Adecuación de catalizadores zeolíticos para su aplicación en síntesis de productos químicos finos y catálisis ambiental

La catálisis es la ciencia estratégica por excelencia ya que de ella depende todo el desarrollo de la industria. Si se analiza toda la química y la petroquímica en el mundo se verá que el impacto de ésta alcanza al 50 % en ahorro de material, energía y disminución de sustancias peligrosas para el ambiente. En catálisis heterogénea se emplean materiales sólidos o productos químicos sólidos que poseen un elevado valor de mercado en función de su especificidad. La preparación de dichos materiales involucra principalmente la química del estado sólido y fenómenos de adhesión, gas-sólido y líquido-sólido. Asimismo, presentan una textura complicada y un área superficial bien desarrollada cuya manufactura implica la química coloidal y varios fenómenos de interfase relacionados con la adición, difusión y procesos de movilidad en los sólidos o en sus superficies. Algunos científicos consideran que hacer un catalizador, además de ser una ciencia, es un arte. En este sentido, preparar catalizadores con elevada actividad, selectividad y prolongada vida útil, requiere incrementar el conocimiento de las bases científicas para el desarrollo de diferentes métodos de preparación así como también atender a la actividad inherente a sus componentes (composición química), la estructura física del catalizador, la resistencia mecánica (estabilidad) y las condiciones operativas de la reacción. En función de lo antedicho, cabe señalar que los objetivos de esta investigación son: adecuar y modificar catalizadores zeolíticos selectores de forma según la necesidad del proceso a encarar; y aplicarlos a reacciones de síntesis de productos químicos finos y especialidades, y a procesos catalíticos que involucren el mejoramiento de la calidad del medio ambiente. Para la realización de este plan de trabajo se estudiará el efecto de las condiciones de intercambio en el desarrollo de catalizadores con funciones activas del tipo protónico, amonio, Zn, Ga, Mn, Ni, PB, Mo, Cu, W. También, se tendrá en cuenta su caracterización fisicoquímica y aplicación en reacciones de química fina y catálisis ambiental, tales como: sustitución de aromática electrofílica de anilina con metanol; transalquilación de naftaleno con mesitileno; oxidación de 2 metil naftaleno hacia 2 metil 1,4 naftoquinona (vitamina K3); transformación de residuos plásticos (polietileno, polipropileno y copolimero etileno-polipropileno) en hidrocarburos aromáticos; relación naturaleza sitio activo y actividad catalítica.

Síntesis, caracterización y aplicaciones específicas de metalosilicatos cristalinos micro y mesoporosos con incorporación de nanoestructuras. Synthesis, characterization and specific aplications of crystalline micro and mesoporous metallosilicates with nanostructures.

La síntesis de materiales cristalinos micro y mesoporosos con incorporación de micro/nano partículas/clusters de especies formadas con entidades propias interaccionando con las redes, como óxidos de metales, cationes de neutralización, especies metálicas, etc., pueden potencialmente ser utilizados como "materiales hospedaje" en óptica, electrónica, sensores, como materiales magnéticos, en estrategias ambientales de control de la contaminación, catálisis en general y procesos de separación. Se sintetizaran y caracterizaran por diversas técnicas fisicoquímicas, zeolitas microporosas de poro medio (ZSM) y poro grande (Y), y materiales mesoporosos (MCM-41). La aplicación de los mismos se orientara, por una parte, a procesos catalíticos tecnológicamente innovadores relacionados con los siguientes campos: a)catálisis ambiental: transformación de desechos plásticos (polietileno, polipropileno, poliestireno o mezclas de los mismos) a hidrocarburos de mayor valor agregado (gasolinas, gasoil, gases licuados de petróleo, hidrocarburos aromáticos); b)química fina: oxidación parcial de hidrocarburos aromáticos hacia la obtención de commodities, fármacos, etc. Por otra parte, se evaluaran las propiedades magnéticas (ferromagnetismo, paramagnetismo, superparamagnetismo, diamagnetismo) que algunos de estos materiales presentan, en busca de su correlación con sus propiedades catalíticas, cuando sea factible. Se estudiaran las condiciones óptimas de síntesis de los materiales, aplicando técnicas hidrotermicas o sol gel, controlando variables como temperaturas y tiempos de síntesis, pH de geles iniciales-intermedios-finales, tipo de fuentes precursoras, etc. La modificación de las matrices con Co, Cr, Mn, H, o Zn, se realizara mediante diversos tratamientos químicos (intercambio, impregnación) a partir de las sales correspondientes, con el objeto de incorporar elementos activos al estado iónico, metálico, clusters, etc.; y la influencia de distintos tratamientos térmicos (oxidantes, inertes o reductores; atmósferas dinámicas o estáticas; temperaturas). La caracterización estructural de los materiales será por: AA (cuantificación elemental de bulk); XRD (determinacion de presencia de especies oxidos o metalicas de Zn, Co, Cr, o Mn; determinacion de cristalinidad y estructura); BET (determinacion de area superficial); DSC-TG-DTA (determinacion de estabilidad de las matrices sintetizadas); FTIR de piridina (determinacion de tipo-fuerza-cantidad de sitios activos); Raman y UV-reflectancia difusa (determinacion de especies ionicas interacturando o depositadas sobre las matrices); TPR (identificacion de especies reducibles); SEM-EDAX (determinacion de tamaño de particulas de especies activas y de las matrices y cuanfiticacion superficial); Magnetómetros SQUID y de muestra vibrante (medición de magnetización y susceptibilidad magnética a temperatura ambiente con variación de campo externo aplicado, y variación de temperaturas (4 a 300 K) con campo externo fijo). En síntesis, se plantean tres grandes áreas de trabajo: No1)Síntesis y caracterización de materiales micro y mesoporosos nanoestructurados; No2) Evaluación de las propiedades catalíticas; No3) Evaluación de las propiedades magnéticas. Estos lineamientos nos permitirán generar nuevos conocimientos científicos-tecnológicos, formando recursos humanos (dos becarios posdoctorales; un becario doctoral; tres becarios alumnos de investigación; aproximadamente 15 pasantes de grado al año) aptos para emprender tales desafíos. Los conocimientos originados son constantemente trabajados en las actividades docentes de grado y posgrado que los integrantes del proyecto poseen. Finalmente serán transmitidos y puestos a consideración de pares evaluadores en presentaciones a congresos nacionales e internacionales y revistas especializadas.

