纯梁东部地区沙二段沉积体系及成藏规律研究

纯梁东部地区是胜利油田勘探开发较早的老油区之一，其主力生产层段是下第三系沙三段和沙四段，主力产层现已进入高含水期或特高含水期。该区沙二段曾有零星井产油；近年来，通过利用三维地震进行滚动勘探，发现了多个沙二段的富集高产小断块油藏，部分井初产日油20-50吨，表明沙二段具有较大的滚动勘探潜力。因此，对沙二段进行沉积体系研究，搞清砂体的分布规律，分析其成藏规律和控油因素，对保持该区稳产具有极其重要的现实意义。 利用岩芯和测井等资料，依据高分辨率层序地层学原理，在精细地层划分和对比的基础上，建立了研究区层序地层格架。利用岩芯、测井、地震等资料对研究区沙二段进行沉积体系分析，划分了沉积相、亚相类型及其三维空间分布，明确了砂体展布规律；利用三维地震与钻井等资料，对沙二段构造进行了精细描述，分析了构造特征；结合沉积体系的研究结果，应用含油气系统理论，分析研究了该区油气的成藏机理，在此基础上，分析了沙二段的油气分布规律，预测了有利的滚动勘探目标。 本次研究以新理论为指导，应用地震、地质、测井等多种资料，通过综合分析研究，取得了以下的成果和认识： 1、对研究区130多口井进行了层序地层的细分，并做了8条剖面对比，系统地分析了研究区沙二段的层序地层特征，将沙二段划分为2个三级层序，并细分为10个四级层序。 2、以四级层序为做图单元，做出了10个四级层序的地层等厚图、砂岩等厚图、砂岩百分含量图、砂泥比图，结合单井沉积相分析，做出了各个层序的沉积相分布图。 3、通过目的层沉积演化分析研究表明，沙二段为发育两期不同规模、不同沉积特点的三角洲；其中，沙二下主要发育三角洲前缘亚相和前三角洲亚相，沙二上主要发育三角洲平原亚相和三角洲前缘亚相。 4、研究区内发育一系列近东西走向的断层，地层北低南高，成台阶状，构造线与断层线近于一致，难以形成较大规模的有效圈闭，这是该区沙二段油气不富集的主要原因。 5、沙二段油气藏大都是通过断层由下覆的沙三段油气藏中运移到浅层而形成的，以小断鼻为主要类型，油藏的充满度高，具“小而肥”的特征，有较大的勘探潜力。 6、断层是控制该区沙二段油气成藏的最主要因素，一方面早期开启的断层是沟通下覆油层的通道，另一方面研究区内的主要圈闭是以断层遮挡为主，断层的封闭与否直接决定能否形成有效的圈闭。 通过应用以上研究成果，对东营凹陷纯梁东部地区沙二段油藏勘探潜力进行了整体评价，获得了多个有利的滚动勘探目标，尤其是构造-岩性及岩性油藏是该区进一步滚动勘探的重要方向；目前已提出了可供钻探的勘探目标1个，有利的隐蔽油气藏勘探地区1个。

东营凹陷火成岩发育区油气生成与成藏模式研究

该文提出了一套了适用于胜利油区火成岩油气藏成藏机理研究的综合研究方法.通过地质和地球物理资料分析,查明了火成岩的时空分布规律,应用岩石学和地球化学原理方法确定了火成岩-烃源岩共生组合体的岩性、岩相及其形成的构造背景.重点研究了火成岩-烃源岩共生组合体的地质地球化学特征及火山物质与有机质的相互作用,特别是用模拟实验的方法对火山来源的过渡金属元素在有机质生烃过程中催化作用进行深入研究,此外还讨论了火成岩-烃源岩组合体中有机质生烃的加氢作用,烃源岩有机酸对火成岩的溶蚀改造作用等.最后,应用油气成藏动力学的研究方法阐明了玄武岩-烃源岩和辉长岩-烃源岩组合体油气藏的成藏机制,建立了两种油气成藏模式.

