Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle increases sweating rate during exercise

The present study evaluated whether the luteal phase elevation of body temperature would be offset during exercise by increased sweating, when women are normally hydrated. Eleven women performed 60 min of cycling exercise at 60% of their maximal work load at 32ºC and 80% relative air humidity. Each subject participated in two identical experimental sessions: one during the follicular phase (between days 5 and 8) and the other during the luteal phase (between days 22 and 25). Women with serum progesterone >3 ng/mL, in the luteal phase were classified as group 1 (N = 4), whereas the others were classified as group 2 (N = 7). Post-exercise urine volume (213 ± 80 vs 309 ± 113 mL) and specific urine gravity (1.008 ± 0.003 vs 1.006 ± 0.002) changed (P < 0.05) during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase in group 1. No menstrual cycle dependence was observed for these parameters in group 2. Sweat rate was higher (P < 0.05) in the luteal (3.10 ± 0.81 g m-2 min-1) than in the follicular phase (2.80 ± 0.64 g m-2 min-1) only in group 1. During exercise, no differences related to menstrual cycle phases were seen in rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, mean skin temperature, and pre- and post-exercise body weight. Women exercising in a warm and humid environment with water intake seem to be able to adapt to the luteal phase increase of basal body temperature through reduced urinary volume and increased sweating rate.

Muscular function and functional mobility of faller and non-faller elderly women with osteoarthritis of the knee

Falls are a major concern in the elderly population with chronic joint disease. To compare muscular function and functional mobility among older women with knee osteoarthritis with and without a history of falls, 15 elderly women with a history of falls (74.20 ± 4.46 years) and 15 without a history of falls (71.73 ± 4.73 years) were studied. Muscular function, at the angular speed of 60, 120, and 180º/s, was evaluated using the Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer. The sit-to-stand task was performed using the Balance Master System and the Timed Up and Go test was used to determine functional mobility. After collection of these data, the history of falls was investigated. A statistically significant difference was detected in the time taken to transfer the center of gravity during the sit-to-stand test (means ± SD; non-fallers: 0.35 ± 0.16 s; fallers: 0.55 ± 0.32 s; P = 0.049, Student t-test) and in the Timed Up and Go test (medians; non-fallers: 10.08 s; fallers: 11.59 s; P = 0.038, Mann-Whitney U-test). The results indicated that elderly osteoarthritic women with a history of falls presented altered functional mobility and needed more time to transfer the center of gravity in the sit-to-stand test. It is important to implement strategies to guarantee a better functional performance of elderly patients to reduce fall risks.

Functional changes of dendritic cells in hypersensivity reactions to amoxicillin

A better understanding of dendritic cell (DC) involvement in responses to haptenic drugs is needed, because it represents a possible approach to the development of an in vitro test, which could identify patients prone to drug allergies. There are two main DC subsets: plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and myeloid DC (mDC). β-lactams form hapten-carrier conjugates and may provide a suitable model to study DC behavior in drug allergy reactions. It has been demonstrated that drugs interact differently with DC in drug allergic and non-allergic patients, but there are no studies regarding these subsets. Our aim was to assess the functional changes of mDC and pDC harvested from an amoxicillin-hypersensitive 32-year-old woman who experienced a severe maculopapular exanthema as reflected in interleukin-6 (IL-6) production after stimulation with this drug and penicillin. We also aim to demonstrate, for the first time, the feasibility of this method for dendritic cell isolation followed by in vitro stimulation for studies of drug allergy physiopathology. DC were harvested using a double Percoll density gradient, which generates a basophil-depleted cell (BDC) suspension. Further, pDC were isolated by blood DC antigen 4-positive magnetic selection and gravity filtration through magnetized columns. After stimulation with amoxicillin, penicillin and positive and negative controls, IL-6 production was measured by ELISA. A positive dose-response curve for IL-6 after stimulation with amoxicillin and penicillin was observed for pDC, but not for mDC or BDC suspension. These preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of this methodology to expand the knowledge of the effect of dendritic cell activation by drug allergens.

