Essential elements of integrated coastal zone management

The coastal zone comprises a narrow strip of coastal lowlands and a vast area of coastal waters. While the coastal zone represents approximately 10% of the earth's surface, its coastal lowlands are inhabited by more than 50% of the world population. The coastal zone has become the major site for extensive and diverse economic activities. Many of the coastal developing countries depend heavily on the scarce coastal resources for their economic growth.

On the meaning of integration in coastal zone management

This paper discusses the definition and use of the term ‘integrated management’ in the context of coastal and ocean resources. It identifies several components which appear to be needed to establish an integrated management system for a large area subject to multiple use and jurisdiction. It suggests that the basis of integrated management should be a clear articulation of common purpose which addresses long term needs and vision. Once developed, this common purpose should be securely established to provide the setting against which sectoral and agencies managers and the community conduct and co-ordinate their activities.

The integration of coastal zone management into national development planning

The broad acceptance and collective commitment of countries to the tasks involved in the implementation of Agenda 21, Chapter 17, have profound implications vis-à-vis the interplay between coastal zone management (CZM) and national development planning (NDP). It appears that in many countries, CZM has evolved in isolation from the mainstream of national development processes. The paper examines various forms and elements for the effective integration of CZM into NDP.

Integration' in the US coastal zone management program

The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which the existing US Coastal Zone Management (CZM) program represents Integrated Coastal Management (ICM). The actions taken at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 as part of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) could eventually impact the policies of the US in such a way as to encourage better integration of US coastal and ocean management efforts.

Coastal metabolism and the oceanic organic carbon balance

Net organic metabolism (that is, the difference between primary production and respiration of organic matter) in the coastal ocean may be a significant term in the oceanic carbon budget. Historical change in the rate of this net metabolism determines the importance of the coastal ocean relative to anthropogenic perturbations of the global carbon cycle. Consideration of long-term rates of river loading of organic carbon, organic burial, chemical reactivity of land-derived organic matter, and rates of community metabolism in the coastal zone leads us to estimate that the coastal zone oxidizes about 7 × 1012 moles C/yr. The open ocean is apparently also a site of net organic oxidation (∼16 × 1012 moles C/yr). Thus organic metabolism in the ocean appears to be a source of CO2 release to the atmosphere rather than being a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. The small area of the coastal ocean accounts for about 30% of the net oceanic oxidation. Oxidation in the coastal zone (especially in bays and estuaries) takes on particular importance, because the input rate is likely to have been altered substantially by human activities on land.

岷江上游地区近30年森林生态系统水源涵养量与价值变化

根据岷江上游地区自然地理环境条件的差别,将该区森林植被划分为暗针叶林、其它针叶林、阔叶林和灌木林等4个类型,利用年降雨量、林冠截流量数据、径流系数以及“影子价格”等方法,计算和评述了该区森林生态系统水源涵养效益;并利用遥感4期影像分析了岷江上游地区森林生态系统水源涵养量的变化原因。结果表明:2000年岷江上游森林生态系统年水源涵养量最高,为1·3892×1010m3,经济价值为93·07亿元。去除降雨量的影响后,在各时期年降雨量为705mm的情况下,岷江上游地区1986年的水源涵养量最高,为1·3348×1010m3,经济价值为89·43亿元;1995年水源涵养量下降,为1·2320×1010m3,经济价值为82·54亿元;2000年水源涵养量及经济价值与1995年基本持平。造成这一现象的主要原因是20世纪90年代岷江上游森林景观受到人为的严重破坏,而随后实施的“天然林保护工程”与“退耕还林还草”政策,加强了人工植被恢复建设,改善了森林生态系统,使森林生态系统水源涵养量有所恢复。

