Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie

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Vad motiverar människor att engagera sig ideellt?

Nutidens världshändelser aktualiserar det ideella engagemang som en stor andel av Sveriges befolkning ägnar sig åt varje år. Viljan att hjälpa upplevs också öka. Syftet med studien var att få en fördjupad förståelse för människors motiv till ideellt engagemang och volontärarbete. Deltagarna var nio personer som alla var ideellt engagerade. Datainsamlingen gjordes med fokuserade kvalitativa intervjuer. Tematisk analys användes som metod för dataanalysen. Resultatet visade på flertalet olika motiv till ideellt engagemang och att motiven ofta var sammanlänkade med varandra. En persons bakgrund framkom vara av betydelse, värderingar och samhällsintresse likaså. En vilja att hjälpa andra och bidra till samhället framkom som motiv till engagemanget. Det upplevdes i hög grad att engagemanget gav mycket tillbaka, exempelvis personlig utveckling och möten med nya människor. Resultatet i föreliggande studie går i linje med befintlig forskning samt bidrar med en mer nyanserad subjektiv aspekt av motivation till ideellt engagemang.

Migranten Und Internierte:Deutsche in Glasgow, 1864-1918

Für deutsche Migranten des 19. Jahrhunderts war Großbritannien eines der wichtigsten Zielländer innerhalb Europas. Zum ersten Mal wird eine der zahlreichen deutsch-ethnischen Kolonien einer mikrohistorischen Untersuchung unterzogen. Die Perspektive erlaubt quellengestützt genauere Aussagen zu Themenkomplexen wie Wanderungsverhalten, Berufsstruktur oder ethnischer Selbstorganisation. In Glasgow bildete sich ein dichtes Netz an ethnischen Vereinigungen, das sich nach Kriegsausbruch unter dem germanophoben Druck der britischen Öffentlichkeit sowie staatlichen Maßnahmen wie Internierung, Repatriierung oder Enteignung fast vollständig auflöste. Die Glasgower Fallstudie wird durch zahlreiche Querverweise auf andere Regionen und Länder in einen größeren migrationsgeschichtlichen Rahmen eingeordnet. German migrants of the 19th century. Century Britain was one of the main destination countries within Europe. One of the many German ethnic colonies of a micro historical investigation is subjected for the first time. The perspective allows more detailed statements on topics such as migratory behavior, occupational structure or ethnic self-organization source based. A dense network of ethnic associations that almost completely disbanded after war germanophoben pressure from the British public and Government measures such as detention, repatriation or expropriation was formed in Glasgow. The Glasgow case study are classified by numerous cross-references to other regions and countries within a larger migration history.

Die Verfemteste unter allen Geschwistern:Karin Anderts anregende Biografie über Monika Mann liegt jetzt als Taschenbuch vor