Effect of triiodothyronine on the maxilla and masseter muscles of the rat stomatognathic system

The maxilla and masseter muscles are components of the stomatognathic system involved in chewing, which is frequently affected by physical forces such as gravity, and by dental, orthodontic and orthopedic procedures. Thyroid hormones (TH) are known to regulate the expression of genes that control bone mass and the oxidative properties of muscles; however, little is known about the effects of TH on the stomatognathic system. This study investigated this issue by evaluating: i) osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteopontine (OPN) mRNA expression in the maxilla and ii) myoglobin (Mb) mRNA and protein expression, as well as fiber composition of the masseter. Male Wistar rats (~250 g) were divided into thyroidectomized (Tx) and sham-operated (SO) groups (N = 24/group) treated with T3 or saline (0.9%) for 15 days. Thyroidectomy increased OPG (~40%) and OPN (~75%) mRNA expression, while T3 treatment reduced OPG (~40%) and OPN (~75%) in Tx, and both (~50%) in SO rats. Masseter Mb mRNA expression and fiber type composition remained unchanged, despite the induction of hypo- and hyperthyroidism. However, Mb content was decreased in Tx rats even after T3 treatment. Since OPG and OPN are key proteins involved in the osteoclastogenesis inhibition and bone mineralization, respectively, and that Mb functions as a muscle store of O2 allowing muscles to be more resistant to fatigue, the present data indicate that TH also interfere with maxilla remodeling and the oxidative properties of the masseter, influencing the function of the stomatognathic system, which may require attention during dental, orthodontic and orthopedic procedures in patients with thyroid diseases.

Structural dynamics in the global pulp and paper industry

The pulp and paper industry is currently facing broad structural changes due to global shifts in demand and supply. These changes have significant impacts on national economies worldwide. Planted forests (especially eucalyptus) and recovered paper have quickly increased their importance as raw material for paper and paperboard production. Although advances in information and communication technologies could reduce the demand for communication papers, and the growth of paper consumption has indeed flattened in developed economies, particularly in North America and Western Europe, the consumption is increasing on a global scale. Moreover, the focal point of production and consumption is moving from the Western world to the rapidly growing markets of Southeast Asia. This study analyzes how the so-called megatrends (globalization, technological development, and increasing environmental awareness) affect the pulp and paper industry’s external environment, and seeks reliable ways to incorporate the impact of the megatrends on the models concerning the demand, trade, and use of paper and pulp. The study expands current research in several directions and points of view, for example, by applying and incorporating several quantitative methods and different models. As a result, the thesis makes a significant contribution to better understand and measure the impacts of structural changes on the pulp and paper industry. It also provides some managerial and policy implications.

Stability studies and shelf life estimation of a soy-based dessert

This work is aimed at evaluating the physicochemical, physical, chromatic, microbiological, and sensorial stability of a non-dairy dessert elaborated with soy, guava juice, and oligofructose for 60 days at refrigerated storage as well as to estimate its shelf life time. The titrable acidity, pH, instrumental color, water activity, ascorbic acid, and physical stability were measured. Panelists (n = 50) from the campus community used a hedonic scale to assess the acceptance, purchase intent, creaminess, flavor, taste, acidity, color, and overall appearance of the dessert during 60 days. The data showed that the parameters differed significantly (p < 0.05) from the initial time, and they could be fitted in mathematical equations with coefficient of determination above 71%, aiming to consider them suitable for prediction purposes. Creaminess and acceptance did not differ statistically in the 60-day period; taste, flavor, and acidity kept a suitable hedonic score during storage. Notwithstanding, the sample showed good physical stability against gravity and presented more than 15% of the Brazilian Daily Recommended Value of copper, iron, and ascorbic acid. The product shelf life estimation found was 79 days considering the overall acceptance, acceptance index and purchase intent.

Egg quality and yolk lipid composition of laying hens fed diets containing cashew nut meal

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the addition of cashew nuts meal (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) to laying hen diets on egg quality and yolk composition. The variables studied were: egg weight, specific gravity, Haugh Units, percentages of shell, albumen, and yolk, moisture, total solids, total lipids, fatty acids profile, and yolk cholesterol. The addition of up to 25% of cashew nuts meal to hen diets did not affect egg quality and freshness, moisture and total solids content. However, an increase in total lipid content and a decrease in yolk pigmentation was observed. Oleic acid level increased in the yolk, whereas palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acid levels decreased. The addition of cashew nuts meal increased the monounsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio in the yolk and reduced the cholesterol content. Therefore, the use of cashew nuts meal in laying hen diets favorably modifies the fatty acid composition of egg yolk and contributes to a better acceptance of this food by consumers since it also reduces yolk cholesterol levels.

