mRNA Levels of BACE1 and its interacting proteins, RTN3 and PPIL2, correlate in human post mortem brain tissue

β-Site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for production of Aβ peptides, proposed to drive the pathological changes found in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Reticulon 3 (RTN3) is a negative modulator of BACE1 (β-secretase) proteolytic activity, while peptidylprolyl isomerase (cyclophilin)-like 2 (PPIL2) positively regulated BACE1 gene expression in a cell-based assay. This study aimed to analyze RTN3 and PPIL2 mRNA levels in four brain regions from individuals with AD and controls. BACE1 mRNA had been previously quantified in the samples, as had glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), to track changing cell populations in the tissue. mRNA levels in the human post mortem brain tissue were assayed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and qbasePLUS, employing validated stably expressed reference genes. No differences in RTN3 or PPIL2 mRNA levels were found in individuals with AD, compared to controls. Both RTN3 and PPIL2 mRNA levels correlated significantly with BACE1 mRNA and all three showed similar disease stage-dependent changes with respect to NSE and GFAP. These findings indicated that the in vitro data demonstrating an effect of PPIL2 on BACE1 expression have functional relevance in vivo. Further research into BACE1-interacting proteins could provide a fruitful approach to the modulation of this protease and consequently Aβ production.

Pancreatic zymogen granules: new proteins in unexpected places

Os mecanismos de biogénese, distribuição apical e secreção regulada de enzimas digestivas dos grânulos de zimogénio são, atualmente, pouco conhecidos. De modo a esclarecer e descrever estes processos de elevada importância biológica e clínica, é necessária uma melhor compreensão dos componentes da membrana granular e as funções e interações destes. Neste trabalho, através de uma abordagem proteómica, foi possível identificar novas proteínas granulares previamente associadas ao transporte vesicular sináptico. Para estudar as funções destas proteínas na génese e secreção de grânulos, foram realizados estudos de sobre-expressão, assim como estudos bioquímicos (1D, 2D, and LC-MS/MS) e morfológicos, utilizando céluas de mamífero. Entre as proteínas descobertas, cinco foram selecionadas e analisadas: RMCP-1, Piccolo, Synaptojanin-1, APP e ZG16p. Destas proteínas, confirmou-se a presença da RMCP-1 e APP nos grânulos de zimogénio. Interessantamente, o lectin ZG16p da secreção pâncreatico, encontra-se expressa no cérebro de rato, estando localizada nos terminais pós-sinápticos e em grânulos de RNA, indicando uma possível função desta proteína na formação das vesículas sinápticas. Finalmente, demonstrei que a formação de grânulos de zimogénio pode ser modulada, no modelo de células pancreáticas AR42J, pelas condições de cultura. Em contraste com as proteínas de carga neuroendocrinas, a sobreexpressão de proteínas de carga ou da membrana dos grânulos de zimogénio não foi suficiente para induzir a formação de grânulos ou de estruturas granulares em células constitutivamente secretoras, indicando diferenças na biogénese de grânulos neuroendócrinos e exócrinos.

