Estudio sobre la información de texto contenida en imágenes web

La indexació i la recerca de pàgines web es basa en l’anàlisi de text. La tecnologia actual encara no pot processar d’una manera eficient i suficientment ràpida el text contingut a les imatges de les pàgines web. Aquest fet planteja un problema important d’indexació però també d’inaccessibilitat. Per poder quantificar aquest problema hem desenvolupat una aplicació software que ens permet realitzar un estudi sobre aquesta situació. Hem utilitzat aquest software per analitzar un conjunt de pàgines web representatives de la situació actual a Internet. Aquests resultats obtinguts s’han analitzat i comparat amb estudis anteriors.

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) : A pedagogical guide for decision makers in the public sector

This guide introduces Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a performance measurement technique, in such a way as to be appropriate to decision makers with little or no background in economics and operational research. The use of mathematics is kept to a minimum. This guide therefore adopts a strong practical approach in order to allow decision makers to conduct their own efficiency analysis and to easily interpret results. DEA helps decision makers for the following reasons: - By calculating an efficiency score, it indicates if a firm is efficient or has capacity for improvement. - By setting target values for input and output, it calculates how much input must be decreased or output increased in order to become efficient. - By identifying the nature of returns to scale, it indicates if a firm has to decrease or increase its scale (or size) in order to minimize the average cost. - By identifying a set of benchmarks, it specifies which other firms' processes need to be analysed in order to improve its own practices.

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms.

Which firms want PhDs? The effect of the university-industry relationship on the PhD labour market

PhD graduates hold the highest education degree, are trained to conduct research and can be considered a key element in the creation, commercialization and diffusion of innovations. The impact of PhDs on innovation and economic development takes place through several channels such as the accumulation of scientific capital stock, the enhancement of technology transfers and the promotion of cooperation relationships in innovation processes. Although the placement of PhDs in industry provides a very important mechanism for transmitting knowledge from universities to firms, information about the characteristics of the firms that employ PhDs is very scarce. The goal of this paper is to improve understanding of the determinants of the demand for PhDs in the private sector. Three main potential determinants of the demand for PhDs are considered: cooperation between firms and universities, R&D activities of firms and several characteristics of firms, size, sector, productivity and age. The results from the econometric analysis show that cooperation between firms and universities encourages firms to recruit PhDs and point to the existence of accumulative effects in the hiring of PhD graduates.

Implementació d'un demostrador wireless: network cording i virtualització d'interfícies sense fils

El treball realitzat en aquest projecte es basa en l'implementació d'un demostrador wireless, i més específicament, en l'estudi de les tècniques network coding i virtualització. Network coding és un nou mètode de transmissió de dades que es basa en la codificació de paquets per incrementar el rendiment fins ara obtingut als mètodes de transmissió convencionals. La virtualització és una tècnica que consisteix en compartir de forma més eficient els recursos d'un sistema. En el nostre cas s'utilitzarà la virtualització per dividir una interfície sense fils en diferents usuaris virtuals transmetent i rebent dades simultàniament. L'objectiu del projecte és realitzar un seguit de proves i estudis per veure els avantatges d'aquestes dues tècniques.

A Sensitivity analysis of poverty definitions

We conduct a sensitivity analysis of several estimators related to household income, to explore how some details of the definitions of the variables concerned influence the values of the common estimates, such as the mean, median and (poverty) rates. The purpose of this study is to highlight that some of the operational definitions entail an element of arbitrariness which leaves an undesirable stamp on the inferences made. The analyses use both a cross-sectional and a longitudinal (panel) component of the EU-SILC database.