Review of Karin Andert: Monika Mann. Eine Biografie. Marebuchverlag, Hamburg 2010. Die „einzigartige FamilieMann“ (Marcel Reich-Ranicki) erregt seit langem ein biografisches Publikumsinteresse, das sich über die Schriftsteller Heinrich, Thomas und Klaus Mann hinaus auf alle Angehörigen erstreckt. Zu den zahlreichen neueren Studien über die Manns gehört auch Karin Anderts lesenswerte Biografie von Monika Mann. Erstmals 2010 zum hundertsten Geburtstag der Mann-Tochter erschienen, liegt das Buch jetzt bei Piper in einer ebenso attraktiv gestalteten wie preisgünstigen Taschenbuchausgabe vor. Bekanntlich gab es im Hause Mann Lieblingskinder und weniger beliebte Nachkommen. In der Hierarchie der drei „Ungeliebten“ nahm Monika Mann ganz eindeutig den untersten Platz ein. Zwar gelang es auch ihren Brüdern Golo und Michael nicht, die Gunst der Eltern Katia und Thomas nachhaltig zu gewinnen, aber die familiären Urteile über diese „Verfemteste unter allen Geschwistern“ (Frido Mann), zeugen von einer besonders starken Ablehnung, die sich sowohl auf Monikas Verhalten und ihre Persönlichkeit als auch auf ihre musikalischen und schriftstellerischen Versuche bezog. Karin Andert nähert sich dieser verschmähten Tochter und ihrem auf häufig tragische Weise faszinierenden Lebenslauf mit einem so starken Wohlwollen, als möchte sie die Kränkungen und Schicksalsschläge wiedergutmachen, die Monika im Laufe ihres Lebens widerfuhren. Mitunter schießt die Biografin in ihrem verständlichen Bemühen, eine Ehrenrettung für die von Thomas Mann als „minderwertig“ bezeichnete Monika zu erreichen, allerdings etwas über das Ziel hinaus. Das gilt besonders für Anderts Einschätzung von Monika Manns literarischer Tätigkeit. Es ist zweifellos bedauerlich, dass die Familie Mann der mittleren Tochter ihre kleinen schriftstellerischen Erfolge nicht gönnen mochte. Zumindest die Kritik an der mangelnden literarischen Qualität ihrer zumeist als Feuilletons veröffentlichten Werke hat jedoch einige Berechtigung, wie schon ein Blick in Monikas Buch „Vergangenes und Gegenwärtiges“ erkennen lässt, das ebenso stark von irritierenden stilistischen Unebenheiten wie von beeindruckend poetischen Kindheitsbeschreibungen gekennzeichnet ist Andert fügt ihrer Biografie zwei Texte hinzu. Da ist zum einen das von Katia Mann geführte „Monika-Büchlein“, in dem die Mutter in unterhaltsamer Weise über die ersten Lebensjahre ihrer Tochter berichtet und ein erstaunlich liebevolles Porträt von dem kleinen Mädchen entwirft, das in ihr späteren Jahren nur noch „muffig und unerfreulich“ erschien. Zum anderen enthält Anderts Buch auch das erst kürzlich aufgefundene „New Yorker Tagebuch“, das Monika Mann Mitte der 1940er-Jahre verfasste und das Andert, in wiederum großzügiger Bewertung, als „literarischen Fund digressiver Erzählkunst“ bezeichnet. Monika Mann verleiht in diesem Dokument ihrer Traumatisierung und allgemeinen Verunsicherung nach dem Tod ihres Mannes Ausdruck, der 1940 bei der gemeinsamen Flucht von England nach Amerika vor ihren Augen ertrank. Der Text ist deutlich geprägt von der psychologischen Ausnahmesituation, der er entsprang und ist zudem in einer Fremdsprache abgefasst, welche die Autorin nicht vollständig beherrschte. Das Ergebnis ist im englischen Original ein in weiten Strecken wirres, zum Teil sprachlich holpriges Dokument, das ein ergreifendes Zeugnis von Monika Manns damaliger Situation abgibt. Wahre literarische Qualität lässt sich jedoch allenfalls in der ebenfalls enthaltenen Übersetzung von Heiko Arntz’ erkennen, die