Henrik Ibsen.

Mode of access: Internet.

Traité élémentaire de géographie; contenant un abrégé méthodique du Précis de la géographie universelle en quatre volumes. Divisé en deux parties, celle des principes et celle des descriptions, précédé d'une introduction historique, et suivi d'un aperçu de la géographie ancienne, sacree et profane,

On spine: Gèographie de Malte-Brun.

Notice géographique et historique sur la Nouvelle-Calédonie décrétée colonie française en septembre 1853. Lue a la séance général de la Société de géographie du 30 avril 1854.

Inserted at front: Bibliophiles de la Société des océanistes, 4, 1961 [4p.]

Escravo moderno em discurso: figuras de ação e ação em discurso nas representações do agir humano

This work has as object of study a social practice: modern slavery of workers in the sugar cane, and aims to present a reflection on maintenance, eradication or modification of this practice. This reflection bases itself upon the concepts of discourse advocated by Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough, 2001, 2003, 2006 and Chouliaraki; Fairclough, 1999) associated with Sociodiscursive Interactionism (Bronckart, 1999, 2006, 2008), and the concept of action figures, proposed by Bulea (2010). We follow the five steps outlined in Chouliaraki and Fairclough (1999): a) emphasis on a social problem, b) introduction and discussion of obstacles to tackle the problem, c) considerations concern the problem in practice d) identifying possible ways to past the obstacles, and e) reflection about the analyst role within the problem. In order to achieve step (b) in its discourse materiality axis, it has been identified the thematic content, discourse types, enunciative mechanisms and action figures of testimonials of sugar cane workers and other subjects involved with the problem in the documentaries Bagaço (2006, and Tabuleiro de Cana, Xadrez de Cativeiro (2006). These documentaries bring to the screen a little of sugar cane workers reality within an overexploitation, human rights disrespects and forced work. The analysis of textual/discursive aspects of testimonials has shown the ways in which the (de)construction of the representation of sugar cane action allows understanding of how the problem emerges and how it is rooted in the organization of social life. The general result of this reflection point to the internalization of social practices deep-rooted in evaluations of the sugar cane worker subjective world and from social world values, opinions and rules. The results also show that, in their discourse, workers assume their slavery sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously, but only suggest a reaction against the oppression imposed on them because they have internalized and naturalized their enslavement.

Escravo moderno em discurso: figuras de ação e ação em discurso nas representações do agir humano

This work has as object of study a social practice: modern slavery of workers in the sugar cane, and aims to present a reflection on maintenance, eradication or modification of this practice. This reflection bases itself upon the concepts of discourse advocated by Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough, 2001, 2003, 2006 and Chouliaraki; Fairclough, 1999) associated with Sociodiscursive Interactionism (Bronckart, 1999, 2006, 2008), and the concept of action figures, proposed by Bulea (2010). We follow the five steps outlined in Chouliaraki and Fairclough (1999): a) emphasis on a social problem, b) introduction and discussion of obstacles to tackle the problem, c) considerations concern the problem in practice d) identifying possible ways to past the obstacles, and e) reflection about the analyst role within the problem. In order to achieve step (b) in its discourse materiality axis, it has been identified the thematic content, discourse types, enunciative mechanisms and action figures of testimonials of sugar cane workers and other subjects involved with the problem in the documentaries Bagaço (2006, and Tabuleiro de Cana, Xadrez de Cativeiro (2006). These documentaries bring to the screen a little of sugar cane workers reality within an overexploitation, human rights disrespects and forced work. The analysis of textual/discursive aspects of testimonials has shown the ways in which the (de)construction of the representation of sugar cane action allows understanding of how the problem emerges and how it is rooted in the organization of social life. The general result of this reflection point to the internalization of social practices deep-rooted in evaluations of the sugar cane worker subjective world and from social world values, opinions and rules. The results also show that, in their discourse, workers assume their slavery sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously, but only suggest a reaction against the oppression imposed on them because they have internalized and naturalized their enslavement.