Estudi de les tipologies d’agressors de parella als centres penitenciaris

Hi ha un ampli consens a afirmar que els agressors de parella constitueixen un grup molt heterogeni. Per tant, intervencions homogènies no poden ser eficaces. L’objectiu d’aquesta recerca ha estat validar la primera proposta tipològica realitzada amb agressors de parella en una mostra espanyola. Estudis internacionals avalen aquesta metodologia classificatòria i la proposen com una eina eficaç per dissenyar programes de tractaments ajustats a les necessitats dels agressors. Seguint un procediment similar al dels estudis internacionals, s’ha aplicat un protocol d’avaluació que cobreix aquelles facetes que poden contribuir a l’etiologia de la conducta violenta contra la parella i a la classificació dels agressors. Les variables analitzades són: autoestima, distorsions cognitives, trastorns de la personalitat, ira, conflictes de parella, impulsivitat, afecció, empatia i desitjabilitat social. Cinquanta interns del Centre Penitenciari Brians-2, condemnats per un delicte en el qual la víctima era la parella o exparella, van ser avaluats entre els mesos d’abril i d’octubre del 2009. L’anàlisi de conglomerats ha permès classificar la mostra en dos grups que es diferencien partint de les variables d’interès. El grup 1 (23 subjectes) correspon al subtipus normalitzat: baixa psicopatologia, major empatia i afecció segura. El grup 2 (27 subjectes) podria ser etiquetat com a antisocial o patològic per la seva major psicopatologia, els antecedents i la impulsivitat i la seva menor empatia i afecció (insegur/hostil). Aquests resultats contribueixen a avalar l’aproximació tipològica com un mètode útil en la classificació d’agressors i una eina d’interès per als equips terapèutics. S’evidencia la necessitat d’aplicar programes de tractament diferenciats que permetin gestionar de manera més productiva els recursos disponibles. Treballar amb grups homogenis farà més efectiva la intervenció i ajudarà el terapeuta a anticipar el comportament del grup i dissenyar actuacions concretes amb vista a una evolució favorable.

Estudio de las tipologías de agresores de pareja en los centros penitenciarios

Hi ha un ampli consens a afirmar que els agressors de parella constitueixen un grup molt heterogeni. Per tant, intervencions homogènies no poden ser eficaces. L’objectiu d’aquesta recerca ha estat validar la primera proposta tipològica realitzada amb agressors de parella en una mostra espanyola. Estudis internacionals avalen aquesta metodologia classificatòria i la proposen com una eina eficaç per dissenyar programes de tractaments ajustats a les necessitats dels agressors. Seguint un procediment similar al dels estudis internacionals, s’ha aplicat un protocol d’avaluació que cobreix aquelles facetes que poden contribuir a l’etiologia de la conducta violenta contra la parella i a la classificació dels agressors. Les variables analitzades són: autoestima, distorsions cognitives, trastorns de la personalitat, ira, conflictes de parella, impulsivitat, afecció, empatia i desitjabilitat social. Cinquanta interns del Centre Penitenciari Brians-2, condemnats per un delicte en el qual la víctima era la parella o exparella, van ser avaluats entre els mesos d’abril i d’octubre del 2009. L’anàlisi de conglomerats ha permès classificar la mostra en dos grups que es diferencien partint de les variables d’interès. El grup 1 (23 subjectes) correspon al subtipus normalitzat: baixa psicopatologia, major empatia i afecció segura. El grup 2 (27 subjectes) podria ser etiquetat com a antisocial o patològic per la seva major psicopatologia, els antecedents i la impulsivitat i la seva menor empatia i afecció (insegur/hostil). Aquests resultats contribueixen a avalar l’aproximació tipològica com un mètode útil en la classificació d’agressors i una eina d’interès per als equips terapèutics. S’evidencia la necessitat d’aplicar programes de tractament diferenciats que permetin gestionar de manera més productiva els recursos disponibles. Treballar amb grups homogenis farà més efectiva la intervenció i ajudarà el terapeuta a anticipar el comportament del grup i dissenyar actuacions concretes amb vista a una evolució favorable.