东营凹陷胜坨地区油气成藏模式及其勘探前景研究

利用现代油气成藏理论，综合运用地质、地球物理和地球化学资料，对胜坨油田的油气分布、构造和圈闭、沉积和储层、油气生成和运移、以及油气勘探前景等进行了深人综合研究，进行了成藏模式和成藏机理探讨，阐明了油气富集的地质规律，明确了该区进一步勘探和开发的方向和目标。对整个胜利油区的隐蔽油气藏成因和预测具有重要的指导意义。1．通过精细的油源对比，确定了胜沱地区有效烃源岩的识别标志，查明了附近利津洼陷和民丰洼陷沙河街组烃源岩的地质地球化学特征，阐明了有效烃源岩的分布及其成因规律，说明有效烃源岩对胜佗复式油气聚集带形成的控制作用。2．通过系统的断裂形态学，断裂运动学和动力学分析，阐明了胜北断层对沙河街组沉积体系和储集性砂体分布的控制作用，以及对各种圈闭的控制作用。同时开展了构造应力场分析，再现油气运移和成藏的流体运动方向。3．通过层序地层学和沉积体系研究，建立了沙河街组储集性砂体分布模式，着重建立了Es3"和Es3下储集性砂体成因模式和分布规律，为隐蔽油气藏勘探提供依据。同时利用储层描述方法和技术，对EsZ重点储层进行高分辨率层序格架研究，阐明胜沱大油田储集空间的展布规律。4，在有效烃源岩，断裂构造和储层沉积体系研究的基础上，开展了油气运移通道和油气运移期次分析，查明胜北断裂及其次级断层是沟通研究区储层和圈闭的主要油气运移通道，扇三角洲和水下扇砂体是油气运移的另一种通道。所以与大型断层相连的砂体基本都形成了油气充满度较高的油藏。5．针对研究区沙三段下部和沙四段岩性圈闭比较发育，成藏条件良好的清况，首次利用物理模拟装置进行了单砂体油藏形成的模拟实验。结果表明，在高压异常条件下，孔隙度和渗透率对原油进人由水充满砂岩具有强烈的控制作用。虽然胜沱经过40年不断的油气勘探找到了4亿多吨原油储量，但是作者认为还具有很大的找油潜力。其中胜北断裂下降盘的沙三段下部和沙四段扇三角洲砂体，近岸水下扇砂体和浊积扇砂体具有很好的成藏条件，值得进一步勘探。

A gas chromatographic analysis of light hydrocarbons on a column packed with modified silica gel

A one-meter long column packed with silica gel is used to separate light hydrocarbons. The silica gel has been modified with several kinds of gas chromatography stationary phases. Among these, PEG 2000 shows fairly good effect when using 80-100 meshes silica gel for the separation of mixture of methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene and n-, i-butane. The different behavior of silica gel between batch to batch is also found. When silica gel is coated with a small amount of Al2O3 prepared with sol-gel method, better resolution has been observed on a 2-meter column compared with the non-modified silica gel.

Development and application of oxygen permeable membrane in selective oxidation of light alkanes

In this paper, oxygen permeable membrane used in membrane reactor for selective oxidation of alkanes will be discussed in detail. The recent developments for the membrane materials will be presented, and the strategy for the selection of the membrane materials will be outlined. The main applications of oxygen permeable membrane in selective oxidation of light alkanes will be summarized, which includes partial oxidation of methane (POM) to syngas and partial oxidation of heptane (POH) to produce H-2, oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to C-2, oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODE) to ethylene and oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODP) to propylene. Achievements for the membrane material developments and selective oxidation of light alkanes in membrane reactor in our group are highlighted.