zum Teil sehr frei mit dem Text umgeht und sich als lesenswerte poetische Nachdichtung präsentiert. Monika wandte sich in diesem privaten Tagebuch auch gegen die Vorwürfe ihrer Familie, die, ohne ihre schwierige psychische Lage ausreichend zu berücksichtigen, in ihr zunehmend eine „nutzlose Schwester“ (Erika Mann) sah. Nachdem sie in den 1950er-Jahren in einer neuen Partnerschaft ihr inneres Gleichgewicht wiedergefunden hatte, trat Monika als Autorin an die Öffentlichkeit – sehr zum Missfallen der Familie. Präzise Ursachen für die Abneigung, die alle Familienmitglieder Monika entgegenbrachten und die nicht erst mit ihrer Übersiedelung nach Amerika und den damit verbundenen tragischen Ereignissen begann, sind nur schwer ausfindig zu machen. Andert lässt sich vorsichtigerweise wenig auf Spekulationen ein und betont nur mehrfach vage, wie beliebt Monika außerhalb des Elternhauses gewesen sei. Die Dynamik innerhalb der Familie bleibt so leider enttäuschend blass – obwohl ihr ein ganzes Kapitel gewidmet ist. Wie Andert auf Äußerungen in den Briefen und Tagebüchern von Katia, Thomas und Erika Mann gestützt darlegt, scheint Monikas mangelnde Bereitschaft einen Beruf zu ergreifen und ihr Angewiesensein auf elterliche finanzielle Unterstützung ein zentraler Streitpunkt gewesen zu sein. Finanziell unabhängig waren die meisten anderen Mann-Kinder jedoch auch nicht, so dass dies kaum der Hauptgrund für Monikas schweren Stand in der Familie gewesen sein dürfte. Eher wird, wie auch Andert vermutet, Monikas schwieriges Verhältnis zum Vater und zu seinem Bild in der Öffentlichkeit eine Rolle gespielt haben. Wenige Monate nach Thomas Manns Tod veröffentlichte Monika ihr Erinnerungsbuch, das vom Kindler Verlag mit dem eindeutigen Hinweis auf „persönliche und unmittelbare“ Einblicke in das Leben des berühmten Vaters vermarktet wurde. Damit begab sie sich auf ein Territorium, das ihre ältere Schwester Erika als ihr Gebiet abgesteckt hatte. Von den Eltern zur literarischen Nachlassverwalterin des Vaters bestimmt, betrieb Erika auch Imagepflege für Thomas Mann und entschied unter anderem, welche seiner Briefe veröffentlicht wurden. Durch Monikas freimütige Darstellung eines emotional extrem distanzierten Vaters, der an hübschen Jünglingen Gefallen fand, sah Erika den mühsam gehegten Mythos vom Großschriftsteller Thomas Mann gefährdet, in dem persönliche Schwächen und die geheimgehaltene homosexuelle Veranlagung ihres Vaters bewusst ausgeblendet wurden. Zudem trat Monika mit ihren Memoiren in unerwünschte Konkurrenz zu Erikas eigenem Erinnerungsbuch, das fast zeitgleich erschien und in der Öffentlichkeit das von ihr gepägte Thomas-Mann-Bild zementieren sollte. Diese Zusammenhänge schildert Andert mit viel Sympathie für die zu Unrecht stiefmütterlich behandelte Monika, die dennoch den Kontakt zur Familie stets aufrecht erhielt und bis zum Tod der Mutter jeden Sommer bei ihr verbrachte. Die ungünstig gewählte Struktur des Buches, das in thematische Abschnitte gegliedert ist, anstatt eine chronologische Reihung zu wählen, führt jedoch leider zu unnötigen Wiederholungen, die das Lesevergnügen deutlich mindern. Hinzu kommt die streckenweise immer wieder recht oberflächliche Analyse, die manche Fragen offen lässt. Diesen Schwächen zum Trotz sind dem Buch viele Leser zu wünschen. Es stellt uns ein zu Unrecht vergessenes Mitglied der Familie Mann vor und bietet aus der Außenseiterperspektive des „dumpf-wunderlichen Mönle“ (Katia Mann) zugleich einen frischen Blick auf diese „amazing family“ (Harold Nicolson).

