Joint use of attribute importance rankings and non-attendance data in choice experiments

The joint and alternative uses of attribute non-attendance and importance ranking data within discrete choice experiments are investigated using data from Lebanon examining consumers’ preferences for safety certification in food. We find that both types of information; attribute non-attendance and importance rankings, improve estimates of respondent utility. We introduce a method of integrating both types of information simultaneously and find that this outperforms models where either importance ranking or non-attendance data are used alone. As in previous studies, stated non-attendance of attributes was not found to be consistent with respondents having zero marginal utility for those attributes

Inexpensive footwear decreases joint loading in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis

Recent literature has highlighted that the flexibility of walking barefoot reduces overload in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). As such, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inexpensive, flexible, non-heeled footwear (Moleca (R)) as compared with a modern heeled shoes and walking barefoot on the knee adduction moment (KAM) during gait in elderly women with and without knee OA. The gait of 45 elderly women between 60 and 70 years of age was evaluated. Twenty-one had knee OR graded 2 or 3 according to Kellgren and Lawrence`s criteria, and 24 who had no OA comprised the control group (CG). The gait conditions were: barefoot, Moleca (R), and modern heeled shoes. Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were measured to calculate KAM by inverse dynamics. For both groups, the Moleca (R) provided peak KAM and KAM impulse similar to barefoot walking. For the OA group, the Moleca (R) reduced KAM even more as compared to the barefoot condition during midstance. On the other hand, the modern heeled shoes increased this variable in both groups. Inexpensive, flexible, and non-heeled footwear provided loading on the knee joint similar to a barefoot gait and significant overload decreases in elderly women with and without knee OA, compared to modern heeled shoes. During midstance, the Moleca (R) also allowed greater reduction in the knee joint loads as compared to barefoot gait in elderly women with knee OA, with the further advantage of providing external foot protection during gait. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

PAR(2) and Temporomandibular Joint Inflammation in the Rat

The proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)) is a putative therapeutic target for arthritis. We hypothesized that the early pro-inflammatory effects secondary to its activation in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are mediated by neurogenic mechanisms. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a high degree of neurons expressing PAR(2) in retrogradely labeled trigeminal ganglion neurons. Furthermore, PAR(2) immunoreactivity was observed in the lining layer of the TMJ, co-localizing with the neuronal marker PGP9.5 and substance-P-containing peripheral sensory nerve fibers. The intra-articular injection of PAR(2) agonists into the TMJ triggered a dose-dependent increase in plasma extravasation, neutrophil influx, and induction of mechanical allodynia. The pharmacological blockade of natural killer 1 (NK(1)) receptors abolished PAR(2)-induced plasma extravasation and inhibited neutrophil influx and mechanical allodynia. We conclude that PAR(2) activation is proinflammatory in the TMJ, through a neurogenic mechanism involving NK(1) receptors. This suggests that PAR(2) is an important component of innate neuro-immune response in the rat TMJ.

Differing effects of exogenous and endogenous hydrogen sulphide in carrageenan-induced knee joint synovitis in the rat

Background and purpose: Recent findings suggest that the noxious gas H(2)S is produced endogenously, and that physiological concentrations of H(2)S are able to modulate pain and inflammation in rodents. This study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of endogenous and exogenous H(2)S to modulate carrageenan-induced synovitis in the rat knee. Experimental approach: Synovitis was induced in Wistar rats by intra-articular injection of carrageenan into the knee joint. Sixty minutes prior to carrageenan injection, the rats were pretreated with indomethacin, an inhibitor of H(2)S formation (dl-propargylglycine) or an H(2)S donor [Lawesson`s reagent (LR)]. Key results: Injection of carrageenan evoked knee inflammation, pain as characterized by impaired gait, secondary tactile allodynia of the ipsilateral hindpaw, joint swelling, histological changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, increased synovial myeloperoxidase, protein nitrotyrosine residues, inducible NOS (iNOS) activity and NO production. Pretreatment with LR or indomethacin significantly attenuated the pain responses, and all the inflammatory and biochemical changes, except for the increased iNOS activity, NO production and 3-NT. Propargylglycine pretreatment potentiated synovial iNOS activity (and NO production), and enhanced macrophage infiltration, but had no effect on other inflammatory parameters. Conclusions and implications: Whereas exogenous H(2)S delivered to the knee joint can produce a significant anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect, locally produced H(2)S exerts little immunomodulatory effect. These data further support the development and use of H(2)S donors as potential alternatives (or complementary therapies) to the available anti-inflammatory compounds used for treatment of joint inflammation or relief of its symptoms.

