NO-undervisning med interaktiv skrivtavla som hjälpmedel : En studie om möjligheten med individanpassning med den interaktiva skrivtavlan i årskurserna 1–3

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur verksamma lärare i årskurserna 1–3 beskriver arbetet med den interaktiva skrivtavlan i NO-undervisningen och hur de resonerar om möjligheter att anpassa undervisningen till varje elev. Utifrån studiens syfte ställdes följande frågeställningar: Vad anser lärarna om användningen med den interaktiva skrivtavlan i NOundervisningen? På vilket sätt beskriver lärarna att de arbetar med den interaktiva skrivtavlan i NO-undervisningen? Hur beskriver lärarna användningen av den interaktiva skrivtavlan för att anpassa NO-undervisningen efter varje elevs förutsättningar och behov? För att kunna besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar har intervjuer gjorts med sex verksamma lärare. Resultatet av intervjuerna visar att lärarna ser många fördelar med att använda den interaktiva skrivtavlan, några fördelar som lärarna beskriver är lättillgängligheten av konkret material och att det underlättar planeringen/genomförandet av NO-undervisningen. Åsikterna om individanpassning i NO med den interaktiva skrivtavlan är delad, dels beskriver lärarna att behovet inte är lika stort i NO som i till exempel matematik och svenska. Lärarna beskriver också att de inte hinner anpassa undervisningen i NO. Samtidigt som lärarna upplever att den underlättar individanpassningen genom att det är enklare att använda många olika uttryckssätt. En slutsats är att det finns möjlighet att använda den interaktiva skrivtavlan för att anpassa NO-undervisningen.

Integrering av modersmålet i undervisningen : En intervjustudie med lärare i grundskolans tidigare år

Vårt samhälle är mångkulturellt och i grundskolan har en femtedel av alla elever ett annat modersmål än svenska. Läget som råder i världen gör att det kommer många flyktingar till Sverige och många av dem är barn, så elever med annat modersmål kommer att öka i våra skolor. Rapporter visar idag att det finns brister i arbetet med språkutveckling hos flerspråkiga elever. Att fortsätta utveckla sitt modersmål är gynnsamt för övrig språkutveckling. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka lärares uppfattningar om och hur de integrerar modersmålet i undervisningen. För att få kunskap i frågan genomfördes en kvalitativ intervjustudie med sju lärare med olika erfarenheter av flerspråkiga elever. Lärarna arbetade på fyra olika skolor och dessa skolor hade olika slags erfarenheter av flerspråkiga elever. Studien visade att alla lärare uppger att de integrerar modersmålet på något sätt i undervisningen. I det stora hela handlar det dels om att lyfta fram språket genom att visa intresse för elevers språk i den dagliga undervisningen genom att fråga om hur saker uttalas och låter. Det framkom också att lärarna samarbetade med modersmålsundervisningen till viss del. Alla lärare var eniga om att modersmålsundervisningen är viktig för språkutvecklingen men att det är långt ifrån alla som har möjlighet att ha ett samarbete med modersmålslärare.

Gymnasielärares skrivpraktiker : Skrivande som professionell handling i en digitaliserad skola

The aim of this thesis is to contribute to deeper knowledge about the writing practices of teachers in upper secondary school. Schools are under constant pressure to respond to the needs and expectations of an ever-changing society and political intentions. A major factor in this change which is taking place in schools is digitalization. Another factor is the adoption of new governing principles for schools involving management by goals and results, which brings increased demands for written documentation of teachers' work. In order to describe and problematize this development the thesis is based on a combination of Critical Discourse Analysis and New Literacy (Clark and Ivanič, 1997). The theoretical framework rests upon an understanding of writing as social action and the idea that texts both affect and are affected by the social environment. The empirical study focuses on twelve teachers and their writing practices, analyzed during week-long field visits over three years. The teachers' talk about their writing is used together with analyses of texts and images to investigate parts of teachers' writing which, according to the teachers, are considered complex and problematic. The findings indicate significant differences between the writing practices of the individual teachers, where each teacher has his or her own system of texts fulfilling different purposes. Despite these differences it is still possible to identify recurrent themes in the discursive conditions for teachers' writing: efficiency, reuse, authority, audit, relationships to addressees, and room to maneuver. The study illustrates possible dilemmas for teachers' writing at the intersection of teachers' professional responsibility and demands for accountability.