Avaliação da influência de surfactantes químico e biológico na hidrólise enzimática de casca de coco verde após pré-tratamento ácido/alcalino e com peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino

In Brazil many types of bioproducts and agroindustrial waste are generated currently, such as cacashew apple bagasse and coconut husk, for example. The final disposal of these wastes causes serious environmental issues. In this sense, waste lignocellulosic content, as the shell of the coconut is a renewable and abundant raw material in which its use has an increased interest mainly for the 2nd generation ethanol production. The hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars such as glucose and xylose is catalysed by a group of enzymes called cellulases. However, the main bottleneck in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is the significant deactivation of the enzyme that shows irreversible adsorption mechanism leading to reduction of the cellulose adsorption onto cellulose. Studies have shown that the use of surfactants can modify the surface property of the cellulose therefore minimizing the irreversible binding. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of chemical and biological surfactants during the hydrolysis of coconut husk which was subjected to two pre-treatment in order to improve the accessibility of the enzymes to the cellulose, removing this way, part of the lignin and hemicellulose present in the structure of the material. The pre-treatments applied to coconut bagasse were: Acid/Alkaline using 0.6M H2SO4 followed by 1M NaOH, and the one with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide at a concentration of 7.35% (v/v) and pH 11.5. Both the material no treatment and pretreated were characterized using analysis of diffraction X-ray (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and methods established by NREL. The influence of both surfactants, chemical and biological, was used at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the concentrations equal to the CMC. The application of pre-treatment with coconut residue was efficient for the conversion to glucose, as well as for the production of total reducing sugars, it was possible to observe that the pretreatment fragmented the structure as well as disordered the fibers. Regarding XRD analysis, a significant increase in crystallinity index was observed for pretreated bagasse acid/alkali (51.1%) compared to the no treatment (31.7%), while that for that treated with PHA, the crystallinity index was slightly lower, around 29%. In terms of total reducing sugars it was not possible to observe a significant difference between the hydrolysis carried out without the use of surfactant compared to the addition of Triton and rhamnolipid. However, by observing the conversions achieved during the hydrolysis, it was noted that the best conversion was using the rhamnolipíd for the husk pretreated with acid/alkali, reaching a value of 33%, whereas using Triton the higher conversion was 23.8%. The coconut husk is a residue which can present a high potential to the 2nd generation ethanol production, being the rhamonolipid a very efficient biosurfactant for use as an adjuvant in the enzymatic process in order to act on the material structure reducing its recalcitrance and therefore improving the conditions of access for enzymes to the substrate increasing thus the conversion of cellulose to glucose.

Avaliação da influência de surfactantes químico e biológico na hidrólise enzimática de casca de coco verde após pré-tratamento ácido/alcalino e com peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino

In Brazil many types of bioproducts and agroindustrial waste are generated currently, such as cacashew apple bagasse and coconut husk, for example. The final disposal of these wastes causes serious environmental issues. In this sense, waste lignocellulosic content, as the shell of the coconut is a renewable and abundant raw material in which its use has an increased interest mainly for the 2nd generation ethanol production. The hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars such as glucose and xylose is catalysed by a group of enzymes called cellulases. However, the main bottleneck in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is the significant deactivation of the enzyme that shows irreversible adsorption mechanism leading to reduction of the cellulose adsorption onto cellulose. Studies have shown that the use of surfactants can modify the surface property of the cellulose therefore minimizing the irreversible binding. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of chemical and biological surfactants during the hydrolysis of coconut husk which was subjected to two pre-treatment in order to improve the accessibility of the enzymes to the cellulose, removing this way, part of the lignin and hemicellulose present in the structure of the material. The pre-treatments applied to coconut bagasse were: Acid/Alkaline using 0.6M H2SO4 followed by 1M NaOH, and the one with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide at a concentration of 7.35% (v/v) and pH 11.5. Both the material no treatment and pretreated were characterized using analysis of diffraction X-ray (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and methods established by NREL. The influence of both surfactants, chemical and biological, was used at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the concentrations equal to the CMC. The application of pre-treatment with coconut residue was efficient for the conversion to glucose, as well as for the production of total reducing sugars, it was possible to observe that the pretreatment fragmented the structure as well as disordered the fibers. Regarding XRD analysis, a significant increase in crystallinity index was observed for pretreated bagasse acid/alkali (51.1%) compared to the no treatment (31.7%), while that for that treated with PHA, the crystallinity index was slightly lower, around 29%. In terms of total reducing sugars it was not possible to observe a significant difference between the hydrolysis carried out without the use of surfactant compared to the addition of Triton and rhamnolipid. However, by observing the conversions achieved during the hydrolysis, it was noted that the best conversion was using the rhamnolipíd for the husk pretreated with acid/alkali, reaching a value of 33%, whereas using Triton the higher conversion was 23.8%. The coconut husk is a residue which can present a high potential to the 2nd generation ethanol production, being the rhamonolipid a very efficient biosurfactant for use as an adjuvant in the enzymatic process in order to act on the material structure reducing its recalcitrance and therefore improving the conditions of access for enzymes to the substrate increasing thus the conversion of cellulose to glucose.