The relationship between educational placement, instructional practices, and achievement gains of Black students with specific learning disabilities in secondary urban school settings

Black students, in general, are underserved academically (Darling-Hammond, 2000; Townsend, 2002) and overrepresented in special education (Donovan & Cross, 2002). Black students with disabilities are further overrepresented in more restrictive educational environments (Skiba, Poloni-Staudinger, Gallini, Simmons & Feggins-Azziz, 2006). Although the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2 (NLTS2) revealed that the academic performance of students with learning disabilities is positively related to the percentage of courses taken in the general education setting (Newman, 2006), the research specifically on placement of Black students with disabilities, particularly at the secondary level, as it relates to academic achievement is lacking. While previous studies have sought to determine which placement is better for students with disabilities, no study was found that specifically examined the impact of placement specific to Black students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) in urban settings (Fore, III, Hagan-Burke, Burke, Boon & Smith, 2008; Rea, McLaughlin & Walther-Thomas, 2002). This study examined educational placement, instructional best practices, and achievement gains of Black students with SLD in urban secondary settings using an ex post facto research design. Achievement, placement, and demographic data were collected and analyzed on approximately 314 Black eighth grade students with SLD. The Teacher Instructional Practices Survey was developed and used to collect and analyze data from the teachers of 78 of these students as it relates to instructional best practices. Results indicate no significant difference in reading but a significant difference in math gains of students served in inclusive settings as compared to resource settings with a small effect size. Also, no significant relationship was found between achievement gains and the reported use of instructional best practices. However, there was a relationship between educational placement and the use of instructional best practices. The results implied that there is a need for training with both general and special education teachers on instructional best practices for SWD and that there should be certain IEP team considerations when making placement decisions for this population of students with disabilities. It is recommended that future research in this area include classroom observations and factors other than test scores to measure growth in achievement.

Radiation fluxes, soil heat flux, air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture and vegetation at dwarf shrubs and wet sedges in Kytalyk, NE Siberia

Vegetation changes, such as shrub encroachment and wetland expansion, have been observed in many Arctic tundra regions. These changes feed back to permafrost and climate. Permafrost can be protected by soil shading through vegetation as it reduces the amount of solar energy available for thawing. Regional climate can be affected by a reduction in surface albedo as more energy is available for atmospheric and soil heating. Here, we compared the shortwave radiation budget of two common Arctic tundra vegetation types dominated by dwarf shrubs (Betula nana) and wet sedges (Eriophorum angustifolium) in North-East Siberia. We measured time series of the shortwave and longwave radiation budget above the canopy and transmitted radiation below the canopy. Additionally, we quantified soil temperature and heat flux as well as active layer thickness. The mean growing season albedo of dwarf shrubs was 0.15 ± 0.01, for sedges it was higher (0.17 ± 0.02). Dwarf shrub transmittance was 0.36 ± 0.07 on average, and sedge transmittance was 0.28 ± 0.08. The standing dead leaves contributed strongly to the soil shading of wet sedges. Despite a lower albedo and less soil shading, the soil below dwarf shrubs conducted less heat resulting in a 17 cm shallower active layer as compared to sedges. This result was supported by additional, spatially distributed measurements of both vegetation types. Clouds were a major influencing factor for albedo and transmittance, particularly in sedge vegetation. Cloud cover reduced the albedo by 0.01 in dwarf shrubs and by 0.03 in sedges, while transmittance was increased by 0.08 and 0.10 in dwarf shrubs and sedges, respectively. Our results suggest that the observed deeper active layer below wet sedges is not primarily a result of the summer canopy radiation budget. Soil properties, such as soil albedo, moisture, and thermal conductivity, may be more influential, at least in our comparison between dwarf shrub vegetation on relatively dry patches and sedge vegetation with higher soil moisture.

Multi-year weather data in the remote semi-arid to arid mountain region of the Saharan flank of the Atlas Mountains

