2 nM respectively). Using clonal BRIN-BD11 cells, both analogues demonstrated strong insulinotropic activity compared with native GIP (P <0.01 to P <0.001). In obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice, administration of N-Fmoc-GIP or N-palmitate-GIP (25 nmol/kg) together with glucose (18 mmol/kg) significantly reduced the peak 15 min glucose excursion (1.4- and 1.5-fold respectively; P <0.05 to P <0.01) compared with glucose alone. The area under the curve (AUC) for glucose was significantly lower after administration of either analogue compared with glucose administered alone or in combination with native GIP (1.5-fold; P <0.05). This was associated with a significantly greater AUC for insulin (2.1-fold; P <0.001) for both analogues compared with native GIP. A similar pattern of in vivo responsiveness was evident in lean control mice. These data indicate that novel N-terminal Tyr(1) modification of GIP with an Fmoc or palmitate group confers resistance to degradation by DPP IV in plasma, which is reflected by increased in vitro potency and greater insulinotropic and antihyperglycaemic activities in an animal model of Type 11 diabetes mellitus.

Glucose solvation by the ionic liquid 1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride: A simulation study

Simulations of beta-glucose in the ionic liquid 1,3-dimethylimidazoliurn chloride have been performed in order to examine the solvation environment of the carbohydrate. Both single molecule and 1:5 glucose:ionic liquid (16.7 wt %) solutions are Studied, and the hydrogen bonding between sugar and solvent is examined. The primary solvation shell around the perimeter of the glucose ring consists predominantly of chloride anions which hydrogen bond to the hydroxyl groups. A small presence of the cation is also found, with the association Occurring through the weakly acidic hydrogen at the 2-position of the imidazolium ring interacting with the oxygen atoms of the sugar secondary hydroxyls. An average chloride coordination number of 4 is found around the glucose for both the single molecule and high concentration Simulations, despite the reduced chloride:glucose ratio in the latter case. In relation to the cation, the glucose molecules occupy positions above and below the plane of the imidazolium ring. Importantly, even at high glucose concentrations, no significant change in the anion-cation interactions and overall liquid structure of the ionic liquid is found, indicating that the glucose is readily accommodated by the solvent at this concentration. Dominant contributions to the sugar-ionic liquid interaction energy come from favorable hydrogen bonding (electrostatic) interactions between hydroxyls and chlorides, although a small favorable van der Waals energy contribution is also seen between the sugar and cations suggesting that the cation could be tailored in order to further improve the dissolution of glucose/cellulose in ionic liquid systems.

Identification of tyrosine phosphorylation sites on 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 and their role in regulating kinase activity

3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) plays a central role in signal transduction pathways that activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Despite its key role as an upstream activator of enzymes such as protein kinase B and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, the regulatory mechanisms controlling PDK1 activity are poorly understood. PDK1 has been reported to be constitutively active in resting cells and not further activated by growth factor stimulation (Casamayor, A., Morrice, N. A., and Alessi, D. R. (1999) Biochem. J. 342, 287-292). Here, we report that PDK1 becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated and translocates to the plasma membrane in response to pervanadate and insulin. Following pervanadate treatment, PDK1 kinase activity increased 1.5- to 3-fold whereas the activity of PDK1 associated with the plasma membrane increased similar to6-fold. The activity of PDK1 localized to the plasma membrane was also increased by insulin treatment. Three tyrosine phosphorylation sites of PDK1 (Tyr-9 and Tyr-373/376) were identified using in vivo labeling and mass spectrometry. Using site-directed mutants, we show that, although phosphorylation on Tyr-373/376 is important for PDK1 activity, phosphorylation on Tyr-9 has no effect on the activity of the kinase. Both of these residues can be phosphorylated by v-Src tyrosine kinase in vitro, and co-expression of v-Src leads to tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of PDK1. Thus, these data suggest that PDK1 activity is regulated by reversible phosphorylation, possibly by a member of the Src kinase family.