Autothermal reforming of n-octane on Ru-based catalysts

In an attempt to effectively integrate catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) and steam reforming (SR) reactions on the same catalyst, autothermal reforming (ATR) of n-octane was addressed based on thermodynamic analysis and carried out on a non-pyrophoric catalyst 0.3 wt.% Ru/K2O-CeO2/gamma-Al2O3. The ATR of n-octane was more efficient at the molar ratio Of O-2/C 0.35-0.45 and H2O/C 1.6-2.2 (independent parameters), respectively, and reforming temperature of 750-800 degrees C (dependent parameter). Among the sophisticated reaction network, the main reaction thread was deducted as: long-chain hydrocarbon -> CH4, short-chain hydrocarbon -> CO2, CO and H-2 formation by steam reforming, although the parallel CPO, decomposition and reverse water gas shift reaction took place on the same catalyst. Low temperature and high steam partial pressure had more positive effect on CH4 SR to produce CO2 other than CO. This was verified by the tendency of the outlet reformate to the equilibrium at different operation conditions. Furthermore, the loss of active components and the formation of stable but less active components in the catalyst in the harsh ATR atmosphere firstly make the CO inhibition capability suffer, then eventually aggravated the ATR performance, which was verified by the characterizations of X-ray fluorescence, BET specific surface areas and temperature programmed reduction. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Small angle scattering characterisation of micellar systems and templated architectures

The work described in this thesis reports the structural changes induced on micelles under a variety of conditions. The micelles of a liquid crystal film and dilute solutions of micelles were subjected to high pressure CO2 and selected hydrocarbon environments. Using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques the spacing between liquid crystal micelles was measured in-situ. The liquid crystals studied were templated from different surfactants with varying structural characteristics. Micelles of a dilute surfactant solution were also subjected to elevated pressures of varying gas atmospheres. Detailed modelling of the in-situ SANS experiments revealed information of the size and shape of the micelles at a number of different pressures. Also reported in this thesis is the characterisation of mesoporous materials in the confined channels of larger porous materials. Periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) were synthesised within the channels of anodic alumina membranes (AAM) under different conditions, including drying rates and precursor concentrations. In-situ small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine the pore morphology of the PMO within the AAM channels. PMO materials were also used as templates in the deposition of gold nanoparticles and subsequently used in the synthesis of germanium nanostructures. Polymer thin films were also employed as templates for the directed deposition of gold nanoparticles which were again used as seeds for the production of germanium nanostructures. A supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) technique was successfully used during the production of the germanium nanostructures.

Chemistry of B1- and B10- boranes containing halogen or pseudohalogen groups

The research described in this thesis involved the chemistry of borane-species which contain one or more halide or pseudohalide groups. Both monoboron species e.g. [BH3X]- and "cluster" borane species e.g. [B10H9X]2- and I-Se B11H10 were studied. The first chapter is a review of the syntheses, properties and reactions of halide and pseudohalide species containing from one to ten boron atoms. Chapter Two is a theoretical investigation of' the electronic and molecular structures of two series of boranes i. e. [BH3X]- and [B10H9X]2- where X = H, CI, CN, NCS, SCN and N3. The calculational method used was the Modified Neglect of Differential Overlap (MNDO) method of Dewar et al. The results were compared where possible with experimental results such as the X-ray crystallographically determined structures of [BH3CI]- and [B10H10]2-. Chapter Three concerns halogenated selenaborane clusters and reports an improved synthesis of 12-Br-SeB11H10 and the first structural data for a simple non-metal containing selenaborane cage with the X-ray crystallographically determined structure of 12-1-SeB11H10. Finally, an indepth n.m.r. study of Se2B9H9 is also reported together with attempts to halogenate this compound. The last two chapters are based on single boron systems. Chapter Four concerns the synthetic routes to amine-boranes and -cyanoboranes from [BH4]- and [BH3CN]- substrates. This chapter discusses some difficulties encountered when polyamines were used in these reactions. The characterisation of an unusual ketone isolated from some of these reactions, the X-ray crystallographically determined structure of 4-dimethylamino-pyridine-cyanoborane and a new route to pyrazabole dimeric species are also discussed. The final chapter reports on work carried out at producing BH2X (X = H, CN) adducts of aminophosphines. Three routes were attempted to generate P-B and N-B bonded species with varying degrees of success. Some unusual products of these reactions are discussed including [Ph2(O) PPPh2 ] [Ph2NH]2, the structure of which was determined by X-ray crystallography.

