Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer: a distinct molecular subtype of the disease?

Abstract: Approximately 90% of the world population is infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Usually, it infects B lymphocytes, predisposing them to malignant transformation. Infection of epithelial cells occurs rarely, and it is estimated that about to 10% of gastric cancer patients harbor EBV in their malignant cells. Given that gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with a global annual incidence of over 950,000 cases, EBV-positive gastric cancer is the largest group of EBV-associated malignancies. Based on gene expression profile studies, gastric cancer was recently categorized into four subtypes; EBV-positive, microsatellite unstable, genomically stable and chromosomal instability. Together with previous studies, this report provided a more detailed molecular characterization of gastric cancer, demonstrating that EBV-positive gastric cancer is a distinct molecular subtype of the disease, with unique genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, reflected in a specific phenotype. The recognition of characteristic molecular alterations in gastric cancer allows the identification of molecular pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival, with the potential to identify therapeutic targets. These findings highlight the enormous heterogeneity of gastric cancer, and the complex interplay between genetic and epigenetic alterations in the disease, and provide a roadmap to implementation of genome-guided personalized therapy in gastric cancer. The present review discusses the initial studies describing EBV-positive gastric cancer as a distinct clinical entity, presents recently described genetic and epigenetic alterations, and considers potential therapeutic insights derived from the recognition of this new molecular subtype of gastric adenocarcinoma.

Evaluation of human T-lymphotropic virus prevalence/co-infection rates for a four-year period in a non-metropolitan blood center in Southeast Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) are distributed worldwide and are endemic in specific regions. METHODS: Serological evaluation of the HTLV-1/2 prevalence and co-infection rate [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Chagas disease, and syphilis)] for 2011-2014 was performed with volunteer blood donors from the western part of São Paulo State. RESULTS: Serrana and Araçatuba had higher HTLV seroprevalence rates (0.1%); while Franca, Olimpia, and Bebedouro had lower seroprevalences (0.04%). Co-infection (HBV and syphilis) was present in 12.3% of HTLV-infected blood donors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide data for the prevalence of HTLV in Brazil and demonstrate the importance of regional and global hemovigilance.

Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections

Respiratory syncytial virus is the most important cause of viral lower respiratory illness in infants and children worldwide. By the age of 2 years, nearly every child has become infected with respiratory syncytial virus and re-infections are common throughout life. Most infections are mild and can be managed at home, but this virus causes serious diseases in preterm children, especially those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Respiratory syncytial virus has also been recognized as an important pathogen in people with immunossupressive and other underlying medical problems and institutionalizated elderly, causing thousands of hospitalizations and deaths every year. The burden of these infections makes the development of vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus highly desirable, but the insuccess of a respiratory syncytial virus formalin-inactivated vaccine hampered the progress in this field. To date, there is no vaccine available for preventing respiratory syncytial virus infections, however, in the last years, there has been much progress in the understanding of immunology and immunopathologic mechanisms of respiratory syncytial virus diseases, which has allowed the development of new strategies for passive and active prophylaxis. In this article, the author presents a review about novel approaches to the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections, such as: passive immunization with human polyclonal intravenous immune globulin and humanized monoclonal antibodies (both already licensed for use in premature infants and children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia), and many different vaccines that are potential candidates for active immunization against respiratory syncytial virus.

Bronchiolitis, respiratory syncytial virus, and recurrent wheezing: what is the relationship?

Various follow-up studies of children hospitalized with bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus have demonstrated that a significant proportion of infants (50%) have recurrent wheezing during childhood. Nevertheless, the relationship between these two entities, if any, has not been established. In order to explain this observation, several hypotheses have been proposed. The first suggests that some children could have an individual predisposition to bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus and recurrent wheezing. The virus could be a marker of this condition, and the individual predisposition could in turn be related to an individual hypersensitivity to common allergens (atopy), airway hyperreactivity, or to some disorder related to pulmonary anatomy or physiology that was present before the acute episode of bronchiolitis. Another hypothesis proposes that respiratory syncytial virus could be directly responsible for recurrent wheezing. During an episode of bronchiolitis, the damage in the airway mucosa caused by the vital inflammatory response to infection contributes to sensitivity to other allergens or exposes irritant receptors, resulting in recurrent wheezing. For this review, we analyzed the studies that discuss these hypotheses with the purpose of clarifying the mechanisms for the important issue of recurrent wheezing in childhood.

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: case report

The case of a patient with blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome who is infected by acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus due to multiple blood transfusions is presented. This case shows that although it is a rare systemic disorder, blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome has to be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic anemia or gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients should be investigated by endoscopy, which is the most reliable method for detecting these lesions. The patient underwent gastroscopy and enteroscopy via enterotomy with identification of all lesions. Minimal resection of the larger lesions and string-purse suture of the smaller ones involving all the layers of the intestine were performed. The string-purse suture of the lesions detected by enteroscopy proved to be an effective technique for handling these lesions, avoiding extensive intestinal resection and stopping the bleeding. Effective management of these patients demands aggressive treatment and should be initiated as soon as possible to avoid risks involved in blood transfusions, as occurred in this case.

