987 resultados para Átomos confinados


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Several epidemics marked the lives of individuals and communities in all historical periods, and a prime example is leprosy, infectious disease marked by stigma, prejudice and social exclusion. In the past, the compulsory isolation of patients with leprosy caused serious social and psychological problems, resulting in the separation and the partial or total disruption of the family relationship. Children deprived of this living, removed often inhumanely, were kept and bred in preventoriums / educational establishments. This study aimed to: rescue the oral history of life of the children of leprosy patients that were built in preventorium Osvaldo Cruz, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte; develop a contextual analysis about these children; know the life trajectory of children of leprosy patients institutionalized in preventoriums / educational establishments; produce a documentary on the history of life of children of parents separated by leprosy; forming MORHAN of Rio Grande do Norte state; and implement the I Meeting of MORHAN of Rio Grande do Norte state. This is an exploratory and descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, approved by the ERC No. 024/024/2012 Liga Norteriograndense Contra o Câncer. We used the contributions of the method and technique of oral history of life as methodological reference. We interviewed 10 individuals egress from preventorium Osvaldo Cruz in Natal/RN, sons of former patients proven to be residents in the city, of both sexes, older than 18, with cognitive, intellectual and emotional conditions preserved. The analysis of the histories obtained from collaborators was performed in the light of Thematic Content Analysis. The results and discussions are presented through two articles which meet the proposed objectives. The first, called Contextual Analysis on the children of leprosy patients in preventoriums aimed to record the phenomenon of children of leprosy patients in preventorium through four contextual levels, which identified the need to broaden the debate on public policy in the field of leprosy as a way to enable more effective measures to propagate in the search for harm reduction and direct consequences resulting from stigma and marginalization around patients and their healthy children, egress from preventoriums. The second, Leprosy and the denial of history: the story of separated children , aimed to know the life trajectory of children of leprosy patients who were institutionalized in preventoriums / educational establishments. In this article, we discuss the research question through the establishment of three main themes: 1. Losses and damages: disintegration and reintegration into the family and denied childhood; 2. Unforgettable: remarkable things you do not forget; and 3. Expectancy in living new situations: in search of other paths and destinations. These thematic axis highlighted the negative implications for the lives of the subjects, arising from the separation of their parents, leprosy patients at the time of compulsory isolation; however, has also been shown that this separation was not decisive in their life histories, once they have succeeded in providing a new sense of these experiences and lead their lives with dignity and fortitude. It was concluded that these children demonstrated resilience as form of defense and fighting stigma and prejudice, being able to reinvent themselves and build new paths and destinations