Relationships between polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in house dust and serum.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been measured in the home environment and in humans, but studies linking environmental levels to body burdens are limited. This study examines the relationship between PBDE concentrations in house dust and serum from adults residing in these homes. We measured PBDE concentrations in house dust from 50 homes and in serum of male-female couples from 12 of the homes. Detection rates, dust-serum, and within-matrix correlations varied by PBDE congener. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.65-0.89, p < 0.05) between dust and serum concentrations of several predominant PBDE congeners (BDE 47, 99, and 100). Dust and serum levels of BDE 153 were not correlated (r < 0.01). The correlation of dust and serum levels of BDE 209 could not be evaluated due to low detection rates of BDE 209 in serum. Serum concentrations of the sum of BDE 47, 99, and 100 were also strongly correlated within couples (r = 0.85, p = 0.0005). This study provides evidence that house dust is a primary exposure pathway of PBDEs and supports the use of dust PBDE concentrations as a marker for exposure to PBDE congeners other than BDE 153.

Oil and gas projects in the Western Amazon: threats to wilderness, biodiversity, and indigenous peoples.

BACKGROUND: The western Amazon is the most biologically rich part of the Amazon basin and is home to a great diversity of indigenous ethnic groups, including some of the world's last uncontacted peoples living in voluntary isolation. Unlike the eastern Brazilian Amazon, it is still a largely intact ecosystem. Underlying this landscape are large reserves of oil and gas, many yet untapped. The growing global demand is leading to unprecedented exploration and development in the region. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We synthesized information from government sources to quantify the status of oil development in the western Amazon. National governments delimit specific geographic areas or "blocks" that are zoned for hydrocarbon activities, which they may lease to state and multinational energy companies for exploration and production. About 180 oil and gas blocks now cover approximately 688,000 km(2) of the western Amazon. These blocks overlap the most species-rich part of the Amazon. We also found that many of the blocks overlap indigenous territories, both titled lands and areas utilized by peoples in voluntary isolation. In Ecuador and Peru, oil and gas blocks now cover more than two-thirds of the Amazon. In Bolivia and western Brazil, major exploration activities are set to increase rapidly. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Without improved policies, the increasing scope and magnitude of planned extraction means that environmental and social impacts are likely to intensify. We review the most pressing oil- and gas-related conservation policy issues confronting the region. These include the need for regional Strategic Environmental Impact Assessments and the adoption of roadless extraction techniques. We also consider the conflicts where the blocks overlap indigenous peoples' territories.

Later Life Consequences of Subteratogenic Exposure to a Complex PAH Mixture in the Atlantic Killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus)

Subteratogenic and other low-level chronic exposures to toxicant mixtures are an understudied threat to environmental and human health. It is especially important to understand the effects of these exposures for contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) a large group of more than 100 individual compounds, which are important environmental (including aquatic) contaminants. Aquatic sediments constitute a major sink for hydrophobic pollutants, and studies show PAHs can persist in sediments over time. Furthermore, estuarine systems (namely breeding grounds) are of particular concern, as they are highly impacted by a wide variety of pollutants, and estuarine fishes are often exposed to some of the highest levels of contaminants of any vertebrate taxon. Acute embryonic exposure to PAHs results in cardiac teratogenesis in fish, and early life exposure to certain individual PAHs and PAH mixtures cause heart alterations with decreased swimming capacity in adult fish. Consequently, the heart and cardiorespiratory system are thought to be targets of PAH mixture exposure. While many studies have investigated acute, teratogenic PAH exposures, few studies have longitudinally examined the impacts of subtle, subteratogenic PAH mixture exposures, which are arguably more broadly applicable to environmental contamination scenarios. The goal of this dissertation was to highlight the later-life consequences of early-life exposure to subteratogenic concentrations of a complex, environmentally relevant PAH mixture.

A unique population of Fundulus heteroclitus (the Atlantic killifish or mummichog, hereafter referred to as killifish), has adapted to creosote-based polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found at the Atlantic Wood Industries (AW) Superfund site in the southern branch of the Elizabeth River, VA, USA. This killifish population survives in a site heavily contaminated with a mixture of PAHs from former creosote operations. They have developed resistance to the acute toxicity and teratogenic effects caused by the mixture of PAHs in sediment from the site. The primary goal of this dissertation was to compare and contrast later-life outcomes of early-life, subteratogenic PAH mixture exposure in both the Atlantic Wood killifish (AW) and a naïve reference population of killifish from King’s Creek (KC; a relatively uncontaminated tributary of the Severn River, VA). Killifish from both populations were exposed to subteratogenic concentrations of a complex PAH-sediment extract, Elizabeth River Sediment Extract (ERSE), made by collecting sediment from the AW site. Fish were reared over a 5-month period in the laboratory, during which they were examined for a variety of molecular, physiological and behavioral responses.