From PASS 1 to YES to AND logic: building parallel processing into molecular logic gates by sequential addition of receptors

The synthesis and photophysical characterization of a novel molecular logic gate 4, operating in water, is demonstrated based on the competition between. fluorescence and photoinduced electron transfer (PET). It is constructed according to a 'fluorophore-spacer-receptor(1)-spacer-receptor(2)' format where anthracene is the. fluorophore, receptor(1) is a tertiary amine and receptor(2) is a phenyliminodiacetate ligand. Using only protons and zinc cations as the chemical inputs and. fluorescence as the output, 4 is demonstrated to be both a two-input AND and INH logic gate. When 4 is examined in context to the YES logic gates 1 and 2, and the two-input AND logic gate 3 and three-input AND logic gate 5, each with one or more of the following receptors including a tertiary amine, phenyliminodiacetate or benzo-15-crown-5 ether, logic gate 4 is the missing link in the homologous series. Collectively, the molecular logic gates 1-5 corroborate the PET 'fluorophore-spacer-receptor' model using chemical inputs and a light-signal output and provide insight into controlling the. fluorescence quantum yield of future PET-based molecular logic gates.

Novel anti-inflammatory compound SEN1176 alleviates behavioural deficits induced following bilateral intrahippocampal injection of aggregated amyloid-beta(1-42).

Behavioral effects of a novel anti-inflammatory SEN1176 were investigated. This pyrrolo[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine suppresses amyloid-ß (Aß)1-42-induced macrophage production of nitric oxide, TNF-a, IL-1ß, and IL-6 in a dose-dependent fashion, an activity profile consistent with SEN1176 being a neuroinflammation inhibitor. Using male Sprague-Dawley rats, SEN1176 was examined relative to detrimental behavioral effects induced following bilateral intrahippocampal (IH) injections of aggregated Aß1-42. The rats were trained to respond under an alternating-lever cyclic-ratio (ALCR) schedule of food reinforcement, enabling measurement of parameters of operant performance that reflect aspects of learning and memory. Under the ALCR schedule, orally administered SEN1176 at 5, 20, or 30 mg/kg was effective in reducing the behavioral deficit caused by bilateral IH aggregated Aß1-42 injections in a dose-related manner over a 90-day treatment period. SEN1176 at 20 and 30 mg/kg significantly reduced lever switching errors and, at doses of 5, 10, and 30 mg/kg, significantly reduced incorrect lever perseverations, indicating a reduction of the behavioral deficit induced as a result of inflammation following IH Aß1-42 injections. When treatment with SEN1176 was instigated 30 days after IH Aß1-42 injections, it resulted in progressive protection, and withdrawal of SEN1176 treatment 60 days after IH Aß1-42 injections revealed partial retention of the protective effect. SEN1176 also significantly reduced numbers of activated astrocytes adjacent to the aggregated Aß1-42 injection sites. These results indicate the potential of SEN1176 for alleviating chronic neuroinflammatory processes related to brain Aß deposition that affect learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease.

The preparation of highly ordered single layer ZSM-5 coating on prefabricated stainless steel microchannels

An elegant way to prepare catalytically active microreactors is by applying a coating of zeolite crystals onto a metal microchannel structure. In this study the hydrothermal formation of ZSM-5 zeolitic coatings on AISI 316 stainless steel plates with a microchannel structure has been investigated at different synthesis mixture compositions. The procedures of coating and thermal treatment have also been optimized. Obtaining a uniform thickness of the coating within 0.5 mm wide microchannels requires a careful control of various synthesis variables. The role of these factors and the problems in the synthesis of these zeolitic coatings are discussed. In general, the synthesis is most sensitive to the H2O/Si ratio as well as to the orientation of the plates with respect to the gravity vector. Ratios of H2O/Si=130 and Si/template=13 were found to be optimal for the formation of a zeolitic film with a thickness of one crystal at a temperature of 130 degreesC and a synthesis time of about 35 h. At such conditions, ZSM-5 crystals were formed with a typical size of 1.5 mu mx1.5 mu mx1.0 mum and a very narrow (within 0.2 mum) crystal size distribution. The prepared samples proved to be active in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia. The activity tests have been carried out in a plate-type microreactor. The microreactor shows no mass transfer limitations and a larger SCR reaction rate is observed in comparison with pelletized Ce-ZSM-5 catalysts; (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Reduced soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) scavenger capacity precedes pre-eclampsia in Type 1 diabetes