Putative antinociceptive action of nitric oxide in the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus during chronic carrageenan-induced arthritis in the rat temporomandibular joint

In order to investigate a putative role for nitric oxide (NO) in the central nociceptive processing following carrageenan-induced arthritis in the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ), we analyzed the immunoreactivity, gene expression and activity of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5C) during the acute (24 h), chronic (15 days) and chronic-active (14 days-24 h) arthritis. In addition, evaluation of head-withdrawal threshold was carried out in all phases of arthritis under chronic inhibition of nNOS with the selective inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI). Neurons with nNOS-like immunoreactivity (nNOS-LI) were concentrated mainly in the lamina II of the Sp5C, showing no significant statistical difference during arthritis. Only a discrete percentage of nNOS-LI neurons expressed Fos immunoreactivity. The mRNA expression for both nNOS and endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) presented no noticeable differences among the groups. No expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was detected in the Sp5C by either immunohistochemistry or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Ca(2+)-dependent NOS activity in the ipsilateral Sp5C was significantly higher (108.3 +/- 49.2%; P<0.01) in animals during the chronic arthritis. Interestingly, this increased activity was completely abolished 24 h later, in the chronic-active arthritis. Finally, head-withdrawal threshold decreased significantly in the chronic arthritis in animals under 7-NI chronic inhibition. In conclusion, nNOS immunoreactivity and mRNA expression are stable in the Sp5C during TMJ arthritis evolution, but its activity significantly increases in the chronic-phases supporting an antinociceptive role of the nNOS as evidenced by pain threshold experiment. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Participation of peripheral tachykinin NK(1) receptors in the carrageenan-induced inflammation of the rat temporomandibular joint

Temporomandibular disorders represent one of the major challenges in dentistry therapeutics. This study was undertaken to evaluate the time course of carrageenan-induced inflammation in the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and to investigate the role of tachykinin NK(1) receptors. Inflammation was induced by a single intra-articular (i.art.) injection of carrageenan into the left TMJ (control group received sterile saline). Inflammatory parameters such as plasma extravasation, leukocyte influx and mechanical allodynia (measured as the head-withdrawal force threshold) and TNF alpha and IL-1 beta concentrations were measured in the TMJ lavages at selected time-points. The carrageenan-induced responses were also evaluated after treatment with the NK(1) receptor antagonist SR140333. The i.art. injection of carrageenan into the TMJ caused a time-dependent plasma extravasation associated with mechanical allodynia, and a marked neutrophil accumulation between 4 and 24 h. Treatment with SR140333 substantially inhibited the increase in plasma extravasation and leukocyte influx at 4 and 24 h, as well as the production of TNF alpha and IL-1 beta into the joint cavity, but failed to affect changes in head-withdrawal threshold. The results obtained from the present TMJ-arthritis model provide, for the first time, information regarding the time course of this experimental inflammatory process. In addition, our data show that peripheral NK(1) receptors mediate the production of both TNF alpha and IL-1 beta in the TMJ as well as some of the inflammatory signs, such as plasma extravasation and leukocyte influx, but not the nociceptive component. 2008 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Results of Joint Experiments and other IAEA activities on research using small tokamaks

This paper presents an overview of the results obtained during the Joint Experiments organized in the framework of the IAEA Coordinated Research Project on `Joint Research Using Small Tokamaks` that have been carried out on the tokamaks CASTOR at IPP Prague, Czech Republic (2005), T-10 at RRC `Kurchatov Institute`, Moscow, Russia (2006), and the most recent one at ISTTOK at IST, Lisbon, Portugal, in 2007. Experimental programmes were aimed at diagnosing and characterizing the core and the edge plasma turbulence in a tokamak in order to investigate correlations between the occurrence of transport barriers, improved confinement, electric fields and electrostatic turbulence using advanced diagnostics with high spatial and temporal resolution. On CASTOR and ISTTOK, electric fields were generated by biasing an electrode inserted into the edge plasma and an improvement of the global particle confinement induced by the electrode positive biasing has been observed. Geodesic acoustic modes were studied using heavy ion beam diagnostics on T-10 and ISTTOK and correlation reflectometry on T-10. ISTTOK is equipped with a gallium jet injector and the technical feasibility of gallium jets interacting with plasmas has been investigated in pulsed and ac operation. The first Joint Experiments have clearly demonstrated that small tokamaks are suitable for broad international cooperation to conduct dedicated joint research programmes. Other activities within the IAEA Coordinated Research Project on Joint Research Using Small Tokamaks are also overviewed.