近30年来青海三江源地区草地退化的时空特征

在20世纪70年代中后期MSS图像、90年代初期TM图像和2004年TM/ETM图像支持下,通过三期遥感影像的直接对比分析,获得了三江源地区草地退化空间数据集,并在此基础上分析了70年代以来青海三江源地区草地退化的主要时空特征。结果表明:三江源地区草地退化是一个在空间格局上影响范围大,在时间过程上持续时间长的连续变化过程。研究发现,三江源草地退化的格局在70年代中后期已基本形成,70年代中后期至今,草地的退化过程一直在继续发生,总体上不存在90年代至今的草地退化急剧加强现象。草地退化的过程在不同区域和地带有明显不同的表现,如在湿润半湿润地带的草甸类草地上,发生着草地破碎化先导,随后发生覆盖度持续降低,最后形成黑土滩的退化过程;在干旱、半干旱地带的草原类草地上,发生着覆盖度持续降低,最后形成沙地和荒漠化草地的退化过程。三江源地区草地退化具有明显的区域差异,草地退化可以分为7个区,各区草地退化在类型、程度、范围与时间过程方面具有明显不同的特点。

30年来青海三江源生态系统格局和空间结构动态变化

在多期遥感图像支持下,通过对生态系统类型进行辨识,获得了三江源地区生态系统类型空间分布数据集,并在此基础上分析了20世纪70年代中后期以来青海三江源地区生态系统格局和空间结构的动态变化。结果表明:30年来三江源地区生态系统格局稳定少动,生态系统类型变化相对缓慢,农田、森林、草地、水体与湿地和荒漠生态系统的年变化速率均小于0.5%,是长江、黄河流域乃至全国各区域生态系统转类变幅最小的稳定少动区。20世纪70年代中后期以来三江源地区生态系统类型的转变主要发生在草地和水体与湿地生态系统上,草地生态系统的变化主要发生在中部和东部地区,水体与湿地生态系统的变化主要发生在广大西部和北部地区。

近30年来长江源头高寒草地生态系统退化的遥感分析:以青海省治多县为例

为了对长江源头高寒草地退化的时空过程规律取得全面客观的科学认识,本文利用20世纪70年代末、90年代初和2004年的陆地卫星遥感影像为信息源,结合气象数据、DEM、草地分布图及社会统计数据等辅助资料,以青海省治多县为例分析了近30年来长江源头的高寒草地生态系统退化的时空格局与过程及其驱动因素,从新的视角阐释高寒草地退化的过程与机理,为退化高寒草地的恢复、治理与区域可持续发展提供了科学依据。结果表明,研究区高寒草地生态系统的退化呈现自东南向西北,退化面积减少、退化程度降低、退化类型由复合型向单一型过渡的总体趋势。研究区东部是草地退化最严重的区域,主要表现为沿着原退化草地斑块的扩张,而西部即唐古拉山以北的广大地区由于下垫面起伏较低则以草地覆盖度的轻度下降退化为主。草地退化时间过程特征的总体趋势是持续退化、后期加剧,前后两个时段对比可以看出草地退化比重和程度皆呈逐渐加剧的趋势,退化面积比重净增9.86%。地形因素的影响分析亦发现,研究区高寒草地退化主要发生在海拔4500～4900m、坡度5～15°范围内的阴坡。研究区草地退化格局在20世纪70年代以前就已经形成,气候变化对高寒草地退化的影响是长期、缓慢的,而研究区人口和家畜数量变化的分析可以得出人类活动特别是过度放牧是草地退化发生的最重要诱因。

近30年来中国气候湿润程度变化的空间差异及其对生态系统脆弱性的影响

论文利用近30a中国756个气象站点日观测数据计算中国陆地表层潜在蒸散和湿润指数现状及变化趋势,然后划分湿润程度变化对不同自然地带生态系统脆弱性影响的等级,并应用于农田、林地和草地三大生态系统脆弱性变化分析,结果显示:近30a中国陆地表层平均年潜在蒸散为754mm,平均湿润指数为-5.6,湿润指数平均变化率为-4.4/10a,反映中国陆地表层湿润程度总体具有下降趋势。近30a中国陆地表层气候湿润程度变化导致生态系统脆弱性增加的面积约占中国陆地面积的43.7%,主要集中在东北地区西南部、华北地区、西北地区东部,以及青藏高原的西部、北部和东部。总体上,近30a中国陆地表层气候湿润程度变化对农田、林地和草地生态系统脆弱性具有不利影响。其中草地生态系统脆弱性增加的面积最大,约占草地生态系统总面积的63.2%;其次为农田生态系统,约占31.6%;林地生态系统脆弱性受影响面积最小,约占17.7%。