Mineraalien rikastusprosessin vesijalanjälki

Mineraalien rikastamiseen käytetään useita fysikaalisia ja kemiallisia menetelmiä. Prosessi sisältää malmin hienonnuksen, rikastuksen ja lopuksi vedenpoistamisen rikastelietteestä. Malmin rikastamiseen käytetään muun muassa vaahdotusta, liuotusta, magneettista rikastusta ja tiheyseroihin perustuvia rikastusmenetelmiä. Rikastuslietteestä voidaan poistaa vettä sakeuttamalla ja suodattamalla. Rikastusprosessin ympäristövaikutuksia voidaan arvioida laskemalla tuotteen vesijalanjälki, joka kertoo valmistamiseen kulutetun veden määrän. Tässä kirjallisuustyössä esiteltiin mineraalien käsittelymenetelmiä sekä prosessijätevesien puhdistusmenetelmiä. Kirjallisuuslähteiden pohjalta selvitettiin Pyhäsalmen kaivoksella valmistetun kuparianodin vesijalanjälki sekä esitettiin menetelmiä, joilla prosessiin tarvittavan raakaveden kulutusta voitaisiin vähentää. Pyhäsalmella kuparirikasteesta valmistetun kuparianodin vesijalanjälki on 240 litraa H2O ekvivalenttia tuotettua tonnia kohden. Pyhäsalmen prosessin raakaveden kulutusta voidaan vähentää lisäämällä sisäistä vedenkierrätystä. Kalsiumsulfaatin saostuminen putkiin ja pumppuihin on ilmentynyt ongelmaksi vedenkierrätyksen lisäämisessä. Kalsiumsulfaattia voidaan erottaa vedestä membraaneihin, ioninvaihtoon ja sähkökemiaan perustuvilla tekniikoilla. Vaihtoehdossa, jossa johdetaan kaikista kolmesta vaahdotuksesta saatavat rikastuslietteen ja rikastushiekan sakeutuksien ylitteet sekä suodatuksien suodosvedet samaan vedenkäsittelyyn voidaan kattaa arviolta noin 65 % koko veden tarpeesta. Raakavettä säästetään vuodessa 3,4 Mm^3 ja samalla rikastushiekka-altaiden tarvittava koko pienenee, joka vähentää ympäristöriskejä.