Joint Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Order Disorder Effects in Cubic BaZrO(3) Assembled Nanoparticles under Decaoctahedral Shape

Periodic first-principles calculations based on density functional theory at the B3LYP level has been carried out to investigate the photoluminescence (PL) emission of BaZrO(3) assembled nanoparticles at room temperature. The defect created in the nanocrystals and their resultant electronic features lead to a diversification of electronic recombination within the BaZrO(3) band gap. Its optical phenomena are discussed in the light of photoluminescence emission at the green-yellow region around 570 nm. The theoretical model for displaced atoms and/or angular changes leads to the breaking of the local symmetry, which is based on the refined structure provided by Rietveld methodology. For each situation a band structure, charge mapping, and density of states were built and analyzed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, UV-vis measurements, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images are essential for a full evaluation of the crystal structure and morphology.

”- hade jag inte en joint på mig då var jag ingen” : En kvalitativ studie ur ett narrativt perspektiv

Jag har valt att göra en kvalitativ studie om droger bland unga vuxna människor i åldrarna 18-25 år. Syftet med studien var att utifrån livsberättelser, undersöka om och i så fall hur droger har påverkat dem samt hur de upplever sin egen tillvaro i samhället. I min studie har jag valt att använda mig av en narrativ metod vilket innebär att jag ur ett livshistorieperspektiv har undersökt hur mina respondenter själva samtalar om sina liv och droger. Studien grundar sig således på tre respondenters livsberättelser.Tillsammans med teorier såsom symbolisk interaktionism och Goldbergs stämplingsteori och tidigare forskning inom området, tolkar och förklarar jag det respondenterna har delat med sig av sina tankar och känslor för mig, för att sprida en förståelse för deras uppväxt, vägen in i och under ett missbruk samt deras väg mot en drogfrihet.De sociala relationerna har kommit att spela en stor roll i respondenternas berättelser. Det sociala nätverket måste fungera för unga vuxna med missbruksproblem, detta gäller inte bara för att komma till beslut utan även under själva processen ut ur deras missbruk. Studiens resultat påvisar att när dessa tre unga vuxna kommer bort från sitt missbruk kommer de också att uppleva en samhörighet med andra människor. De kommer att uppleva en tillvaro som ger en mening med deras liv, genom nya nyktra sociala relationer.

Sistema eletro-eletrônico para medição direta de torque em dispositivos girantes utilizando extensômetros de resistência elétrica

Neste trabalho propõe-se um sistema para medição de torque em dispositivos girantes, que utiliza extensômetros de resistência elétrica colados nos próprios elementos constituintes do arranjo mecânico sob análise. Um conjunto de circuitos eletrônicos foi especialmente desenvolvido para o sensoreamento das pequenas deformações que ocorrem nos disposotivos girantes. O sistema opera sem contato eletro-mecânico entre a parte estacionária e a parte girante. Para tanto desenvolveu-se também uma metodologia de projeto e construção de transformadores rotativos que são utilizados para transferência da energia que alimenta os circuitos eletrônicos solidários ao elemento mecânico instrumentado. Também foi necessário utilizar um transmissor em freqüência modulada do sinal elétrico proporcional ao torque medido. Uma análise comparativa, dos resultados obtidos entre os sistemas existentes e aqueles alcançados com a técnica proposta neste trabalho, demonstra sua aplicabilidade em diversas situações práticas.

Influência da adaptação funcional nas relações torque-ângulo e torque-velocidade

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as relações torque-ângulo (T-A) e torque-velocidade (T-V) de bailarinas clássicas (n=14) e atletas de voleibol (n=22). O torque máximo (Tmax) da musculatura flexora plantar (FP) do tornozelo foi avaliada durante contrações isométricas voluntárias máximas nos ângulos de -10°, 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40° e 50° de FP, e durante contrações isocinéticas voluntárias máximas nas velocidades angulares de 60°/s, 120°/s, 180°/s, 240°/s, 300°/s, 360°/s e 420°/s. Além do Tmax, o torque produzido nos ângulos articulares de -10° (T-10°), 10° (T10°) e 30° (T30°) também foi avaliado nas mesmas velocidades angulares. A ativação elétrica dos músculos gastrocnêmio medial (GM) e sóleo (SOL) direitos de cada indivíduo foi monitorada com eletrodos de eletromiografia (EMG) de superfície em configuração bipolar. Uma relação linear foi observada entre o Tmax e o aumento dos ângulos de FP nas atletas de voleibol Um deslocamento dessa relação em direção a maiores ângulos de FP (menores comprimentos musculares) ocorreu no grupo das bailarinas, com o aparecimento de um platô em menores ângulos de FP (maiores comprimentos musculares). Durante as contrações isocinéticas, uma relação hiperbólica foi observada entre o Tmax, T-10° e T10° com o aumento da velocidade angular nos dois grupos. Entretanto, em T30° as atletas de voleibol produziram valores superiores de torque nas velocidades angulares mais elevadas. Os valores root mean square (RMS) dos músculos GM e SOL foram mais elevados nas bailarinas que nas atletas de voleibol, tanto nas contrações isométricas quanto nas isocinéticas. Uma diminuição na ativação do GM e do SOL ocorreu com a diminuição da FP nas atletas de voleibol, enquanto os valores RMS se mantiveram estáveis para as bailarinas ao longo de todos os ângulos testados. Os resultados apresentados nesse estudo suportam a hipótese de que a atividade física sistemática provoca alteração nas propriedades intrínsecas musculares e ativação muscular, modificando assim, as relações T-A e T-V.