The characteristics of land cover and macroscopical ecology changes in the source region of three rivers in Qinghai-Tibet plateau during last 30 years

We obtained four phases of land cover spatial data sets by interpreting MSS images of middle and late 1970s and three phases of TM images of late 1980s, 2004 and 2008 based on field investigation in Three Rivers' Source Region. We analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of land cover and macro ecological changes in Three Rivers' Source Region in Qinghai-Tibet plateau since middle and late 1970s. Indicated by land cover condition index change rate and land cover change index, land cover and macroscopical ecological condition degenerated (7090 period Zc -0.63, LCCI -0.58)-obviously degenerated (9004 period, Zc -0.94, LCCI -1.76)-slightly meliorated (0408 period, Zc 0.06, LCCI 0.33). This course was jointly driven by climate change, grassland stocking pressure and implement of ecological construction project.

Structure and electrochemical characteristics of melted composite Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30-LaNi5 hydrogen storage alloys

The structure and electrochemical characteristics of melted composite Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30+x% LaNi5 (x=0, 1, 5 and 10) hydrogen storage alloys have been investigated systematically. XRD shows that the matrix phase structure of V-based solid solution phase with a BCC structure and C14 Laves phase with hexagonal structure is not changed after adding LaNi5 alloy. However, the amount of the secondary phase increases with increasing LaNi5 content. Field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) shows that the C14 Laves phase contains more Zr and the white lard phase has a composition close to (Zr, Ti)(V, Cr, Ni, La)(2).

Effect of La-Mg-based alloy addition on structure and electrochemical characteristics of Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30 hydrogen storage alloy

Effect of La-Mg-based alloy (AB(5)) addition on Structure and electrochemical characteristics of Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30 hydrogen storage alloy has been investigated systematically. XRD shows that the matrix phase structure is not changed after adding AB(5) alloy, however, the amount of the secondary phase increases with increasing AB(5) alloy content. The electrochemical measurements show that the plateau pressure Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30 + x% La0.85Mg0.25Ni4.5Co0.35Al0.15 (X = 0, 1, 5, 10, 20) hydrogen storage alloys increase with increasing x, and the width of the pressure plateau first increases when x increases from 0 to 5 and then decreases as x increases further, and the maximum discharge capacity changes in the same trend.

Determination of isocyanates by capillary electrophoresis with tris(2,2 '-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence

CE with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection for the quantitative determination of isocyanates was first reported. Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and hexyl isocyanate (HI) were used as the model analytes. Commercially available N,N-diethyl-N'-methylethylenediamine was used as the derivatization reagent. It has both a secondary amine group and a tertiary amine group. The secondary amine group can quantitatively react with isocyanate group, and the tertiary amine group can react with Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) to produce strong ECL signal for sensitive detection. The derivatization reaction was almost instantaneous and is much faster than other reported derivative reactions using other derivative reagents.

Effect of AB(5) alloy on Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30 hydrogen storage alloy

The structure and electrochemical characteristics of melted composite Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30 + x% LaNi4Al0.4Mn0.3Co0.3 (x = 0, 1, 5) hydrogen storage alloys have been investigated systematically. XRD shows that though the main phase of the matrix alloy remains unchanged after LaNi4Al0.4Mn0.3Co0.3 alloy is added, a new specimen is formed. The amount of the new specimen increases with increasing x. SEM-EDS analysis indicates that the V-based solid solution phase is mainly composed of V, Cr and Ni; C14 Laves phase is mainly composed of Ni, Zr and V; the new specimen containing La is mainly composed of Zr, V and Ni. The electrochemical measurements suggest that the activation performance, the low temperature discharge ability, the high rate discharge ability and the cyclic stability of composite alloy electrodes increase greatly with the growth of x.