Muuttuva ydinasepelote : Naton ydinasepelote liittouman voimanlähteenä

Ydinasepelote näytteli yhtä päärooleista kylmän sodan asetelmassa ja sen aikaisessa päivänpolitiikassa. Kylmän sodan päätyttyä ydinaseet ja pelote olivat edelleen olemassa, mutta ne siirtyivät vähitellen kiistämättä sivurooliin, kun hetken fokus keskittyi muihin uhkiin ja turvallisuustekijöihin. Ydinaseistautuneet valtiot ylläpitävät silti edelleen merkittäviä ydinasevoimia – maailmassa oli kesällä 2014 vielä noin 17 000 ydinkärkeä. Ydinaseiden käytön ydintä, ydinasepelotetta – on kuitenkin vaivannut osaltaan pysähtyminen kylmän sodan vuosille. Pelotteen saama huomio on kahtena viime vuosikymmenenä jäänyt aseriisunta- ja proliferaatiokysymysten varjoon. Valtiot eivät ole saaneet jalostettua pelotestrategioitaan kovin kauas kylmän sodan tematiikasta. Peruskysymyksenä kuitenkin säilyy kysymys siitä, mikä ohjaa mitä? Pelote, joka saa ”mandaattinsa” valtionjohdon korkeimmalta päätöksentekotasolta, on ymmärrettävä yläkäsitteenä ydinaseisiin liittyville kysymyksille. Kylmän sodan jälkeisen kehityksen ja läntisen maailman mielellään näkemän eräänlaisen toiveikkuuden kansainvälisen järjestelmän pysyvästä muutoksesta voidaankin nähdä päättyneen karulla tavalla viimeistään keväällä 2014, Venäjän aloittaessa aggressiiviset toimet Ukrainan alueella. Sota on taas Euroopan ytimessä, kohdistuen legitiimisti suvereenin valtion alueelle. Ja yhtenä osapuolena on Neuvostoliiton suora perillinen, Venäjä, joka on korostanut viime vuoden aikana retoriikassaan kovaa linjaa ydinaseiden osalta. Tutkimuksen keinoin on mahdollista luoda selventävää käsitystä nykypäivän ydinasepelotteen olemuksesta ja vaikuttavuudesta. Tässä raportissa selvennetään transatlanttista, eli Pohjois-Atlantin liiton ydinasepelotetta nykyajan strategisessa turvallisuusympäristössä. Primäärilähdeaineistona on käytetty Naton strategisia asiakirjoja sekä virallisia tai haastatteluissa yms. annettuja lausuntoja. Samalla on arvioitu ja vertailtu erilaisen tutkimuskirjallisuuden arvioita Naton ydinasepelotteesta. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on pyritty luomaan selkeä kuva sekä ymmärrys siitä, millainen käyttöarvo läntisen sotilasliiton pelotteella on nykyajan herkässä strategisessa tilanteessa. Työn tutkimusongelmat (päätutkimuskysymykset) ovat seuraavat: - Mikä on Naton ydinasepelotteen rooli ja käyttöarvo liittouman kokonaispelotteen osana nykyajan turvallisuusympäristössä? - Toimiiko Naton ydinasepelote liittouman voimanlähteenä nykyajan turvallisuusympäristössä? Terminä Naton ydinasepelote on osaltaan harhaanjohtava. Liittoumalla ei ole tänä päivänä ”Naton ydinaseita”. Kyseistä termiä käytettäessä viitataan yleensä Yhdysvaltojen eurooppalaisiin Nato-maihin sijoittamiin, Natolle ”korvamerkittyihin” nuclear-sharing-järjestelyin ylläpidettäviin taktisiin ydinaseisiin. Näiden aseiden lisäksi tulevat sitten Yhdysvaltojen, Iso-Britannian ja Ranskan kansalliset arsenaalit, jotka erilaisten strategia-asiakirjojen valossa ovat luettavissa osittain liittouman resursseiksi. Raportissa painotetaan tarkastelua Eurooppaan sijoitettujen aseiden osalta, sillä ne ovat resurssi, johon periaatteessa kaikilla jäsenmailla on suurimmat mahdollisuudet vaikuttaa Naton suunnittelu- ja päätöksentekojärjestelmän kautta, vaikka ne itse eivät niitä omistaisikaan tai osallistuisi niiden mahdolliseen käyttöön. Naton pelotteen analyysi on pyritty sitomaan mahdollisimman pitkälle käytäntöön niin olosuhteiden, politiikan kuin taktisteknisten osatekijöiden osalta. Tämä on toteutettu esimerkiksi asettamalla Naton Eurooppaan sijoitettu ydinaseistus vertailevaan skenaarioon Venäjän kanssa. Näkökulmana ja kriteeristönä skenaariotarkastelussa käytetään Carl von Clausewitzilta periytyvää käsitettä center of gravity (schwerpunkt), joka sittemmin on nykyaikaisessa suomenkielisessä sotataidossa käännetty muotoon voimanlähde. Vaikka Clausewitzin kirjoituksia on Suomessa totuttu tulkitsemaan lähinnä operaatiotaidon näkökulmasta, on voimanlähteen käyttäminen perusteltua myös ydinaseiden ja strategian kysymyksissä. Ensinnäkin käyttämällä kriteeristönä sotataidollista määritelmää, päästään lähemmäs käytännön tasoa. Toiseksi, Clausewitz näki sotilaallisen toiminnan eli sodankäynnin liittyvän aina kokonaistavoitteeseen - politiittisiin päämääriin - ja muodostavan näin yhtenäisen kokonaisuuden strategiselta taktiselle tasolle. Kokonaisuutena tutkimus on osoittanut, että Natolle ydinasepelote on edelleen merkityksellinen osa kokonaispelotetta ja säilyy liittouman fundamenttina. Nato on kuitenkin kylmän sodan päättymisen jälkeen epäonnistunut erityisesti taktisen ydinaseistuksensa suhteen toimintaympäristön tulkinnassa, kun sitä tarkastellaan realistisen turvallisuus- ja valtahakuisuuden