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial do milho pela casca de soja e pelo farelo de gérmen de milho sobre a produção e eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana e sobre as taxas de diluição e passagem ruminal. Foram utilizados três novilhos de corte, mestiços, canulados no rúmen e no duodeno, distribuídos em dois delineamentos em quadrado latino 3 x 3. As dietas experimentais, à base de silagem de milho (60%), apresentavam como fonte de proteína farelo de girassol e, como fonte de energia, milho (MI) ou sua substituição parcial pela casca de soja (CS) ou pelo farelo de gérmen de milho (FGM). Para o isolamento da massa microbiana, foram coletadas amostras de conteúdo ruminal às 3, 6, 9 e 12 horas após a alimentação. Utilizaram-se RNA como marcador microbiano e dicromato de sódio e Co-EDTA como indicadores das taxas de passagem e de diluição, respectivamente. A composição dos microrganismos ruminais não foi influenciada pelas dietas experimentais ou pelos horários de coleta. Não houve diferenças significativas no fluxo de matéria orgânica, carboidratos totais, nitrogênio e nitrogênio microbiano para o duodeno e na eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana. As taxas de diluição foram semelhantes entre as dietas, com média de 13,4%/h. A taxa de passagem da silagem de milho mordentada foi menor, com tendência de menor taxa de passagem também para o farelo de girassol na dieta MI. A casca de soja e o farelo de gérmen de milho podem substituir parcialmente o milho, proporcionando ambiente ruminal adequado ao desenvolvimento da flora microbiana e conseqüente produção de proteína microbiana ruminal em novilhos confinados.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os indicadores internos, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido indigestíveis, obtidos após 144h de incubação in vitro e in situ (FDNiv; FDNis; FDAiv; FDAis) com o indicador externo, o óxido crômico (Cr2O3), para estimativas da produção fecal, do fluxo duodenal de matéria seca e matéria orgânica em novilhos mestiços (HxZ) confinados. Foram utilizadas dietas à base de silagens de milho, de raspa e de casca de mandioca, e também de cana-de-açúcar ensilada com polpa cítrica peletizada. Os novilhos foram castrados e canulados no rúmen e no duodeno. O período experimental teve 11 dias de adaptação às dietas e 8 dias de coleta. O delineamento experimental foi o quadrado latino (4x4), com quatro tratamentos, num arranjo em parcela subdividida, sendo as dietas estudadas nas parcelas, e os indicadores nas subparcelas. Os resultados obtidos em percentagem do peso vivo para a estimativa da produção fecal, utilizando-se os diferentes indicadores, mostraram que a FDAiv (0,88 %), a FDAis (0,85 %) e o Cr2O3 (0,99 %), embora com diferenças significativas, podem ser utilizados pelos resultados biologicamente consistentes. Para estimar o fluxo duodenal de matéria seca e matéria orgânica, foram utilizados os valores de produção fecal obtidos com a FDAiv. Os indicadores internos não apresentaram diferenças entre si para o fluxo duodenal de matéria seca, com média de 3,29 kg/dia, porém o óxido crômico superestimou o fluxo (4,95 kg/dia). Para o fluxo duodenal de matéria orgânica não houve diferença entre os indicadores com média de 2,73 kg/dia.

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Foram obtidas equações de regressão linear simples para estimar a composição química corporal de bovinos Santa Gertrudes, a partir da composição química e física do corte das 9-10-11ª costelas. Quinze tourinhos, entre nove a 15 meses de idade e de 220 a 505 kg de peso, foram mantidos confinados. Os animais foram abatidos após jejum completo de 18 horas, sendo que seis deles foram abatidos após adaptação. A composição química em água, proteína, extrato etéreo e minerais foi determinada no corte das costelas e em amostras obtidas após moagem completa e homogeneização de todos os tecidos corporais, divididos em: sangue, couro, cabeça + patas, vísceras e carcaça. A composição física do corte das costelas foi obtida por separação manual do músculo, gordura e ossos. O peso do corpo vazio foi altamente correlacionado ao peso da carcaça quente (r² = 0,99). As porcentagens de água e extrato etéreo das 9-10-11ª costelas mostraram-se altamente correlacionadas com a composição química do corpo vazio, o que não ocorreu para as porcentagens de proteína e minerais. Esses teores foram calculados pela composição do corpo vazio desengordurado. A composição física do corte das costelas foi eficiente para estimar as porcentagens de água, extrato etéreo e minerais do corpo vazio, utilizando-se a porcentagem de gordura separável das costelas, mas não para estimar o teor de proteína. A composição física do corte das costelas demonstrou ser uma técnica eficiente, mas a composição química apresentou maiores coeficientes de determinação e menores erros da estimativa. Como a porcentagem de água no corpo vazio e no corte das costelas (r² = 0,95), e as porcentagens de água e de extrato etéreo no corpo vazio foram altamente correlacionadas (r² = 0,94), a porcentagem de água no corte das 9-10-11ª costelas poderia ser a única variável para estimativa da composição química corporal.