In 2001, a weather and climate monitoring network was established along the temperature and aridity gradient between the sub-humid Moroccan High Atlas Mountains and the former end lake of the Middle Drâa in a pre-Saharan environment. The highest Automated Weather Stations (AWS) was installed just below the M'Goun summit at 3850 m, the lowest station Lac Iriki was at 450 m. This network of 13 AWS stations was funded and maintained by the German IMPETUS (BMBF Grant 01LW06001A, North Rhine-Westphalia Grant 313-21200200) project and since 2011 five stations were further maintained by the GERMAN DFG Fennec project (FI 786/3-1), this way some stations of the AWS network provided data for almost 12 years from 2001-2012. Standard meteorological variables such as temperature, humidity, and wind were measured at an altitude of 2 m above ground. Other meteorological variables comprise precipitation, station pressure, solar irradiance, soil temperature at different depths and for high mountain station snow water equivalent. The stations produced data summaries for 5-minute-precipitation-data, 10- or 15-minute-data and a daily summary of all other variables. This network is a unique resource of multi-year weather data in the remote semi-arid to arid mountain region of the Saharan flank of the Atlas Mountains. The network is described in Schulz et al. (2010) and its further continuation until 2012 is briefly discussed in Redl et al. (2015, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-15-0223.1) and Redl et al. (2016, doi:10.1002/2015JD024443).

First-year and second-year snow properties on sea ice in the Weddell Sea during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXII/2 (ISPOL) during the drift

Observations of snow properties, superimposed ice, and atmospheric heat fluxes have been performed on first-year and second-year sea ice in the western Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Snow in this region is particular as it does usually survive summer ablation. Measurements were performed during Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL), a 5-week drift station of the German icebreaker RV Polarstern. Net heat flux to the snowpack was 8 W/m**2, causing only 0.1 to 0.2 m of thinning of both snow cover types, thinner first-year and thicker second-year snow. Snow thinning was dominated by compaction and evaporation, whereas melt was of minor importance and occurred only internally at or close to the surface. Characteristic differences between snow on first-year and second-year ice were found in snow thickness, temperature, and stratigraphy. Snow on second-year ice was thicker, colder, denser, and more layered than on first-year ice. Metamorphism and ablation, and thus mass balance, were similar between both regimes, because they depend more on surface heat fluxes and less on underground properties. Ice freeboard was mostly negative, but flooding occurred mainly on first-year ice. Snow and ice interface temperature did not reach the melting point during the observation period. Nevertheless, formation of discontinuous superimposed ice was observed. Color tracer experiments suggest considerable meltwater percolation within the snow, despite below-melting temperatures of lower layers. Strong meridional gradients of snow and sea-ice properties were found in this region. They suggest similar gradients in atmospheric and oceanographic conditions and implicate their importance for melt processes and the location of the summer ice edge.

Proposta de jogo químico como estratégia didática no ensino a distância abordando o conteúdo de estereoquímica

The educational games can act as a complementary tool in the teaching and learning as play an important role in the interaction of the student with knowledge, and encourage interrelationship between students and motivate them by the pursuit of knowledge. This research is intended to analyze the evidence of the students of distance education applied to semesters 2011.2 and 2012.2 for the purpose of to catalog the mistakes presented by the students, the contents of stereochemistry that attended the Chemistry of Life discipline. From the presented mistekes, develop an educational game, "walking the stereochemistry", addressing that content. The choice of stereochemistry content was due to the low number of found work in the literature, and for being one of organic chemistry content that generates learning difficulties, as it requires a mental visualization and manipulation of molecular structures, besides require observation and comparison ability by the students. The game was applied of Life Chemistry discipline of Nova Cruz Polo in semester 2013.2, with intention to verify the viability and applicability this tool for the development of motivation ability by the pursuit of knowledge by the students, as well as complement the didactical materials of the DE. Then, It was made available on the course page an opinion questionnaire to the participants of the game, as a way of to investigate the opinion their about the proposed strategy. To diagnose the contributions of the game on student learning, it was taken a comparative analysis of stereochemistry issues contained in didactic tests applied in 2013.2 semester students participating and not participating of the polo of Nova Cruz and was also compared with the tests applied at the poles of Extremoz, Currais Novos, Lajes and Caico. So the game can be considered an important resource to complement the teaching materials of distance education, because awoke the motivation for the search of knowledge and contributes to the learning of stereochemistry content.