kannalta. Vaikka Venäjä ei mitä todennäköisimmin aloita ydinsotaa, on Nato ajanut itsensä ei-strategisten ydinaseiden osalta tilanteeseen, jossa sen keinot, eli ydinaseiden määrä ja tyypit, ovat vähissä suhteessa eurooppalaista turvallisuusympäristöä ja vakautta heiluttavan valtion uhkapotentiaaliin. Epäsuhta sekä taktisen ydinaseistuksen suorituskyvyissä että ainakin vielä toistaiseksi myös määrissä on liian edullinen Venäjälle, vähintään siihen saakka, kunnes Venäjän nykyiset ydinkärjet vanhentuvat. Toistaiseksi Nato kykenee luottamaan oletettuun ja arvioituun etulyöntiasemaansa tavanomaisessa asevoimassa. Peloteteorioiden kannalta Nato (ja länsimaat) ovat 1990-luvulla luottaneet liiaksi Venäjän rationaalisuuteen, olettaen että sillä olisi yhtäläinen tarve esimerkiksi taktisen ydinaseistuksen vähentämiseen. Näyttää siltä, että kylmän sodan päättymisen tuottamassa tunteessa unohdettiin peloteteorioiden rationaalisuuteen liittyvä peruskritiikki. Naton oma rationaalisuuden määritelmä, normit ja arvot erityisesti Euroopan tilanteesta ja sinne sijoitettujen aseiden vähentämisen puolesta sitoivat liiaksi ajattelua synnyttäen näin peili-ilmiön (mirror imaging), jossa todella oletettiin liikaa asioita. Kuten Keith Payne on todennut; kriisit syntyvät usein rationaalisuusolettamuksien murentumista, yllätyksistä. Viimeistään Krimin ja sitä seuranneen Ukrainan konfliktin sekä Venäjän aggressiivisten toimien myötä on tapahtunut ainakin jonkinasteinen rationaalisuusolettamuksen murentuminen, johon Nato on toistaiseksi reagoinut tavanomaisen asevoiman valmiuden kehittämisellä. Naton olisi tarpeen käynnistää perusteellinen keskustelu ydinasepelotteen tarpeesta ja olemuksesta erityisesti Euroopassa. Mikäli keskustelut käydään strategisten konseptien laatimisaikataulujen yhteydessä, kuten pääosin tähän saakka on toimittu, muodostuu aikaväli liian pitkäksi, jotta ydinasepelotteella olisi edellytyksiä edes reagoida nopeastikin muuttuvaan turvallisuusympäristöön. Viimeisimmästä puolustusministerikokouksesta saatujen viitteiden mukaan keskustelu saattaisi olla tiivistymässä; Nato saattaa aikaistaa seuraavan ydinaseiden suunnitteluryhmän (NPG) kokoontumista jo tälle vuodelle ja samalla ilmeisesti harkitaan ydinasekomponentin ottamista jälleen osaksi Naton muuta sotilaallista harjoitustoimintaa. Venäjän ydinasetoimintaan sekä sen vaikutuksiin Natolle ollaan suhtautumassa entistä vakavammin. Nähtäväksi jää, miten nämä suunnitelmat implementoituvat ja miten niistä kerrotaan julkisuuteen. Varsovan tuleva huippukokous vuonna 2016 määrittelee toivottavasti suuntaa nykyistä selkeämmin myös ydinasepolitiikan osalta. Naton ydinasepelotteeseen liittyvää debattia on hallinnut väittely Eurooppaan sijoitettujen aseiden säilyttämisen tai poistamisen välillä. Tämä ei ole johtanut lopulta muuhun kuin eräänlaiseen lamautumiseen ja status quon säilyttämiseen, kun muitakaan vaihtoehtoja ei ole tarjolla ja tuotu esille. Nato ei ole tutkimuksen valossa riittävän oma-aloitteisesti kehittänyt omaa ydinasepelotettaan sekä ydinaseoppiaan Euroopan ja transatlanttisen linkin suhteen, vaan se on keskittynyt julkituomaan ydinaseiden merkityksen vähentämistä sekä tämän riippuvuutta Venäjän toimista. Ydinaseiden merkityksen ja aseiden vähentäminen on hieno tavoite, mutta realismin määrittelemässä maailmassa vaaditaan enemmän – Naton olisi kyettävä ensisijaisesti myös uudistamaan nykyistä selkeämmin omaa ydinasepolitiikkaansa -ja doktriiniaan. Nykyisellään esimerkiksi ei-strategisen ydinaseistuksen merkitys ja siitä saatava hyöty suhteessa kustannuksiin ja muuhun resurssien käyttöön on liian pieni. Nato tavoittelee aseilla poliittisen sitoutumisen osoitusta sekä kykyä siihen, että sillä olisi mahdollisuus osoittaa vastustajalle ei-strategisten aseiden käytöllä eskalaatiovaaraa strategisten aseiden käytön tasolle. Tutkimuksen perusteella ei-strategisen aseistuksen suorituskyky (B61-pommit) on olosuhteisiin nähden kuitenkin niin epävarmalla tasolla, ettei tähän viimeksi mainittuun tavoitteeseen päästä. Niistä ei ole voimanlähteeksi operatiivisen toiminnan kannalta eikä niiden merkitys näin ollen ole Naton ydinasepelotteessa ja kokonaispelotteessa kuin marginaalinen. Käytännössä ydinpelotteessa, silloin kun sitä halutaan tuoda esiin, jouduttaisiin tukeutumaan strategisten aseiden tuottamaan pelotteeseen. Peloteopin ja sillä haluttavan vaikutuksen tulisi olla niin selkeä, että sen avulla pystyttäisiin määrittämään tarvittava aseistus – ei toisinpäin. Joka tapauksessa nykyinen turvallisuustilanne, Venäjän hyökkäyksellinen puhe ydinaseistuksesta ja Naton haasteet oman ydinasestrategian ja -doktriinin kehittämisessä tarjoavat jatkoseurannan sekä -tutkimuksen aiheita myös tulevina vuosina. Ydinaseiden ja ydinpelotteiden aikakausi ei ole vielä ohi.