Characterization of PPP1 interacting proteins in male reproduction

A fosforilação reversível de proteínas é um importante mecanismo de controlo em eucariotas. A fosfoproteína fosfatase 1 (PPP1) é uma fosfatase de serina/treonina envolvida em vários processos celulares. Existem três isoformas da subunidade catalítica (α/CA, δ/β/CB e γ/CC) com pequenas diferenças nos terminais amino e carboxílico. O gene PPP1CC sofre ainda splicing alternativo para produzir duas isoformas, a PPP1CC1 ubíqua e a PPP1CC2 enriquecida em testículo e específica de esperma. A localização e especificidade de substratos da PPP1 está dependente da formação de complexos oligoméricos com proteínas que interagem com a PPP1 (PIPs). O objetivo principal desta tese foi estudar novas PIPs, específicas de testículo e esperma, a fim de melhor caracterizar o papel desta fosfatase e dos respetivos complexos na reprodução em mamíferos. Com este fim, estudou-se a presença, localização e possíveis funções de uma PIP previamente conhecida, PPP1R2, e de duas novas PIPs, PPP1R2P3 e Tctex1d4. PPP1R2 e PPP1R2P3 estão presentes em esperma humano colocalizando com a PPP1CC2, na cabeça e na cauda. A hipótese é que as holoenzimas localizadas na cabeça terão um papel na reação acrossómica, enquanto que as holoenzimas presentes no axonema são relevantes para o controlo da motilidade flagelar. De seguida foram estudados os pseudogenes da PPP1R2, em termos de história evolutiva e de possíveis funções. Na espécie humana, a PPP1R2 tem 10 pseudogenes, 7 deles específicos de primatas. Estudos de bioinformática e dados de expressão mostram que os PPP1R2P1/P3/P9 são os pseudogenes com maior probabilidade de serem transcritos e traduzidos. Também identificámos o PPP1R2P9 em esperma humano e mostrámos que alguns pseudogenes poderão estar associados a estados fisiopatológicos. Isto indica que o processo de evolução poderá estar ligado á formação de novos genes ou ao controlo do mRNA da PPP1R2. A sobre-expressão da PPP1R2 ou PPP1R2P3 em testículo de ratinho também foi realizada, para caracterizar os mecanismos envolvidas na função dos complexos PPP1R2/PPP1R2P3-PPP1CC2 na espermatogénese e fisiologia dos espermatozoides. A dineína de cadeia leve, Tctex1d4, foi encontrada como interagindo com a PPP1C e como estando presente em testículo de ratinho e em esperma humano. Demonstrámos que a Tctex1d4 e a PPP1 colocalizam no centro organizador de microtúbulos e nos microtúbulos e que o motivo de ligação à PPP1 presente na Tctex1d4 parece ser importante para manter a PPP1 no centro organizador de microtúbulos e/ou para disromper ou atrasar o seu movimento ao longo dos microtúbulos emergentes. Estes resultados abrem novos caminhos para os possíveis papéis do complexo Tctex1d4-PPP1 na dinâmica dos microtúbulos, motilidade do esperma, reação acrossómica e na regulação da barreira hemato-testicular, provavelmente, através da via de sinalização do TGFß. A análise do motivo de ligação à PPP1 mostra que este é altamente conservado entre os mamíferos, com exceção das Pikas, sugerindo que esta perda aconteceu antes da radiação das Pikas, há 6-20 milhões de anos atrás. Através de um rastreio por mutações demonstrámos que a capacidade da Tctex1d4 se ligar à PPP1 é mantida nas Pikas, embora o motivo de ligação à PPP1 esteja disrompido. Este estudo abre portas para novas descobertas na área da reprodução mostrando o papel da PPP1CC2 na espermatogénese e fisiologia do esperma.

Endocrine regulation of extracellular matrix proteins in calcified tissue in teleost fish

Tese dout., Biologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2005

Cloning, expression and purification of pneumococcal proteins = clonagem, expressão e purificação de proteínas de pneumococcus

Dissertação de mest., Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2008

Evolution of matrix and bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid proteins in vertebrates

The evolution of calcified tissues is a defining feature in vertebrate evolution. Investigating the evolution of proteins involved in tissue calcification should help elucidate how calcified tissues have evolved. The purpose of this study was to collect and compare sequences of matrix and bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid proteins (MGP and BGP, respectively) to identify common features and determine the evolutionary relationship between MGP and BGP. Thirteen cDNAs and genes were cloned using standard methods or reconstructed through the use of comparative genomics and data mining. These sequences were compared with available annotated sequences (a total of 48 complete or nearly complete sequences, 28 BGPs and 20 MGPs) have been identified across 32 different species (representing most classes of vertebrates), and evolutionarily conserved features in both MGP and BGP were analyzed using bioinformatic tools and the Tree-Puzzle software. We propose that: 1) MGP and BGP genes originated from two genome duplications that occurred around 500 and 400 million years ago before jawless and jawed fish evolved, respectively; 2) MGP appeared first concomitantly with the emergence of cartilaginous structures, and BGP appeared thereafter along with bony structures; and 3) BGP derives from MGP. We also propose a highly specific pattern definition for the Gla domain of BGP and MGP. Previous Section Next Section BGP1 (bone Gla protein or osteocalcin) and MGP (matrix Gla protein) belong to the growing family of vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins, the members of which are involved in a broad range of biological functions such as skeletogenesis and bone maintenance (BGP and MGP), hemostasis (prothrombin, clotting factors VII, IX, and X, and proteins C, S, and Z), growth control (gas6), and potentially signal transduction (proline-rich Gla proteins 1 and 2). VKD proteins are characterized by the presence of several Gla residues resulting from the post-translational vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation of specific glutamates, through which they can bind to calcium-containing mineral such as hydroxyapatite. To date, VKD proteins have only been clearly identified in vertebrates (1) although the presence of a γ-glutamyl carboxylase has been reported in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (2) and in marine snails belonging to the genus Conus (3). Gla residues have also been found in neuropeptides from Conus venoms (4), suggesting a wider prevalence of γ-carboxylation.