Baseline characteristics of climate, permafrost, and land cover from Samoylov Island, Lena River Delta, Siberia

Samoylov Island is centrally located within the Lena River Delta at 72° N, 126° E and lies within the Siberian zone of continuous permafrost. The landscape on Samoylov Island consists mainly of late Holocene river terraces with polygonal tundra, ponds and lakes, and an active floodplain. The island has been the focus of numerous multidisciplinary studies since 1993, which have focused on climate, land cover, ecology, hydrology, permafrost and limnology. This paper aims to provide a framework for future studies by describing the characteristics of the island's meteorological parameters (temperature, radiation and snow cover), soil temperature, and soil moisture. The land surface characteristics have been described using high resolution aerial images in combination with data from ground-based observations. Of note is that deeper permafrost temperatures have increased between 0.3 to 1.3 °C over the last five years. However, no clear warming of air and active layer temperatures is detected since 1998, though winter air temperatures during recent years have not been as cold as in earlier years.

Meteorological observations and eddy covariance raw data from polygonal tundra in the Lena River Delta, Siberia

We present the first ecosystem-scale methane flux data from a northern Siberian tundra ecosystem covering the entire snow-free period from spring thaw until initial freeze-back. Eddy covariance measurements of methane emission were carried out from the beginning of June until the end of September in the southern central part of the Lena River Delta (72°22' N, 126°30' E). The study site is located in the zone of continuous permafrost and is characterized by Arctic continental climate with very low precipitation and a mean annual temperature of -14.7°C. We found relatively low fluxes of on average 18.7 mg/m**2/d, which we consider to be because of (1) extremely cold permafrost, (2) substrate limitation of the methanogenic archaea, and (3) a relatively high surface coverage of noninundated, moderately moist areas. Near-surface turbulence as measured by the eddy covariance system in 4 m above the ground surface was identified as the most important control on ecosystem-scale methane emission and explained about 60% of the variance in emissions, while soil temperature explained only 8%. In addition, atmospheric pressure was found to significantly improve an exponential model based on turbulence and soil temperature. Ebullition from waterlogged areas triggered by decreasing atmospheric pressure and near-surface turbulence is thought to be an important pathway that warrants more attention in future studies. The close coupling of methane fluxes and atmospheric parameters demonstrated here raises questions regarding the reliability of enclosure-based measurements, which inherently exclude these parameters.

Nanotechnology in food industry II: risk assessment and legislation

Currently, there is increasing use of nanomaterials in the food industry thanks to the many advantages offered and make the products that contain them more competitive in the market. Their physicochemical properties often differ from those of bulk materials, which require specialized risk assessment. This should cover the risks to the health of workers and consumers as well as possible environmental risks. The risk assessment methods must go updating due to more widespread use of nanomaterials, especially now that are making their way down to consumer products. Today there is no specific legislation for nanomaterials, but there are several european dispositions and regulations that include them. This review gives an overview of the risk assessment and the existing current legislation regarding the use of nanotechnology in the food industry.

Real-time depth camera tracking with CAD models and ICP

In recent years, depth cameras have been widely utilized in camera tracking for augmented and mixed reality. Many of the studies focus on the methods that generate the reference model simultaneously with the tracking and allow operation in unprepared environments. However, methods that rely on predefined CAD models have their advantages. In such methods, the measurement errors are not accumulated to the model, they are tolerant to inaccurate initialization, and the tracking is always performed directly in reference model's coordinate system. In this paper, we present a method for tracking a depth camera with existing CAD models and the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. In our approach, we render the CAD model using the latest pose estimate and construct a point cloud from the corresponding depth map. We construct another point cloud from currently captured depth frame, and find the incremental change in the camera pose by aligning the point clouds. We utilize a GPGPU-based implementation of the ICP which efficiently uses all the depth data in the process. The method runs in real-time, it is robust for outliers, and it does not require any preprocessing of the CAD models. We evaluated the approach using the Kinect depth sensor, and compared the results to a 2D edge-based method, to a depth-based SLAM method, and to the ground truth. The results show that the approach is more stable compared to the edge-based method and it suffers less from drift compared to the depth-based SLAM.