Personalitat i psicopatologia en menors infractors

En l’àmbit de justícia juvenil és freqüent observar que els joves presenten dificultats personals, més enllà del tipus de delicte que hagin comès. Aquestes dificultats poden ser de caire psicològic, familiar i comunitari. Pel que fa a les dificultats de caire psicològic en què se centra la recerca, destaquen com a més significades entre els joves infractors determinats trets de personalitat com ara immaduresa, agressivitat o aïllament. També de psicopatologia associada com ara trastorn de conducta i trastorn negativista desafiant, entre d’altres. Aquesta recerca es fonamenta en la necessitat de conèixer les característiques individuals i grupals dels menors infractors pel que fa a variables de personalitat i possible psicopatologia associada. Tres són els objectius que es marca la recerca: 1) fer una descripció de les variables sociodemogràfiques i delictives; 2) estudiar les característiques de personalitat que estan presents en la població dels menors infractors, i 3) avaluar la prevalença de problemes psicopatològics dins d’aquesta població. Amb aquest estudi queda evident la necessitat de tractament en els joves de justícia juvenil i alhora també la necessitat d’avaluar correctament cada jove individualment. Malgrat que s’observa un patró similar en els joves que realitzen actes delictius, també és veritat que observem una certa variabilitat individual que s’ha de tenir en compte per poder fer un tractament més adequat a les seves necessitats.

Coronary heart disease in primary care: accuracy of medical history and physical findings in patients with chest pain - a study protocol for a systematic review with individual patient data.

BACKGROUND: Chest pain is a common complaint in primary care, with coronary heart disease (CHD) being the most concerning of many potential causes. Systematic reviews on the sensitivity and specificity of symptoms and signs summarize the evidence about which of them are most useful in making a diagnosis. Previous meta-analyses are dominated by studies of patients referred to specialists. Moreover, as the analysis is typically based on study-level data, the statistical analyses in these reviews are limited while meta-analyses based on individual patient data can provide additional information. Our patient-level meta-analysis has three unique aims. First, we strive to determine the diagnostic accuracy of symptoms and signs for myocardial ischemia in primary care. Second, we investigate associations between study- or patient-level characteristics and measures of diagnostic accuracy. Third, we aim to validate existing clinical prediction rules for diagnosing myocardial ischemia in primary care. This article describes the methods of our study and six prospective studies of primary care patients with chest pain. Later articles will describe the main results. METHODS/DESIGN: We will conduct a systematic review and IPD meta-analysis of studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of symptoms and signs for diagnosing coronary heart disease in primary care. We will perform bivariate analyses to determine the sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios of individual symptoms and signs and multivariate analyses to explore the diagnostic value of an optimal combination of all symptoms and signs based on all data of all studies. We will validate existing clinical prediction rules from each of the included studies by calculating measures of diagnostic accuracy separately by study. DISCUSSION: Our study will face several methodological challenges. First, the number of studies will be limited. Second, the investigators of original studies defined some outcomes and predictors differently. Third, the studies did not collect the same standard clinical data set. Fourth, missing data, varying from partly missing to fully missing, will have to be dealt with.Despite these limitations, we aim to summarize the available evidence regarding the diagnostic accuracy of symptoms and signs for diagnosing CHD in patients presenting with chest pain in primary care. REVIEW REGISTRATION: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (University of York): CRD42011001170.

Estudi de comportaments socials d'aixams robòtics amb aplicació a la neteja d'espais no estructurats

La intel·ligència d’eixams és una branca de la intel·ligència artificial que està agafant molta força en els últims temps, especialment en el camp de la robòtica. En aquest projecte estudiarem el comportament social sorgit de les interaccions entre un nombre determinat de robots autònoms en el camp de la neteja de grans superfícies. Un cop triat un escenari i un robot que s’ajustin als requeriments del projecte, realitzarem una sèrie de simulacions a partir de diferents polítiques de cerca que ens permetran avaluar el comportament dels robots per unes condicions inicials de distribució dels robots i zones a netejar. A partir dels resultats obtinguts serem capaços de determinar quina configuració genera millors resultats.

Externalizing disorders and substance use: empirically derived subtypes in a population-based sample of adults.