Anemia ferropriva em atletas adolescentes da Fundação Vila Olímpica de Manaus-AM

Considerando a escassez de informações quanto ao estado nutricional de atletas jovens, identificou-se a prevalência de anemia ferropriva e sua associação com indicadores nutricionais de atletas adolescentes participantes do Programa de Iniciação Esportiva da Fundação Vila Olímpica de Manaus-AM. A amostra foi constituída por 194 atletas adolescentes do gênero masculino, voluntários, praticantes de diferentes modalidades esportivas classificados como iniciantes. A coleta dos dados foi realizada mediante verificação de medidas antropométricas (peso corporal, estatura e espessuras das dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular), dosagem de hemoglobina utilizando o hemoglobinômetro portátil (Sistema Hemocue) e instrumento socioeconômico. No diagnóstico do estado nutricional foram utilizados os indicadores Estatura para a Idade (E/I) e Índice de Massa Corporal para a idade (IMC/I), assumindo pontos de corte propostos pela OMS. Os resultados mostraram que 9,4% dos adolescentes apresentaram desnutrição, 8,2% sobrepeso e 4,6% obesidade. A prevalência de anemia ferropriva encontrada na amostra foi de 41,7%, com predominância na classe socioeconômica mais baixa. Embora a prevalência de anemia tenha sido elevada, o estado nutricional dos adolescentes não influenciou sobre este resultado, considerando que a maioria dos adolescentes apresentou-se eutrófica. Diante do exposto, sugere-se a adoção de medidas efetivas de intervenção e de educação nutricional visando à minimização e/ou o controle da anemia ferropriva.

Anemia e marcadores séricos da deficiência de ferro em grávidas atendidas na rede pública municipal de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a anemia em grávidas, associando os resultados da dosagem de hemoglobina e hematócrito com a análise de marcadores do perfil sérico do ferro. Participaram do estudo 92 grávidas que estavam realizando pré-natal em unidades de atendimento à saúde no Município de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Foi aplicado um formulário para obtenção dos dados antropométricos e informações sobre estilo de vida, além de serem realizadas dosagens dos níveis séricos de ferro, capacidade latente de ligação do ferro (CLLF), capacidade total de ligação do ferro (CTLF), índice de saturação da transferrina (IST), transferrina, ferritina e níveis sanguíneos de hemoglobina e hematócrito por metodologia automatizada utilizando kits comerciais disponíveis. Foram encontradas 26,1% de grávidas com níveis de hemoglobina abaixo de 11 g/dL. Observou-se que 17,4% das grávidas com níveis normais de hemoglobina apresentavam níveis inadequados de ferro sérico e 9,8% apresentavam níveis baixos de ferritina sérica. Os níveis de ferritina e de hemoglobina apresentaram diferença significativa entre os trimestres de gestação (p < 0,05, ANOVA). Os resultados sugerem que a dosagem da hemoglobina juntamente com outros marcadores do perfil sérico do ferro pode trazer uma avaliação mais precisa da deficiência de ferro na gravidez.

Evaluation of the morphological and physical characteristics of plumes from chicken feathers

This work presents a study on the properties of chicken plumes from the poultry industry, namely feathers. Studies conducted include length, diameter and weight of chicken feathers to 42 days old. Initial results indicate that the central and lower feather areas present very interesting properties and characteristics turning these materials suitable for various applications, including in clothing, thermal and acoustic insulation in buildings, cimenticious and polymeric matrices reinforcements, among others.

Sintomas depressivos em crianças e adolescentes com anemia falciforme

Objetivo: Determinar a frequência de sintomas depressivos em crianças e adolescentes com anemia falciforme, bem como caracterizar e associar tal sintomatologia aos dados individuais. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com portadores de anemia falciforme dos 7 aos 17 anos, atendidos em um ambulatório de Hematologia Pediátrica, os quais preencheram o Inventário de Depressão Infantil (CDI). Resultados: Foram avaliados 76 pacientes, estabelecendo-se em 13 o ponto de corte. Vinte e seis pacientes (34,2%) apresentavam sintomas sugestivos de depressão. "Não ser tão bom quanto os outros colegas" foi o item mais pontuado, além de ter predominado significativamente naqueles com escore de CDI maior ou igual a 13, assim como as variáveis: ter pais separados ou viúvos e renda familiar mensal menor ou igual a R$ 510,00. O item "preocupação com dores" foi bem pontuado, independentemente da presença de sintomas depressivos (p = 0,1). Conclusão: A depressão em crianças e adolescentes com anemia falciforme ainda é pouco estudada. Os dados obtidos indicam frequência elevada de sintomas depressivos nessa população. Possivelmente, conviver precocemente com a separação dos pais e pertencer a uma família com baixa renda esteja relacionado ao desenvolvimento desses sintomas.