Fyra speciallärares syn på Wendickmodellens användning som en läsutvecklingsmetod : En intervjustudie med speciallärare för grundskolans mellanår.

Syftet med den här undersökningen har varit att undersöka hur fyra speciallärare använder Wendickmodellen i årskurs 4-6 samt att undersöka deras inställning till Wendickmodellen som läsutvecklingsmodell. Undersökningen gjordes genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra speciallärare för grundskolans mellanår. Alla dessa har på ett eller annat sätt kommit i kontakt med, och använt sig av, Wendickmodellen, men det är inte alla som använder den i dag. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt har Vygotskijs sociokulturella perspektiv samt Deweys pragmatiska perspektiv använts. Resultatet visar att Wendickmodellens vara eller icke vara inte är vad som avgör om en utlärningssituation är tillfredsställande eller inte, utan snarare att det är det aktiva valet av metod från läraren som avgör. Resultatet visar också att det oftast inte går att använda sig av endast en modell, i alla fyra intervjuer som gjordes blev det tydligt att alla lärare valde att arbeta på olika sätt med sina elever, oavsett om de använde sig av Wendickmodellen eller inte.

Fyra speciallärares syn på Wendickmodellens användning som en läsutvecklingsmetod. : En intervjustudie med speciallärare för grundskolans mellanår.

Syftet med den här undersökningen har varit att undersöka hur fyra speciallärare använder Wendickmodellen i årskurs 4-6 samt att undersöka deras inställning till Wendickmodellen som läsutvecklingsmodell. Undersökningen gjordes genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra speciallärare för grundskolans mellanår. Alla dessa har på ett eller annat sätt kommit i kontakt med, och använt sig av, Wendickmodellen, men det är inte alla som använder den i dag. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt har Vygotskijs sociokulturella perspektiv samt Deweys pragmatiska perspektiv använts. Resultatet visar att Wendickmodellens vara eller icke vara inte är vad som avgör om en utlärningssituation är tillfredsställande eller inte, utan snarare att det är det aktiva valet av metod från läraren som avgör. Resultatet visar också att det oftast inte går att använda sig av endast en modell, i alla fyra intervjuer som gjordes blev det tydligt att alla lärare valde att arbeta på olika sätt med sina elever, oavsett om de använde sig av Wendickmodellen eller inte.

Leva som man lär? : En studie av spänningsfältet mellan genusvetande och genusgörande

Practice as you preach? Gender scholars’ reflections on practising gender theory Being a gender scholar – to what extent is it possible to practice as you preach? This study investigates how gender scholars relate to using and practicing theoretical knowledge on gender.Ten in-depth interviews are conducted with gender scholars at Swedish universities. A semi-structured interview guide, based on ambitions, possibilities and obstacles regarding using theoretical knowledge in practice, is used. The results indicate that being a gender scholar is a highly reflective project, since it involves turning your gender theoretical gaze towards yourself. Practicing as you preach seems to be interpreted as undoing gender. Attempts to undo gender are said to be hindered by gender normative structures rendering gender scholar women and gender scholar men different possibilities to practice the undoing of gender. The analysis show that gender scholars perform a balancing act by adding some expressions for the opposite gender to their everyday doings and their physical appearance, thus combining a doing with an undoing of gender. The pace and force of change in these doings and undoings are rather small. Nevertheless, small as they may be, these steps are interpreted as part of a strategy to change gender normative structures, making possible yet other and freer gender performances.

Barn och historiemedvetande : Elever i årskurs 1 funderar över historia som skolämne

Denna studie har tagit utgångspunkt i hur elever i årskurs 1 formulerar sin syn på historia innan de mött historieundervisning i skolan. Detta för att se om denna syn går att förstå som ett uttryck för historiemedvetande. Data samlades in genom intervjuer vilka analyserades med hjälp av en fenomenografisk ansats för att sedan ytterligare analyseras utifrån teorier om både tidsmedvetande och historiemedvetande. Resultatet visar dels att de flesta eleverna förväxlar historia med sagor samt att fantasi anses vara en förutsättning för att skapa historia. Att historia finns som ett skolämne är ingen av eleverna medvetna om. Trots detta visar närmare hälften av eleverna spår av vad som kan kallas ett historiemedvetande och majoriteten kan uttrycka någon form av tidsmedvetande. Ofta med hjälp av sagans kronologi men likväl en kronologi vilket kan anses viktigt när det gäller just utvecklandet av ett historiemedvetande. Denna förväxling mellan sagor och historia talar för att redan i de yngre åldrarna utgå från ett metaperspektiv i undervisningen.