The central aims of my dissertation were to determine alterations to embryonic gene expression, larval swimming activity, adult behavior, heart structure, enzyme activity, and swimming/cardiorespiratory performance following subteratogenic exposure to ERSE. I hypothesized that subteratogenic exposure to ERSE would impair cardiac ontogenic processes in a way that would be detectable via gene expression in embryos, and that the misregulation of cardiac genes would help to explain activity changes, behavioral deficits, and later-life swimming deficiencies. I also hypothesized that fish heart structure would be altered. In addition, I hypothesized that the AW killifish population would be resistant to developmental exposures and perform normally in later life challenges. To investigate these hypotheses, a series of experiments were carried out in PAH-adapted killifish from Elizabeth River and in reference killifish. As an ancillary project to the primary aims of the dissertation, I examined the toxicity of weaker aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonists in combination with fluoranthene (FL), an inhibitor of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1). This side project was conducted in both Danio rerio (zebrafish) and the KC and AW killifish.

Embryonic gene expression was measured in both killifish populations over an ERSE dose response with multiple time points (12, 24, 48, and 144 hours post exposure). Genes known to play critical roles in cardiac structure/development, cardiac function, and angiogenesis were elevated, indicating cardiac damage and activation of cardiovascular repair mechanisms. These data helped to inform later-life swimming performance and cardiac histology studies. Behavior was assessed during light and dark cycles in larvae of both populations following developmental exposure to ERSE. While KC killifish showed activity differences following exposure, AW killifish showed no significant changes even at concentrations that would cause overt cardiac toxicity in KC killifish. Juvenile behavior experiments demonstrated hyperactivity following ERSE exposure in KC killifish, but no significant behavioral changes in AW killifish. Adult swimming performance via prolonged critical swimming capacity (Ucrit) demonstrated performance costs in the AW killifish. Furthermore, swimming performance decline was observed in KC killifish following exposure to increasing dilutions of ERSE. Lastly, cardiac histology suggested that early-life exposure to ERSE could result in cardiac structural alteration and extravasation of blood into the pericardial cavity.

Responses to AHR agonists resulted in a ranking of relative potency for agonists, and determined which agonists, when combined with FL, caused cardiac teratogenesis. These experiments showed interesting species differences for zebrafish and killifish. To probe mechanisms responsible for cardiotoxicity, a CYP1A-morpholino and a AHR2-morpholino were used to mimic FL effects or attempt to rescue cardiac deformities respectively. Findings suggested that the cardiac toxicity elicited by weak agonist + FL exposure was likely driven by AHR-independent mechanisms. These studies stand in contrast to previous research from our lab showing that moderate AHR agonist + FL caused cardiac toxicity that can be partially rescued by AHR-morpholino knockdown.

My findings will form better characterization of mechanisms of PAH toxicity, and advance our understanding of how subteratogenic mixtures of PAHs exert their toxic action in naïve killifish. Furthermore, these studies will provide a framework for investigating how subteratogenic exposures to PAH mixtures can impact aquatic organismal health and performance. Most importantly, these experiments have the potential to help inform risk assessment in fish, mammals, and potentially humans. Ultimately, this research will help protect populations exposed to subtle PAH-contamination.