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O experimento foi realizado objetivando-se caracterizar o subproduto concentrado da produção de lisina (SPL) e avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaça de tourinhos Santa Gertrudes confinados recebendo níveis crescentes desse subproduto na dieta. O SPL resulta do processo de produção de lisina e é parcialmente seco. Apresentou aproximadamente 38% de matéria seca e 85% de proteína bruta na matéria seca, sendo que 79% desse nitrogênio encontrava-se na forma não-protéica. Não foram observados metais pesados em níveis tóxicos. Vinte e sete animais, com dez meses de idade e peso inicial de 242 kg, receberam silagem de milho, 80% de concentrado e 0; 4,5 ou 9,0% de SPL na matéria seca da dieta. O período experimental foi de 115 dias, após 56 dias de adaptação. A inclusão do SPL na dieta determinou efeito quadrático sobre o ganho de peso, o consumo diário de matéria seca, o peso final e o peso de carcaça; efeito linear decrescente sobre a eficiência alimentar e o rendimento de carcaça; e aumento da espessura de gordura de cobertura e do peso do fígado. Não foram observadas diferenças entre tratamentos para a área de olho de lombo. As diferenças no desempenho não foram associadas ao menor consumo de alimentos ou ao teor de enxofre das dietas. O nível de 3,7% de SPL na matéria seca da dieta foi considerado o máximo recomendado para tourinhos em terminação recebendo dietas com alto teor de energia, quando o ganho diário de peso esperado seria de 1,23 kg/animal.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Plasma DC hollow cathode has been used for film deposition by sputtering with release of neutral atoms from the cathode. The DC Plasma Ar-H2 hollow cathode currently used in the industry has proven to be effective in cleaning surfaces and thin film deposition when compared to argon plasma. When we wish to avoid the effects of ion bombardment on the substrate discharge, it uses the post-discharge region. Were generated by discharge plasma of argon and hydrogen hollow cathode deposition of thin films of titanium on glass substrate. The optical emission spectroscopy was used for the post-discharge diagnosis. The films formed were analyzed by mechanical profilometry technique. It was observed that in the spectrum of the excitation lines of argon occurred species. There are variations in the rate of deposition of titanium on the glass substrate for different process parameters such as deposition time, distance and discharge working gases. It was noted an increase in intensity of the lines of argon compared with the lines of titanium. Deposition with argon and hydrogen in glass sample observed a higher rate deposition of titanium as more closer the sample was in the discharge

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Lucrèce, penseur latin du siècle I, avant J.C., écrire que le peur de la mort imputé par la religion et la superstition, nourrit le souhait à la richesse, l'ambition du pouvoir et les actes insensés, dont les conséquences se reflètent dans les maladies de l'âme. La terreur qui s'installe chez l'homme, à l'être confronté au décès, est aussi un obstacle à la liberté et à la vie équilibrée. Les craintes sans fondement seulement seraient surmonter, avec la compréhension de la nature et du mouvement de l'âme, en percevant leur génération, corporéité et finitude. Pour cela, la compréhension des atomes et du vide, les éléments primordiaux de la nature se basent tout la connaissance de l'âme. L'objectif de ce travail est enquêter la nature de l'âme dans Lucrèce, en présentant une réflexion sur les craintes sans fondement et la peur de la mort, comme une manière de percevoir le mouvement de la vie elle-même, et de que manière sa philosophie affronte à la crainte de la mort.

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The concept of freedom and his presupposition, the free will or libera voluntas in Lucretius relies on the notion of clinamen (declination), an occasional and random motion of atoms, inaccessible to experience. It is endowed with a complex movement provided by spontaneity, without the need for mechanical causes. The action of perceiving (sensus) is selfconsciousness, according to which this will, illuminated by previous experiences (sensory, intellectual or emotional) of the soul, takes advantage of the freedom and own spontaneity of atomic motions to drive them to a perceived direction and chosen. On the other hand, if we consider that the declination has a predominant role for the acts of will, we are facing other problems and questions. There is always the choice of a determined action and, therefore, even if the individual is facing a need to act, is possible choose to do not continue finish this action. Thereby, the will is related to conditions that are originate, ultimately, from the images formed randomly in space and impress the soul: the simulacra of desire and pleasure. The declination itself is a very important notion in this research, in order to emphasize the relationship between the freedom and the kinetic of elements. The approach developed in this work had as main objective to investigate the philosophy of nature and the soul in Lucretius, their constituents and movement, as well as demonstrating how the notion of clinamen articulates with the concepts of image, desire and pleasure, proposing a possible interpretation for the declination as an indeterminate and ethical foundation of freedom