Evaluation of the binding of vanadium-based anticancer drugs to human serum proteins

Dissertação de mestrado, Qualidade em Análises, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Engineering new strategies to improve pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins

Tese de doutoramento, Farmácia (Biotecnologia Farmacêutica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2014

New tools for chemical modification of proteins

Tese de doutoramento, Farmácia (Química Farmacêutica e Terapêutica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2014

Rethinking the capsid proteins of enveloped viruses: multifunctionality from genome packaging to genome transfection

© 2015 FEBS

Structural proteins of enveloped virus : from biochemistry to molecular medicine : a focus on dengue virus

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas (Bioquímica Médica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2016

Cholesterol 24S-Hydroxylase overexpression inhibits the liver X receptor (LXR) pathway by activating small guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins (sGTPases) in neuronal cells

The neuronal-specific cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) is important for brain cholesterol elimination. Cyp46a1 null mice exhibit severe deficiencies in learning and hippocampal long-term potentiation, suggested to be caused by a decrease in isoprenoid intermediates of the mevalonate pathway. Conversely, transgenic mice overexpressing CYP46A1 show an improved cognitive function. These results raised the question of whether CYP46A1 expression can modulate the activity of proteins that are crucial for neuronal function, namely of isoprenylated small guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins (sGTPases). Our results show that CYP46A1 overexpression in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons leads to an increase in 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase activity and to an overall increase in membrane levels of RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42 and Rab8. This increase is accompanied by a specific increase in RhoA activation. Interestingly, treatment with lovastatin or a geranylgeranyltransferase-I inhibitor abolished the CYP46A1 effect. The CYP46A1-mediated increase in sGTPases membrane abundance was confirmed in vivo, in membrane fractions obtained from transgenic mice overexpressing this enzyme. Moreover, CYP46A1 overexpression leads to a decrease in the liver X receptor (LXR) transcriptional activity and in the mRNA levels of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1, sub-family A, member 1 and apolipoprotein E. This effect was abolished by inhibition of prenylation or by co-transfection of a RhoA dominant-negative mutant. Our results suggest a novel regulatory axis in neurons; under conditions of membrane cholesterol reduction by increased CYP46A1 expression, neurons increase isoprenoid synthesis and sGTPase prenylation. This leads to a reduction in LXR activity, and consequently to a decrease in the expression of LXR target genes.

Detection of cardiac biomarker proteins using a disposable based on a molecularly imprinted polymer grafted onto graphite

A low-cost disposable was developed for rapid detection of the protein biomarker myoglobin (Myo) as a model analyte. A screen printed electrode was modified with a molecularly imprinted material grafted on a graphite support and incorporated in a matrix composed of poly(vinyl chloride) and the plasticizer o-nitrophenyloctyl ether. The protein-imprinted material (PIM) was produced by growing a reticulated polymer around a protein template. This is followed by radical polymerization of 4-styrenesulfonic acid, 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The polymeric layer was then covalently bound to the graphitic support, and Myo was added during the imprinting stage to act as a template. Non-imprinted control materials (CM) were also prepared by omitting the Myo template. Morphological and structural analysis of PIM and CM by FTIR, Raman, and SEM/EDC microscopies confirmed the modification of the graphite support. The analytical performance of the SPE was assessed by square wave voltammetry. The average limit of detection is 0.79 μg of Myo per mL, and the slope is −0.193 ± 0.006 μA per decade. The SPE-CM cannot detect such low levels of Myo but gives a linear response at above 7.2 μg · mL−1, with a slope of −0.719 ± 0.02 μA per decade. Interference studies with hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, creatinine, and sodium chloride demonstrated good selectivity for Myo. The method was successfully applied to the determination of Myo urine and is conceived to be a promising tool for screening Myo in point-of-care patients with ischemia.

A label-free DNA aptamer-based impedance biosensor for the detection of E. coli outer membrane proteins

A label-free DNA aptamer-based impedance biosensor for the detection of E. coli outer membrane proteins (OMPs) was developed. Two single stranded DNA sequences were tested as recognition elements and compared. The aptamer capture probes were immobilized, with and without 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) on a gold electrode. Each step of the modification process was characterized by Faradaic impedance spectroscopy (FIS). A linear relationship between the electron-transfer resistance (Ret) and E. coli OMPs concentration was demonstrated in a dynamic detection range of 1 × 10−7–2 × 10−6 M. Moreover, the aptasensor showed selectivity despite the presence of other possible water contaminates and could be regenerated under low pH condition. The developed biosensor shows great potential to be incorporated in a biochip and used for in situ detection of E. coli OMPs in water samples.