PURPOSE: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) are common externalizing disorders of childhood. The common effects of these disorders on substance abuse need further investigation. The current study investigated the joint clusters of childhood/adolescence ADHD, CD, and ODD, and their influence on substance abuse/dependence in a population-based sample of adults. METHODS: The data were drawn from the PsyCoLaus study (n = 3,720) conducted in Lausanne, Switzerland. The population-based sample included 238 subjects meeting criteria for ADHD/ODD/CD diagnoses before the age of 15. Latent class analyses (LCA) were performed to derive comorbidity subtypes, which were subsequently characterized with respect to psychosocial correlates and substance use. RESULTS: The best fit in LCAs was achieved with three latent classes: an ADHD subtype (35.7 %); an externalizing multimorbid subtype (33.6 %) involving ODD, ADHD, and CD; and a third subtype with CD (30.7 %). The CD subtype showed the highest association with substance use. Apart from this, the externalizing multimorbid subtype was also significantly linked to substance use. The ADHD subtype had only elevated frequencies for alcohol dependence in comparison with subjects that had no history of ADHD, ODD, and CD during childhood or adolescence. Finally, important interactions between subtypes and sex were observed with regard to substance use. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence showing that subtyping the externalizing disorders, ADHD, ODD and CD, along their comorbidity patterns leads to important differences regarding substance use. This could have implications for the etiology, prevention, and treatment of substance use disorders.

Is monetary policy in new members states asymmetric?

Estimated Taylor rules became popular as a description of monetary policy conduct. There are numerous reasons why real monetary policy can be asymmetric and estimated Taylor rule nonlinear. This paper tests whether monetary policy can be described as asymmetric in three new European Union (EU) members (the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland), which apply an inflation targeting regime. Two different empirical frameworks are

Parent-child agreement and prevalence estimates of diagnoses in childhood: direct interview versus family history method.

Diagnostic information on children is typically elicited from both children and their parents. The aims of the present paper were to: (1) compare prevalence estimates according to maternal reports, paternal reports and direct interviews of children [major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety and attention-deficit and disruptive behavioural disorders]; (2) assess mother-child, father-child and inter-parental agreement for these disorders; (3) determine the association between several child, parent and familial characteristics and the degree of diagnostic agreement or the likelihood of parental reporting; (4) determine the predictive validity of diagnostic information provided by parents and children. Analyses were based on 235 mother-offspring, 189 father-offspring and 128 mother-father pairs. Diagnostic assessment included the Kiddie-schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) (offspring) and the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) (parents and offspring at follow-up) interviews. Parental reports were collected using the Family History - Research Diagnostic Criteria (FH-RDC). Analyses revealed: (1) prevalence estimates for internalizing disorders were generally lower according to parental information than according to the K-SADS; (2) mother-child and father-child agreement was poor and within similar ranges; (3) parents with a history of MDD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) reported these disorders in their children more frequently; (4) in a sub-sample followed-up into adulthood, diagnoses of MDD, separation anxiety and conduct disorder at baseline concurred with the corresponding lifetime diagnosis at age 19 according to the child rather than according to the parents. In conclusion, our findings support large discrepancies of diagnostic information provided by parents and children with generally lower reporting of internalizing disorders by parents, and differential reporting of depression and ADHD by parental disease status. Follow-up data also supports the validity of information provided by adolescent offspring.

Adolescent substance-use assessment: methodological issues in the use of the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD).

During the past twenty years, various instruments have been developed for the assessment of substance use in adolescents, mainly in the United States. However, few of them have been adapted to, and validated in, French-speaking populations. Consequently, although increasing alcohol and drug use among teenagers has become a major concern, the various health and social programs developed in response to this specific problem have received little attention with regard to follow-up and outcome assessment. A standardized multidimensional assessment instrument adapted for adolescents is needed to assess the individual needs of adolescents and assign them to the most appropriate treatment setting, to provide a single measurement within and across health and social systems, and to conduct treatment outcome evaluations. Moreover, having an available instrument makes it possible to develop longitudinal and transcultural research studies. For this reason, a French version of the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD) was developed and validated at the University Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic in Lausanne, Switzerland. This article aims to discuss the methodological issues that we faced when using the ADAD instrument in a 4-year longitudinal study including adolescent substance users. Methodological aspects relating to the content and format of the instrument, the assessment administration and the statistical analyses are discussed.