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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There is nowadays a growing demand for located cooling and stabilization in optical and electronic devices, haul of portable systems of cooling that they allow a larger independence in several activities. The modules of thermoelectrical cooling are bombs of heat that use efect Peltier, that consists of the production of a temperature gradient when an electric current is applied to a thermoelectrical pair formed by two diferent drivers. That efect is part of a class of thermoelectrical efcts that it is typical of junctions among electric drivers. The modules are manufactured with semiconductors. The used is the bismuth telluride Bi2Te3, arranged in a periodic sequence. In this sense the idea appeared of doing an analysis of a system that obeys the sequence of Fibonacci. The sequence of Fibonacci has connections with the golden proportion, could be found in the reproductive study of the bees, in the behavior of the light and of the atoms, as well as in the growth of plants and in the study of galaxies, among many other applications. An apparatus unidimensional was set up with the objective of investigating the thermal behavior of a module that obeys it a rule of growth of the type Fibonacci. The results demonstrate that the modules that possess periodic arrangement are more eficient

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We have used ab initio calculations to investigate the electronic structure of SiGe based nanocrystals (NC s). This work is divided in three parts. In the first one, we focus the excitonic properties of Si(core)/Ge(shell) and Ge(core)/Si(shell) nanocrystals. We also estimate the changes induced by the effect of strain the electronic structure. We show that Ge/Si (Si/Ge) NC s exhibits type II confinement in the conduction (valence) band. The estimated potential barriers for electrons and holes are 0.16 eV (0.34 eV) and 0.64 eV (0.62 eV) for Si/Ge (Ge/Si) NC s. In contradiction to the expected long recombination lifetimes in type II systems, we found that the recombination lifetime of Ge/Si NC s (τR = 13.39μs) is more than one order of magnitude faster than in Si/Ge NC s (τR = 191.84μs). In the second part, we investigate alloyed Si1−xGex NC s in which Ge atoms are randomly positioned. We show that the optical gaps and electron-hole binding energies decrease linearly with x, while the exciton exchange energy increases with x due to the increase of the spatial extent of the electron and hole wave functions. This also increases the electron-hole wave functions overlap, leading to recombination lifetimes that are very sensitive to the Ge content. Finally, we investigate the radiative transitions in Pand B-doped Si nanocrystals. Our NC sizes range between 1.4 and 1.8 nm of diameters. Using a three-levels model, we show that the radiative lifetimes and oscillator strengths of the transitions between the conduction and the impurity bands, as well as the transitions between the impurity and the valence bands are strongly affected by the impurity position. On the other hand, the direct conduction-to-valence band decay is practically unchanged due to the presence of the impurity

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In the present work we use a plasma jet system with a hollow cathode to deposit thin TiO2 films on silicon substrates as alternative at sol-gel, PECVD, dip-coating e magnetron sputtering techniques. The cylindrical cathode, made from pure titanium, can be negatively polarized between 0 e 1200 V and supports an electrical current of up to 1 A. An Ar/O2 mixture, with a total flux of 20 sccm and an O2 percentage ranging between 0 and 30%, is passed through a cylindrical hole machined in the cathode. The plasma parameters and your influence on the properties of deposited TiO2 films and their deposition rate was studied. When discharge occurs, titanium atoms are sputtered/evaporated. They are transported by the jet and deposited on the Si substrates located on the substrate holder facing the plasma jet system at a distance ranging between10 and 50 mm from the cathode. The working pressure was 10-3 mbar and the deposition time was 10 -60 min. Deposited films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy to check the film uniformity and morphology and by X-ray diffraction to analyze qualitatively the phases present. Also it is presented the new dispositive denominate ionizing cage, derived from the active screen plasma nitriding (ASPN), but based in hollow cathode effect, recently developed. In this process, the sample was involved in a cage, in which the cathodic potential was applied. The samples were placed on an insulator substrate holder, remaining in a floating potential, and then it was treated in reactive plasma in hollow cathode regime. Moreover, the edge effect was completely eliminated, since the plasma was formed on the cage and not directly onto the samples and uniformity layer was getting in all sampl