Aditivo polimérico derivado de fonte renovável para aplicação em cimento asfáltico de petróleo

This study evaluated the effects of incorporating an additive from an agro-industrial residue, after some chemical modification reactions, to petroleum asphalt cement (CAP) through the polymerization reaction of a viscous polyol obtained by bagasse biomass oxypropylation reaction sugarcane with anhydrides. The polyol is obtained by biomass oxypropylation reaction with propylene oxide, the reaction was performed in an autoclave sealed with pressure and temperature control using 25 mL of OP for every 5 grams of biomass 200°C, which time reaction was two hours. The reaction is revealed by varying the system pressure, initially at atmospheric pressure to reach a maximum pressure value and its subsequent return to atmospheric pressure. For the choice of the most suitable reaction time for polymerization of the polyol with pyromellitic anhydride, the reaction was also conducted in an autoclave sealed with temperature controller (150 ° C) using 20 g of polyol, 1 g of sodium acetate (catalyst) and 8 g of pyromellitic anhydride with the times 30 and 60 minutes. The polymerized materials with different times were characterized by determining the relative viscosity and percentage content of extractable in cyclohexane / ethanol. Given the results with the polymerized material 30 minutes showed the lowest percentage content of extractives and an increased viscosity relative indicating that this time is highlighted with respect to time 60 minutes, because the material is possibly in the form of a crosslinked polymer. Given the choice of time of 30 minutes other polymerization reactions were performed with various anhydrides and other conditions employed different proportions by mass of polyol anhydrides we were referred to as condition I (20 g anhydride and 8 g of polyol), II (20 g anhydride and 20 g of polyol) and III (8 g anhydride and 20 g of polyol). The FTIR spectra of polymeric materials with different polymerization conditions used to prove the occurrence of chemical modification due to the appearance of a characteristic band ester groups (1750 cm-1) present in the polymerized material. He chose to work with the condition III, as is the condition which employs a larger amount of polyol, and even with the smaller amount of anhydride used FTIR spectra revealed that the polymerization reaction was performed. Among the various anhydrides (phthalic, maleic and pyromellitic) of the different conditions used that stood out before the solubility test with solvents analyzed was polymerized material with pyromellitic anhydride because the polymerized material likely in the form of a crosslinked polymer because it was insoluble or poorly soluble in the solvents tested. Polymerization of the polyol with pyromellitic anhydride using condition III, that is, BCPP30, CSPP30, PCPP30 e BCPPG30, provided an increase in thermal stability relative to material in the form of polyol. Applicability tests concerning the incorporation of 16% m / m BCPP30, CSPP30, PCPP30 e BCPPG30 additive in relation to the mass of 600 g CAP showed through characterization tests used, softening point, elastic recovery and marshall dosage, it is possible to use BCPP30 as an additive the conventional CAP, because even with the incorporation of this new additive modified CAP met the specifications of the appropriate standard.