Análise do desempenho de uma aliança estratégica : um estudo exploratório de uma joint venture brasileira e argentina

Em um mundo de intensa competição global, as alianças estratégicas tornam-se essenciais na busca por uma eficiência nos negócios. Aquelas empresas que conseguirem tirar proveito das parcerias podem alcançar o sucesso, pois podem alcançar um desempenho competitivo superior. Porém, a dificuldade está em gerir este negócio em conjunto, visto que, um elevado percentual de parcerias fracassam. Um sistema eficiente de monitoramento das questões mais importantes podem auxiliar em uma melhor gestão. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho e as características de uma aliança estratégica entre empresa argentina e brasileira. Para tanto, foi utilizado um método de monitoramento da parceria, envolvendo sete variáveis: tecnologia, mercado, finanças, recursos humanos e planejamento geral, produção e cultura. A presente investigação ocorreu entre os meses de março e maio de 2001. O estudo apresenta resultados individuais e comparativos da empresa argentina Vesubio, da brasileira Industrias Integradas e da Joint Venture Vesubio do Brasil. Por fim são apresentadas implicações do estudo que poderiam ser aprofundadas em novas pesquisas na área de relacionamentos em mercados internacionais.

Controle de força e torque isométrico em crianças com e sem desordem coordenativa desenvolvimental

Esta tese teve como objetivos investigar: (1) as mudanças relacionadas à idade no controle de força e torque isométrico em crianças de diferentes idades em três tarefas manipulativas distintas, e (2) as diferenças no controle de força e torque isométrico, assim como nas respostas neuromusculares, entre crianças com e sem DCD de idade relacionadas em três tarefas manipulativas distintas. Neste sentido, foi realizado um ensaio teórico sobre a criança com Desordem Coordenativa Desenvolvimental (DCD), além de dois estudos experimentais que têm em comum a análise da estrutura da resposta do sistema motor em relação à performance das crianças com e sem DCD, em três tarefas manipulativas distintas de controle de força e torque isométrico, contínuo e constante. No primeiro estudo, foram investigadas as mudanças desenvolvimentais no controle motor usando um delineamento transversal de pesquisa com crianças de 7, 9 e 11 anos de idade, as quais foram incentivadas a manter o controle de força e torque durante vinte segundos nas tarefas de pressão digital, preensão digital em pinça e torque em preensão digital. Os resultados demonstraram que a performance melhorou com o avanço da idade, devido à capacidade do sistema sensório-motor apresentar uma resposta mais irregular e com um perfil de freqüências mais distribuídas. No segundo estudo, o controle de força e torque entre crianças com e sem DCD, com nove anos de idade, foram investigadas. Os participantes realizaram as mesmas tarefas do estudo desenvolvimental e, além disso, respostas neuromusculares foram mapeadas Os resultados não revelaram uma variabilidade maior e irregularidade menor no grupo com DCD nas tarefas de pressão digital e preensão digital em pinça. No entanto, na tarefa de controle de torque em preensão digital, foi identificada uma maior variabilidade e menor irregularidade na resposta motora do grupo com DCD. Os resultados não revelaram uma variabilidade maior e irregularidade menor no grupo com DCD nas tarefas de pressão digital e preensão digital em pinça. No entanto, na tarefa de controle de torque em preensão digital, foi identificada uma maior variabilidade e menor irregularidade na resposta motora do grupo com DCD. Os resultados da análise das respostas neuromusculares sugerem o uso de estratégias distintas entre os grupos, todavia, tais achados não foram conclusivos.