Objective Increased advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their soluble receptors (sRAGE) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia (PE). However, this association has not been elucidated in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. We aimed to investigate the serum levels of these factors in pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), a condition associated with a four-fold increase in PE. Design Prospective study in women with T1DM at 12.2 ± 1.9, 21.6 ± 1.5 and 31.5 ± 1.7 weeks of gestation [mean ± standard deviation (SD); no overlap] before PE onset. Setting Antenatal clinics. Population Pregnant women with T1DM (n = 118; 26 developed PE) and healthy nondiabetic pregnant controls (n = 21). Methods Maternal serum levels of sRAGE (total circulating pool), N -(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), hydroimidazolone (methylglyoxal-modified proteins) and total AGEs were measured by immunoassays. Main outcome measures Serum sRAGE and AGEs in pregnant women with T1DM who subsequently developed PE (DM PE+) versus those who remained normotensive (DM PE-). Results In DM PE+ versus DM PE-, sRAGE was significantly lower in the first and second trimesters, prior to the clinical manifestation of PE (P <0.05). Further, reflecting the net sRAGE scavenger capacity, sRAGE:hydroimidazolone was significantly lower in the second trimester (P <0.05) and sRAGE:AGE and sRAGE:CML tended to be lower in the first trimester (P <0.1) in women with T1DM who subsequently developed PE versus those who did not. These conclusions persisted after adjusting for prandial status, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), duration of diabetes, parity and mean arterial pressure as covariates. Conclusions In the early stages of pregnancy, lower circulating sRAGE levels, and the ratio of sRAGE to AGEs, may be associated with the subsequent development of PE in women with T1DM. © 2012 The Authors BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology © 2012 RCOG.

Cardiomyopathy and Diastolic Dysfunction in the Embryo and Neonate of a Type 1 Diabetic Mouse Model

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of maternal type 1 diabetes on the structure and function of the embryonic and neonatal mouse heart.

Methods: Type 1 diabetes was induced in female C57BL6/J mice using streptozotocin. Embryonic (n = 105) and neonatal hearts (n = 46) were examined using high-frequency ultrasound (US) and a cohort of E18.5 (n = 34) and 1-day-old pup hearts (n = 27) underwent histological examination.

Results: Global cardiac hypertrophy in late gestation (E18.5) was evident on US in the diabetic group compared to controls with increased interventricular septal (IVS) thickness (0.44 ± 0.08 mm vs 0.36 ± 0.08 mm, P < .05) and increased left ventricular wall thickness (0.38 ± 0.04 mm vs 0.29 mm ± 0.05, P < .01). Isovolumetric relaxation time was initially prolonged in the diabetic group but resolved by E18.5 to control values. Histological examination at E18.5 demonstrated increased transverse measurements (2.42 ± 0.72 mm/g vs 1.86 ± 0.55 mm/g, P < .05) and increased IVS thickness (0.64 ± 0.20 mm/g vs 0.43 ± 0.15 mm/g, P < .05) in diabetic embryos compared to control embryos.

Conclusion: Maternal hyperglycemia has severe effects on offspring with evidence of cardiac impairment and cardiac hypertrophy in the embryo. These effects persisted in the 1-day old but attenuated in the 1-week old suggesting cardiac remodeling after the hyperglycemic milieu of pregnancy is removed