Interpolated maps of pollen percentages in Europe over the last 15,000 years

Aim Palaeoecological reconstructions document past vegetation change with estimates of rapid rates of changing species distribution limits that are often not matched by model simulations of climate-driven vegetation dynamics. Genetic surveys of extant plant populations have yielded new insight into continental vegetation histories, challenging traditional interpretations that had been based on pollen data. Our aim is to examine an updated continental pollen data set from Europe in the light of the new ideas about vegetation dynamics emerging from genetic research and vegetation modelling studies. Location Europe Methods: We use pollen data from the European Pollen Database (EPD) to construct interpolated maps of pollen percentages documenting change in distribution and abundance of major plant genera and the grass family in Europe over the last 15,000 years. Results: Our analyses confirm high rates of postglacial spread with at least 1000 metres per year for Corylus, Ulmus and Alnus and average rates of 400 metres per year for Tilia, Quercus, Fagus and Carpinus. The late Holocene expansions of Picea and Fagus populations in many European regions cannot be explained by migrational lag. Both taxa shift their population centres towards the Atlantic coast suggesting that climate may have played a role in the timing of their expansions. The slowest rates of spread were reconstructed for Abies. Main conclusions: The calculated rates of postglacial plant spread are higher in Europe than those from North America, which may be due to more rapid shifts in climate mediated by the Gulf Stream and westerly winds. Late Holocene anthropogenic land use practices in Europe had major effects on individual taxa, which in combination with climate change contributed to shifts in areas of abundance and dominance. The high rates of spread calculated from the European pollen data are consistent with the common tree species rapidly tracking early Holocene climate change and contribute to the debate on the consequences of global warming for plant distributions.

Pollen from 50 lake surface samples in Brandenburg, Germany, in 2009

Past changes in plant and landscape diversity can be evaluated through pollen analysis, however, pollen based diversity indexes are potentially biased by differential pollen production and deposition. Studies examining the relationship between pollen and landscape diversity are therefore needed. The aim of this study is to evaluate how different pollen based indexes capture aspects of landscape diversity. Pollen counts were obtained from surface samples of 50 small to medium sized lakes in Brandenburg (Northeast Germany) and compiled into two sets, with one containing all pollen counts from terrestrial plants and the second restricted to wind-pollinated taxa. Both sets were adjusted for the pollen production/dispersal bias using the REVEALS model. A high resolution biotope map was used to extract the density of total biotopes and different biotopes per area as parameters describing landscape diversity. In addition tree species diversity was obtained from forest inventory data. The Shannon index and the number of taxa in a sample of 10 pollen grains are highly correlated and provide a useful measure of pollen type diversity which corresponds best to landscape diversity within one km of the lake and the proportion of non-forested area within seven km. Adjustments of the pollen production/dispersal bias only slightly improve the relationships between pollen diversity and landscape diversity for the restricted dataset as well as for the forest inventory data and corresponding pollen types. Using rarefaction analysis, we propose the following convention: pollen type diversity is represented by the number of types in a small sample (low count e.g. 10), pollen type richness is the number of types in a large sample (high count e.g. 500) and pollen sample evenness is characterized by the ratio of the two. Synthesis. Pollen type diversity is a robust index that captures vegetation structure and landscape diversity. It is ideally suited for between site comparisons as it does not require high pollen counts. In concert with pollen type richness and evenness, it helps evaluating the effect of climate change and human land use on vegetation structure on long timescales.

Genometa - A Fast and Accurate Classifier for Short Metagenomic Shotgun Reads

Metagenomic studies use high-throughput sequence data to investigate microbial communities in situ. However, considerable challenges remain in the analysis of these data, particularly with regard to speed and reliable analysis of microbial species as opposed to higher level taxa such as phyla. We here present Genometa, a computationally undemanding graphical user interface program that enables identification of bacterial species and gene content from datasets generated by inexpensive high-throughput short read sequencing technologies. Our approach was first verified on two simulated metagenomic short read datasets, detecting 100% and 94% of the bacterial species included with few false positives or false negatives. Subsequent comparative benchmarking analysis against three popular metagenomic algorithms on an Illumina human gut dataset revealed Genometa to attribute the most reads to bacteria at species level (i.e. including all strains of that species) and demonstrate similar or better accuracy than the other programs. Lastly, speed was demonstrated to be many times that of BLAST due to the use of modern short read aligners. Our method is highly accurate if bacteria in the sample are represented by genomes in the reference sequence but cannot find species absent from the reference. This method is one of the most user-friendly and resource efficient approaches and is thus feasible for rapidly analysing millions of short reads on a personal computer.