“Imagens do Som: figuras de Chladni”

“Imagens do som: figuras de Chladni” - Experiência (vídeo de 6 min 4 s, Graça Carraça, Departamento de Física, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia- Universidade de Évora). A experiência sobre figuras de Chladni registada neste vídeo faz parte de um conjunto de trabalhos de divulgação, seleccionados de entre os vários disponíveis no Departamento de Física e que podem ser explorados de uma forma mais avançada nas nossas aulas. Esta experiência foi recentemente apresentada como actividade interactiva a um público muito jovem, crianças dos 7 aos 12 anos, do Campo de Férias SASUE - 2016, integrada no tema “Explorando o som”. A experiência suscitou muita curiosidade e o interesse sobre a explicação dos fenómenos em causa, havendo um entusiasmo acrescido por terem tido a possibilidade de realizarem eles próprios a experiência. Com este registo em vídeo pretende-se facilitar o trabalho dos alunos e professores que queiram realizar a experiência e suscitar o interesse para a exploração de experiências sobre este tema para além do que aqui foi apresentado.

Robot navigation in sensor space

This thesis investigates the problem of robot navigation using only landmark bearings. The proposed system allows a robot to move to a ground target location specified by the sensor values observed at this ground target posi- tion. The control actions are computed based on the difference between the current landmark bearings and the target landmark bearings. No Cartesian coordinates with respect to the ground are computed by the control system. The robot navigates using solely information from the bearing sensor space. Most existing robot navigation systems require a ground frame (2D Cartesian coordinate system) in order to navigate from a ground point A to a ground point B. The commonly used sensors such as laser range scanner, sonar, infrared, and vision do not directly provide the 2D ground coordi- nates of the robot. The existing systems use the sensor measurements to localise the robot with respect to a map, a set of 2D coordinates of the objects of interest. It is more natural to navigate between the points in the sensor space corresponding to A and B without requiring the Cartesian map and the localisation process. Research on animals has revealed how insects are able to exploit very limited computational and memory resources to successfully navigate to a desired destination without computing Cartesian positions. For example, a honeybee balances the left and right optical flows to navigate in a nar- row corridor. Unlike many other ants, Cataglyphis bicolor does not secrete pheromone trails in order to find its way home but instead uses the sun as a compass to keep track of its home direction vector. The home vector can be inaccurate, so the ant also uses landmark recognition. More precisely, it takes snapshots and compass headings of some landmarks. To return home, the ant tries to line up the landmarks exactly as they were before it started wandering. This thesis introduces a navigation method based on reflex actions in sensor space. The sensor vector is made of the bearings of some landmarks, and the reflex action is a gradient descent with respect to the distance in sensor space between the current sensor vector and the target sensor vec- tor. Our theoretical analysis shows that except for some fully characterized pathological cases, any point is reachable from any other point by reflex action in the bearing sensor space provided the environment contains three landmarks and is free of obstacles. The trajectories of a robot using reflex navigation, like other image- based visual control strategies, do not correspond necessarily to the shortest paths on the ground, because the sensor error is minimized, not the moving distance on the ground. However, we show that the use of a sequence of waypoints in sensor space can address this problem. In order to identify relevant waypoints, we train a Self Organising Map (SOM) from a set of observations uniformly distributed with respect to the ground. This SOM provides a sense of location to the robot, and allows a form of path planning in sensor space. The navigation proposed system is analysed theoretically, and evaluated both in simulation and with experiments on a real robot.

Inducing shades of meaning by matrix methods : a first step towards thematic analysis of opinion

This article explores two matrix methods to induce the ``shades of meaning" (SoM) of a word. A matrix representation of a word is computed from a corpus of traces based on the given word. Non-negative Matrix Factorisation (NMF) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) compute a set of vectors corresponding to a potential shade of meaning. The two methods were evaluated based on loss of conditional entropy with respect to two sets of manually tagged data. One set reflects concepts generally appearing in text, and the second set comprises words used for investigations into word sense disambiguation. Results show that for NMF consistently outperforms SVD for inducing both SoM of general concepts as well as word senses. The problem of inducing the shades of meaning of a word is more subtle than that of word sense induction and hence relevant to thematic analysis of opinion where nuances of opinion can arise.