Predicting toxic gas concentrations resulting from enclosure fires using local equivalence ratio concept linked to fire field models

A practical CFD method is presented in this study to predict the generation of toxic gases in enclosure fires. The model makes use of local combustion conditions to determine the yield of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, soot and oxygen. The local conditions used in the determination of these species are the local equivalence ratio (LER) and the local temperature. The heat released from combustion is calculated using the volumetric heat source model or the eddy dissipation model (EDM). The model is then used to simulate a range of reduced-scale and full-scale fire experiments. The model predictions for most of the predicted species are then shown to be in good agreement with the test results

A regional chemostratigraphically-defined correlation framework for the late Triassic TAG-I Formation in Blocks 402 and 405a, Algeria

The Triassic Argilo-Gréseux Inférieur Formation (TAG-I) is one of the principal hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Berkine Basin of Algeria. Sedimentological studies have shown that it exhibits marked spatial and temporal facies variations on both a local field scale and a regional basinal scale. This variability, combined with a lack of diagnostic flora and fauna, makes regional correlation within the unit difficult. In turn, the lack of a consistent regional stratigraphic framework hampers the comparison of the various correlation schemes devised by operators in the basin. Contrasting the TAG-I in Blocks 402 and 405a exemplifies the problems encountered when attempting regionally to define a correlation framework for the interval. Between these two blocks, a distance of approximately 200 km, there are marked changes in the style of deposition from sand-dominated, proximal fluvial systems in the SW (Block 405a, MLN, MLC, KMD and MLNW fields) to a more distal, more clay-prone system in the NE (Block 402, ROD/BRSE/BSFN, SFNE and BSF fields). A chemostratigraphic study of the TAG-I in these two blocks has allowed a four-fold correlation framework to be defined, where each chemostratigraphic package has distinctive geochemical features. Chemostratigraphic Package 10, the oldest unit, lies above the Hercynian Unconformity, but beneath a geochemically identifiable hiatal surface. Chemostratigraphic Package 20 lies above the hiatal surface but is separated from the overlying packages by a mineralogical change identifiable in both claystone and sandstone geochemistry. Chemostratigraphic Packages 30 and 40 are chemically somewhat similar, but are separated by a regional event interpreted as a period of dolocrete and lacustrine development. By combining the geochemical differentiation of the units and recognition of their stratal boundaries, it is possible to define a correlation for the TAG-I between Blocks 402 and 405a. The proposed correlation between the two blocks suggests that the northern parts of Block 405a may have been occupied by a spur or subsidiary channel from the main SW–NE-trending fluvial system, resulting in one of the chemically defined packages being demonstrably absent in the MLNW, MLN, KMD and MLC fields when compared with the other areas of the study.

Effects Of Aromatic-Hydrocarbons On The Metabolism Of The Digestive Gland Of The Mussel Mytilus-Edulis-L

1. The results presented in this paper show that the exposure of mussels to a sublethal concentration of oil-derived aromatic hydrocarbons (30 μg 1−1) for a period of 4 months significantly decreases the protein level in the digestive gland of the animals (−17%). 2. The activity of the nuclear RNA polymerase I and II is also significantly decreased in the digestive gland of hydrocarbon-exposed mussels (−64% and −18%, respectively). 3. The RNAase(s) activity present in the nuclei from the digestive gland cells increases following the exposure of the mussels to aromatic hydrocarbons. This effect is particularly evident at high ionic strength [200 mM (NH4)2SO4]. 4. The analysis of some characteristics of the nuclear RNAase(s) (most of which is soluble and shows a maximum of activity at pH 4−5) could indicate that part of this hydrolytic enzyme may have a lysosomal origin. 5. This fact appears to be in agreement with the finding that in the mussels exposed for 4 months to aromatic hydrocarbons the lysosomal stability decreases drastically and the total content of lysosomal enzymes is significantly increased (+42.4%).

Responses Of Mytilus-Edulis On Exposure To The Water-Accommodated Fraction Of North-Sea-Oil

Individuals of Mytilus edulis L., collected from the Erme estuary (S.W. England) in 1978, were exposed to low concentrations (7 to 68 μg l-1) of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of North Sea crude oil. The pattern of accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the body tissues was affected by the presence of algal food cells, the period of exposure, the hydrocarbon concentration in seawater, the type of body tissue and the nature of the hydrocarbon. Many physiological responses (e.g. rates of oxygen consumption, feeding, excretion, and scope for growth), cellular responses (e.g. lysosomal latency and digestive cell size) and biochemical responses (e.g. specific activities of several enzymes) were significantly altered by short-term (4 wk) and/or long-term (5 mo) exposure to WAF. Stress indices such as scope for growth and lysosomal latency were negatively correlated with tissue aromatic hydrocarbons.