Dokumentation der Befragungsinstrumente der Interventionsstudie im Projekt “Conditions and Consequences of Classroom Assessment” (Co²CA)

Das im Rahmen des DFG-Schwerpunktprogramms „Kompetenzmodelle“ durchgeführte Projekt „Conditions and Consequences of Classroom Assessment“ (Co²CA) geht in vier Teilstudien der Frage nach, wie formatives Assessment im Unterricht gestaltet werden kann, um sowohl eine präzise Leistungsmessung zu ermöglichen als auch positive Wirkungen auf den Lehr-Lernprozess zu erreichen. Das Project Co²CA leistet damit einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Erforschung zweier Kernelemente formativen Assessments – der detaillierten Diagnose von Schülerleistungen und der Nutzung der gewonnenen Informationen in Form lernförderlichen Feedbacks. Zentrale Idee von formativem Assessment (Lernbegleitende Leistungsbeurteilung und –rückmeldung) ist es mit Hilfe von Leistungsmessungen Informationen über den Lernstand der Schülerinnen und Schüler zu gewinnen und diese Informationen für die Gestaltung des weiteren Lehr- und Lernprozess zu nutzen. Den Lernenden kann auf Basis der Leistungsbeurteilung lernförderliches Feedback gegeben werden, um so die Diskrepanz zwischen Lernstand und Lernziel zu verringern. Die Kernelemente formativem Assessments bestehen also aus einer detaillierten Diagnose des Lernstandes und der Nutzung der gewonnen Informationen – z.B. in Form von Feedback. [...] Das vorliegende Skalenhandbuch dokumentiert die in der Unterrichtsstudie eingesetzten Befragungsinstrumente für Schülerinnen und Schüler sowie für Lehrkräfte. (DIPF/Autor)

Norm Friesen: The Place of the Classroom and the Space of the Screen, Relational Pedagogy and Internet Technology. New York, Bern etc.: Lang 2011 [Rezension]

Rezension von: Norm Friesen: The Place of the Classroom and the Space of the Screen, Relational Pedagogy and Internet Technology, New York, Bern etc.: Lang 2011 (183 S.; ISBN 978-1-4331-0959-1)

Michael Schratz / Johanna F. Schwarz / Tanja Westfall-Greiter: Lernen als bildende Erfahrung, Vignetten in der Praxisforschung, Mit einem Vorwort von Käte Meyer-Drawe und Beiträgen von Horst Rumpf, Carol Ann Tomlinson, Mike Rose u.a. Innsbruck: Studienverlag 2012 [Rezension]

Rezension von: Michael Schratz / Johanna F. Schwarz / Tanja Westfall-Greiter: Lernen als bildende Erfahrung, Vignetten in der Praxisforschung, Mit einem Vorwort von Käte Meyer-Drawe und Beiträgen von Horst Rumpf, Carol Ann Tomlinson, Mike Rose u.a., Innsbruck: Studienverlag 2012 (161 S.; ISBN 978-3706551182)

Exposição ocupacional a bioaerossóis durante atividades de limpeza de quartos de hotel

O presente estudo pretende avaliar a exposição ocupacional a contaminação fúngica e bacteriana em quartos de hotel, mais precisamente em dois quartos com características diferentes, nomeadamente, com pavimento em alcatifa e outro sem alcatifa. Doze amostras de ar de 250L foram colhidas pelo método de impacto, em meio agar de extracto de malte (MEA) suplementado com cloranfenicol (0,05%) para fungos e em meio de TSA (agar de soja tríptica) com nistatina (0,2%) para bactérias. Foram também realizadas amostras de superfície nos mesmos locais. Em ambos os quartos apenas uma amostra de ar, no quarto sem alcatifa, apresentou contagens de fungos mais elevadas do que no exterior. No entanto, as concentrações de bactérias no ar interior foram superiores às do ar exterior. Em relação às superfícies, o quarto sem alcatifa apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação ao quarto com alcatifa, sendo que o primeiro apresentou concentrações mais elevadas de fungos. Todas as superfícies analisadas apresentaram contaminação bacteriana, mas não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os quartos. Os géneros de fungos mais prevalentes no ar foram idênticos em ambos os quartos (Penicillium sp. 40,7% - 12,3% e Cladosporium sp. 43,5% - 55,4%). Nas superfícies analisadas, os isolados pertencentes ao complexo Aspergillus fumigatus foram os únicos encontrados no quarto com alcatifa, enquanto no outro quarto os géneros mais prevalentes foram Penicillium sp. (63,6%) e Aspergillus sp. (13,6%).