Structural, stratigraphic and geochemical studies of the Horwood Peninsula - Gander Bay Area, Northeast Newfoundland /

The Horwood Peninsula - Gander Bay area is located at NE Newfoundland in the Botwood Zone (Williams et a1., 1974) or in the Dunnage Zone (Williams, 1979) of the Central Mobile Belt of the Newfoundland Appalachians. The area is underlain by Middle Ordovician to possible Lower Silurian rocks of the Davidsville and Indian Islands Groups, respectively. Three conformable formations named informally : the Mafic Volcanic Formation, the Greywacke and Siltstone Formation and the Black Slate Formation, have been recognized in the Davidsville Group. The Greywacke and the Black Slate Formations pass locally into a Melange Formation. From consideration of regional structure and abundant locally-derived mafic volcanic olisto- 1iths in the melange, it is considered to have originated by gravity sliding rather than thrusting. Four formations have been recognized in the Indian Islands Group. They mainly contain silty slate and phyllite, grey cherty siltstone, green to red micaceous siltstone and limestone horizons. Repetition of lithological units by F1 folding are well-demonstrated in one of formations in this Group. The major structure in this Group on the Horwood Peninsula is interpreted to be a synclinal complex. The lithology of this Group is different from the Botwood Group to the west and is probably Late Ordovician and/or Early Silurian in age. The effects of soft-sediment deformation can be seen from the lower part of the Davidsville Group to the middle part of the Indian Islands Group indicating continuous and/or episodic slumping and sliding activities throughout the whole area. However, no siginificant depOSitional and tectonic break that could be assigned to the Taconian Orogeny has been recognized in this study. Three periods of tectonic deformation were produced by the Acadian Orogeny. Double boudinage in thin dikes indicates a southeast-northwest sub-horizontal compression and main northeast-southwest sub-horizontal extension during the D1 deformation. A penetrative, axial planar slaty cleavage (Sl) and tight to isocJ.ina1 F1 folds are products of this deformation. The D2 and D3 deformations formed S2 and S3 fabrics associated with crenulations and kink bands which are well-shown in the slates and phyllites of the Indian Islands Group. The D2 and D3 deformations are the products of vertical and northeast-southwest horizontal shortening respectively. The inferred fault between the Ordovician slates (Davidsville Group) and the siltstones (Indian Islands Group) suggested by Williams (1963, 1964b, 1972, 1978) is absent. Formations can be followed without displacement across this inferred fault. Chemically, the pillow lavas, mafic agglomerates, tuff beds and diabase dikes are subdivided into three rock suites : (a) basaltic komatiite (Beaver Cove Assemblage), (b) tholeiitic basalt (diabase dikes), (c) alkaline basalt (Shoal Bay Assemblage). The high Ti02 , MgO, Ni contents and bimodal characteristic of the basaltic komatiite in the area are comparable to the Svartenhuk Peninsula at Baffin Bay and are interpreted to be the result of an abortive volcano-tectonic rift-zone in a rear-arc basin. Modal and chemical analyses of greywackes and siltstones show the trend of maturity of these rocks increasing from poorly sorted Ordovician greywackes to fairly well-sorted Silurian siltstones. Rock fragments in greywackes indicate source areas consisting of plagiogranite, low grade metamorphic rocks and ultramafic rocks. Rare sedimentary structures in both Groups indicate a southeasterly provenance. Trace element analyses of greywackes also reveal a possible island-arc affinity.

Developmental variations in the peripheral erythrocytic system of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

The peripheral circulating erythrocytic system of the rainbow trout, l3 almo gairdner , was examined in vitro in relation differences in the morphology and multiple hemoglobin system organization of adult and juvenile red cells. Cells were separated by velocity sedimentation under unit gravity, a procedure requiring red cell exposure to an incubation medium for periods of at least three hours. Therefore , this must provide an environment in which red cells remain in a condition approximaing normalcy. Previous studies having demonstrated commonly employed media to be ineffective in this regard , a medium was developed through modification of Cortl and saline. One of the principal additions to this me dium , norepinephrine, altered cell regulation of intracellular calcium, magnesium and chloride concentrations. Catecholamine involvement was also suggeste d in the synthes is of hemoglobin . The procedure was found to separtate cells primarily by density and, to a lesser extent, by shape. Characterization of red cells revealed two subpopulations to exist . The first comprised the bulk of the cell population, and were of greater l ength, width, volume and major:minor axis ratio than the smaller population; these were adult cells. The later, juvenile cells were of smaller overall size and were more spherical in shape . Juvenile cells also possessed fewer electrophore tpically distinguishable isomorphs than did adults with only eight of eleven hemoglobin component s typically found With maturation,hemoglobin complement with the development of three more bands. The total complement of the adult cell contained 7 cathodal bands and four anodal hemoglobin isomorphs. Bands acquired with maturation comprised the smallest percentage of the cells hemoglobin. each averaging less than one-percent of the total. Whether these additional bands are derived through degradation and reaggregation of existing components or are the product of pe gQy2 synthesis is not yet known.