Calculating shades of meaning in semantic spaces

This thesis introduces the problem of conceptual ambiguity, or Shades of Meaning (SoM) that can exist around a term or entity. As an example consider President Ronald Reagan the ex-president of the USA, there are many aspects to him that are captured in text; the Russian missile deal, the Iran-contra deal and others. Simply finding documents with the word “Reagan” in them is going to return results that cover many different shades of meaning related to "Reagan". Instead it may be desirable to retrieve results around a specific shade of meaning of "Reagan", e.g., all documents relating to the Iran-contra scandal. This thesis investigates computational methods for identifying shades of meaning around a word, or concept. This problem is related to word sense ambiguity, but is more subtle and based less on the particular syntactic structures associated with or around an instance of the term and more with the semantic contexts around it. A particularly noteworthy difference from typical word sense disambiguation is that shades of a concept are not known in advance. It is up to the algorithm itself to ascertain these subtleties. It is the key hypothesis of this thesis that reducing the number of dimensions in the representation of concepts is a key part of reducing sparseness and thus also crucial in discovering their SoMwithin a given corpus.

Does physical protection of soil organic matter attenuate temperature sensitivity?

Global climate change may induce accelerated soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition through increased soil temperature, and thus impact the C balance in soils. We hypothesized that compartmentalization of substrates and decomposers in the soil matrix would decrease SOM sensitivity to temperature. We tested our hypothesis with three short-term laboratory incubations with differing physical protection treatments conducted at different temperatures. Overall, CO2 efflux increased with temperature, but responses among physical protection treatments were not consistently different. Similar respiration quotient (Q(10)) values across physical protection treatments did not support our original hypothesis that the largest Q(10) values would be observed in the treatment with the least physical protection. Compartmentalization of substrates and decomposers is known to reduce the decomposability of otherwise labile material, but the hypothesized attenuation of temperature sensitivity was not detected, and thus the sensitivity is probably driven by the thermodynamics of biochemical reactions as expressed by Arrhenius-type equations.

Soil carbon saturation : implications for measurable carbon pool dynamics in long-term incubations

The efficiency of agricultural management practices to store SOC depends on C input level and how far a soil is from its saturation level (i.e. saturation deficit). The C Saturation hypothesis suggests an ultimate soil C stabilization capacity defined by four SOM pools capable of C saturation: (1) non-protected, (2) physically protected, (3) chemically protected and (4) biochemically protected. We tested if C saturation deficit and the amount of added C influenced SOC storage in measurable soil fractions corresponding to the conceptual chemical, physical, biochemical, and non-protected C pools. We added two levels of C-13- labeled residue to soil samples from seven agricultural sites that were either closer to (i.e., A-horizon) or further from (i.e., C-horizon) their C saturation level and incubated them for 2.5 years. Residue-derived C stabilization was, in most sites, directly related to C saturation deficit but mechanisms of C stabilization differed between the chemically and biochemically protected pools. The physically protected C pool showed a varied effect of C saturation deficit on C-13 stabilization, due to opposite behavior of the POM and mineral fractions. We found distinct behavior between unaggregated and aggregated mineral-associated fractions emphasizing the mechanistic difference between the chemically and physically protected C-pools. To accurately predict SOC dynamics and stabilization, C Saturation of soil C pools, particularly the chemically and biochemically protected pools, should be considered. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Soil carbon saturation : concept, evidence and evaluation

Current estimates of soil C storage potential are based on models or factors that assume linearity between C input levels and C stocks at steady-state, implying that SOC stocks could increase without limit as C input levels increase. However, some soils show little or no increase in steady-state SOC stock with increasing C input levels suggesting that SOC can become saturated with respect to C input. We used long-term field experiment data to assess alternative hypotheses of soil carbon storage by three simple models: a linear model (no saturation), a one-pool whole-soil C saturation model, and a two-pool mixed model with C saturation of a single C pool, but not the whole soil. The one-pool C saturation model best fit the combined data from 14 sites, four individual sites were best-fit with the linear model, and no sites were best fit by the mixed model. These results indicate that existing agricultural field experiments generally have too small a range in C input levels to show saturation behavior, and verify the accepted linear relationship between soil C and C input used to model SOM dynamics. However, all sites combined and the site with the widest range in C input levels were best fit with the C-saturation model. Nevertheless, the same site produced distinct effective stabilization capacity curves rather than an absolute C saturation level. We conclude that the saturation of soil C does occur and therefore the greatest efficiency in soil C sequestration will be in soils further from C saturation.