Doppler echocardiographic study in adolescents and young adults with sickle cell anemia

OBJECTIVE: Anatomical and functional assessment of the heart through Doppler and echocardiography in patients with cell anemia (SCA). METHODS: Twenty-five patients with SCA and ages ranging from 14 to 45 years were prospectively studied in a comparison with 25 healthy volunteers. All of them underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation and Doppler echocardiography as well.The measurements were converted into body surface indices. RESULTS: There were increases in all chamber diameters and left ventricle (LV) mass of the SCA patients. It was characterised an eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle. The preload was increased (left ventricle end-diastolic volume) and the afterload was decreased (diastolic blood pressure, peripheral vascular resistance and end-systolic parietal stress ESPS). The cardiac index was increased due to the stroke volume. The ejection fraction and the percentage of the systolic shortening , as well as the systolic time intervals of the LV were equivalent. The isovolumetric contraction period of the LV was increased. The mitral E-septum distance and the end-systolic volume index (ESVi) were increased. The ESPS/ESVi ratio,a loading independent parameter, was decreased in SCA, suggesting systolic dysfunction. No significant differences in the diastolic function or in the pulmonary pressure occurred. CONCLUSION: Chamber dilations, eccentric hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction confirm the evidence of the literature in characterizing a sickle cell anemia cardiomyopathy.

Anemia como fator prognóstico em uma população hospitalizada por insuficiência cardíaca descompensada

OBJETIVO: Estudar a prevalência e o valor prognóstico da anemia em uma população hospitalizada por insuficiência cardíaca descompensada. MÉTODOS: De julho a setembro de 2001, 204 pacientes foram incluídos em um registro hospitalar multicêntrico de insuficiência cardíaca (Estudo EPICA-Niterói). Os 142 que tinham dados sobre hematócrito e hemoglobina coletados na admissão hospitalar compuseram esta análise retrospectiva. A idade média foi de 69,5±13,3 anos e 72 (50,7%) eram do sexo masculino. Considerou-se como anemia uma hemoglobina < 13,5 g/dL para os homens e < 12 g/dL para as mulheres. Avaliou-se através de análise uni e multivariada por regressão logística a relação da anemia com a mortalidade hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Anemia foi observada em 89 (62,6%) pacientes, sendo 52 (58%) homens e 37 (42%) mulheres. A mortalidade foi de 16,8% nos pacientes anêmicos contra 8% nos não anêmicos (p=0,11). Em ambos os sexos, as taxas de mortalidade nos anêmicos e não anêmicos foram, respectivamente, 19,2% vs 0% (p=0,034) e 13,5% vs 12,2% (p=0,86). Através de análise multivariada, as variáveis que se relacionaram de modo independente com a mortalidade hospitalar foram, hiponatremia (RR=7,0, intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%] 6,1 a 8,7, p=0,0001), anemia (RR=3,1, IC 95%=2,4 a 4,3, p=0,024) e presença de classe funcional IV da NYHA (RR=1,9, IC 95%=1,3 a 2,6, p=0,04). CONCLUSÃO: Na população estudada com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada, a presença de anemia foi um marcador independente de mortalidade hospitalar. A mortalidade no grupo com anemia foi significativamente alta nos homens.

Epidemiología y diversidad genética del virus de la hepatitis C en la región central de Argentina

El virus de la hepatitis C (HCV) es el principal agente causante de hepatitis crónica, en el mundo. Basado en la divergencia de la secuencia de nucleótidos se lo ha clasificado en 6 genotipos y varios subtipos. La distribución de genotipos ha sido asociada a vías específicas de transmisión y a los movimientos poblacionales. Esta diversidad constituye las bases del manejo clínico del paciente y provee la información decisiva para las estrategias terapéuticas. Asimismo, la heterogeneidad genética de HCV continúa siendo el mayor obstáculo para el desarrollo de vacunas y terapias efectivas. Estudios previos realizados en Argentina demuestran que la distribución de genotipos es diferente entre regiones geográficas muy cercanas. En general el genotipo 1 es el más prevalente en la región este de nuestro país y en la región central existe una particular alta prevalencia de genotipo 2 (HCV-2) (>55%), 2c, y HCV-1 en usuarios de drogas endovenosas. A fin de confirmar la existencia de dos eventos de transmisión independientes con claras implicancias clínico terapéuticas, el objetivo de este proyecto es completar y profundizar el estudio del proceso de diversificación de estos genotipos en Córdoba mediante análisis moleculares y bioinformáticos. Así, más muestras y otras regiones genómicas deberían ser analizadas (NS5B/E2) para determinar el origen y caracterizar los patrones de diversificación. En este sentido, un reciente estudio serológico, realizado por personal del ministerio de Salud, que involucró a 3782 individuos habitantes de cuatro áreas geográficas de la provincia de Córdoba reveló una alta prevalencia de HCV (>5%). Dichas muestras son la base del estudio propuesto en este plan