Solid state NMR chemical shifts as an alternative to diffraction data in the determination of SIC polytypic structures

Silicon carbide, which has many polytypic modifications of a very simple and very symmetric structure, is an excellent model system for exploring, the relationship between chemical shift, long-range dipolar shielding, and crystal structure in network solids. A simple McConnell equation treatment of bond anisotropy effects in a poly type predicts chemical shifts for silicon and carbon sites which agree well with the experiment, provided that contributions from bonds up to 100 A are included in the calculation. The calculated chemical shifts depend on three factors: the layer stacking sequence, electrical centre of gravity, and the spacings between silicon and carbon layers. The assignment of peaks to lattice sites is proved possible for three polytypes (6H, 15R, and 3C). The fact that the calculated chemical shifts are very sensitive to layer spacings provides us a potential way to detennine and refine a crystal structure. In this work, the layer spacings of 6H SiC have been calculated and are within X-ray standard deviations. Under this premise, the layer spacings of 15R have been detennined. 29Si and 13C single crystal nmr studies of 6H SiC polytype indicate that all silicons and carbons are magnetically anisotropic. The relationship between a magnetic shielding tensor component and layer spacings has been derived. The comparisons between experimental and semi-empirical chemical shielding tensor components indicate that the paramagnetic shielding of silicon should be included in the single crystal chemical shift calculation.

The relationship between stem-form, stand-closure and site -conditions : the influence of environmental conditions on tree allometry and forest structure in west-central Alberta

Changes in the configuration of a tree stern result insignificant differences in its total volume and in the proportion of that volume that is merchantable timber. Tree allometry, as represented by stem-fo~, is the result of the vertical force of gravity and the horizontal force of wind. The effect of wind force is demonstrated in the relationship between stem-form, standclosure and site-conditions. An increase in wind force on the individual tree due to a decrease in stand density should produce a more tapered tree. The density of the stand is determined by the conditions that the trees are growing under. The ability of the tree to respond to increased wind force may also be a function of these conditions . This stem-form/stand-closure/site-conditions relationship was examined using a pre-existing database from westcentral Alberta. This database consisted of environmental, vegetation, soils and timber data covering a wide range of sites. There were 653 sample trees with 82 variables that formed the basis of the analysis. There were eight tree species consisting of Pinus contorta, Picea mariana, Picea engelmannii x glauca, Abies lasiocarpa, Larix laricina, Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera and Populus balsamifera plus a comprehensive all-species data set. As the actual conformation of the stern is very individual, stem-fo~was represented by the diameter at breast height to total height r~tio. The four stand-closure variables, crown closure, total basal area, total volume and total number of stems were reduced to total basal area and total number of stems utilizing a bivariate correlation matrix by species. Site-conditions were subdivided into macro, meso and micro variables and reduced in number 3 using cross-tabulations, bivariate correlation and principal components analysis as screening tools. The stem-fo~/stand-closure relationship was examined using bivariate correlation coefficients for stem-fo~ with total number of stems and stem-fo~ with total basal area. The stem-fo~/site-conditions and the stand-closure/site- conditions relationships were examined using multiple correlation coefficients. The stem-form/stand-closure/site-conditions relationship was examined using multiple correlation coefficients in separate analyses for both total number of stems and total basal area. An increase in stand-closure produced a decrease in stem-form for both total number of stems and total basal area for most species. There was a significant relationship between stem-form and site-conditions and between stand-closure and site-conditions for both total number of stems and total basal area for most species. There was a significant relationship between the stemform and site-conditions, including the stand-closure, for most species; total number of stems was involved independently of the site-conditions in the prediction of stem-form and total basal area was not. Larix laricina and Betula papyrifera were the exceptions to the trends observed with most species. The influence of both stand-closure (total number of stems in particular) and site-conditions (elevation in particular) suggest that forest management practices should include these- ecological parameters in determining appropriate restocking levels.

The sedimentology of the Bloomington fan complex: an element of the Oak Ridges Moraine, Southern Ontario

The Oak Ridges Moraine is a major physiographic feature of south-central Ontario, extending from Rice Lake westward to the Niagara Escarpment. While much previous work has largely postulated a relatively simple the origin of the moraine, recent investigations have concentrated on delineating the discernible glacigenic deposits (or landform architectural elements) which comprise the complex mosaic of the Oak Ridges Moraine. This study investigates the sedimentology of the Bloomington fan complex, one of the oldest elements of the Oak Ridges Moraine. The main sediment body of the Bloomington fan complex was deposited during early stages of the formation of the Oak Ridges Moraine, when the ice subdivided, and formed a confined, interlobate lake basin between the northern and southern lobes. Deposition from several conduits produced a fan complex characterized by multiple, laterally overlapping, fan bodies. It appears that the fans were active sequentially in an eastward direction, until the formation of the Bloomington fan complex was dominated by the largest fan fed by a conduit near the northeastern margin of the deposit. Following deposition of the fan complex, the northern and southern ice margins continued to retreat, opening drainage outlets to the west and causing water levels to drop in the lake basin. Glaciofluvial sediment was deposited at this time, cutting into the underlying fan complex. Re-advancing northern ice then closed westerly outlets, and caused water levels to increase, initiating the re-advance of the southern ice. As the southern ice approached the Bloomington fan, it deposited an ice-marginal sediment complex consisting of glacigenic sediment gravity flows, and glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial sediments exhibiting north and northwesterly paleocurrents. Continued advance of the southern ice, overriding the fan complex, ii produced large-scale glaciotectonic deformation structures, and deposited the Halton Till. The subaqueous fan depositional model that is postulated for the Bloomington fan complex differs from published models due to the complex facies associations produced by the multiple conduit sources of sediment feeding the fans. The fluctuating northern and southern ice margins, which moved across the study area in opposite directions, controlled the water level in the interlobate basin and caused major changes in depositional environments. The influence of these two lobes also caused deposition from two distinct source directions. Finally, erosion, deposition, and deformation of the deposit with the readvance of the southern ice contributed further to the complexity of the Bloomington fan complex.

Physical volcanology, sedimentology, stratigraphy and petrochemistry of the Berry Creek metavolcanics: an Archean calc-alkaline complex, Lake of the Woods, Ontario

The steeply dipping, isoclinally folded early Precambrian (Archean) Berry Creek Metavolcanic Complex comprises primary to resedimented pyroclastic, epiclastic and autoclastic deposits. Tephra erupted from central volcanic edifices was dumped by mass flow mechanisms into peripheral volcanosedimentary depressions. Sedimentation has been essentially contemporaneous with eruption and transport of tephra. The monolithic to heterolithic tuffaceous horizons are interpreted as subaerial to subaqueous pumice and ash flows, secondary debris flows, lahars, slump deposits and turbidites. Monolithic debris flows, derived from crumble breccia and dcme talus, formed during downslope collapse and subsequent gravity flowage. Heterolithic tuff, lahars and lava flow morphologies suggest at least temporary emergence of the edifice. Local collapse may have accompanied pyroclastic volcanism. The tephra, produced by hydromagmatic to magmatic eruptions, were rapidly transported, by primary and secondary mechanisms, to a shallow littoral to deep water subaqueous fan developed upon the subjacent mafic metavolcanic platform. Deposition resulted from traction, traction carpet, and suspension sedimentation from laminar to turbulent flows. Facies mapping revealed proximal (channel to overbank) to distal facies epiclastics (greywackes, argillite) intercalated with proximal vent to medial fan facies crystal rich ash flows, debris flows, bedded tuff and shallow water to deep water lava flows. Framework and matrix support debris flows exhibit a variety of subaqueous sedimentary structures, e.g., coarse tail grading, double grading, inverse to normal grading, graded stratified pebbly horizons, erosional channels. Pelitic to psammitic AE turbidites also contain primary stru~tures, e.g., flames, load casts, dewatering pipes. Despite low to intermediate pressure greenschist to amphibolite grade metamorphism and variably penetrative deformation, relicts of pumice fragments and shards were recognized as recrystallized quartzofeldspathic pseudomorphs. The mafic to felsic metavolcanics and metasediments contain blasts of hornblende, actinolite, garnet, pistacitic epidote, staurolite, albitic plagioclase, and rarely andalusite and cordierite. The mafic metavolcanics (Adams River Bay, Black River, Kenu Lake, Lobstick Bay, Snake Bay) display _holeiitic trends with komatiitic affinities. Chemical variations are consistent with high level fractionation of olivine, plagioclase, amphibole, and later magnetite from a parental komatiite. The intermediate to felsic (64-74% Si02) metavolcanics generally exhibit calc-alkaline trends. The compositional discontinuity, defined by major and trace element diversity, can be explained by a mechanism involving two different magma sources. Application of fractionation series models are inconsistent with the observed data. The tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites are probably derived by low pressure fractionation of a depleted (high degree of partial melting) mantle source. The depleted (low Y, Zr) calc-alkaline metavolcanics may be produced by partial melting of a geochemically evolved source, e.g., tonalitetrondhjemite, garnet amphibolite or hydrous basalt.