Aplicación de materiales zeolíticos en el reciclado químico de residuos plásticos

La utilización de los plásticos ha crecido dramáticamente durante los últimos 30 años y en forma paralela también se ha incrementado el volumen de desperdicios provenientes de los mismos. La distribución individual de los mismos en los residuos domiciliarios varía de acuerdo al origen socioeconómico de los grupos sociales, oscilando entre 39-47% de polietileno PE, 27-41% de polietilentereftalato PET, 5-12% de poliestireno PS, 10-15% de polipropileno PP, entre otros; ocupando entre 9-12% de los desperdicios en rellenos sanitarios (expresado en porcentajes en peso). Para el aprovechamiento de los residuos plásticos existen diferentes opciones, de las cuales el reciclado químico aparece como la alternativa más prometedora tanto ambiental como económica. Dentro del reciclado químico de los desechos plásticos, se encuentra el craqueo catalítico, que es un proceso a partir del cual se pueden obtener hidrocarburos líquidos y gaseosos de gran valor agregado, a partir de la adición de catalizadores, lo cual mejora la tecnología puramente térmica, ya que el espectro en la distribución de productos es mucho más reducido, permitiendo alcanzar mayor selectividad hacia ciertos productos en función de las características del catalizador utilizado, reduciendo los tiempos de reacción y las temperaturas del proceso a 350-550°C. En la presente investigación se propone la síntesis de materiales catalíticos a medida con base en materiales microporosos (Zeolitas), para la transformación de residuos plásticos en hidrocarburos de interés para la industria petroquímica o combustibles. Los materiales catalíticos (del tipo ZSM-11, BETA) se prepararán por técnicas hidrotérmicas, a los cuales se les incorporarán funciones activas (H, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni, Mn) empleando tratamientos químicos y térmicos. Se caracterizarán mediante el empleo de diversas técnicas fisicoquímicas, tales como Difracción de rayos X, Absorción Atómica, Análisis Térmicos, Espectroscopía Infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier, BET, Microscopía de barrido electrónico con microsonda y Mediciones de propiedades magnéticas ( a temperatura ambiente con variación de campo y a campo constante con variación de temperatura). Finalmente estos materiales se emplearán en la transformación de residuos plásticos (PEBD, PEAD y mezclas de los mismos) a hidrocarburos aromáticos y cortes de combustibles. Se estudiará de las influencia de condiciones operativas (reactor de lecho fijo a presión atmosférica, temperaturas de reacción, tiempos de reacción, relación polímero/catalizador, etc.), a los fines de optimizar el sistema catalítico. Aquellos catalizadores que presenten mejor comportamiento para el proceso, serán evaluados a bajos tiempos de contacto en un reactor discontinuo de lecho fluidizado, denominado Simulador de Riser.

Aplicación de materiales zeolíticos en el reciclado químico de residuos plásticos

La utilización de los plásticos ha crecido dramáticamente durante los últimos 30 años y en forma paralela también se ha incrementado el volumen de desperdicios provenientes de los mismos. La distribución individual de los mismos en los residuos domiciliarios varía de acuerdo al origen socioeconómico de los grupos sociales, oscilando entre 39-47% de polietileno PE, 27-41% de polietilentereftalato PET, 5-12% de poliestireno PS, 10-15% de polipropileno PP, entre otros; ocupando entre 9-12% de los desperdicios en rellenos sanitarios (expresado en porcentajes en peso). Para el aprovechamiento de los residuos plásticos existen diferentes opciones, de las cuales el reciclado químico aparece como la alternativa más prometedora tanto ambiental como económica. Dentro del reciclado químico de los desechos plásticos, se encuentra el craqueo catalítico, que es un proceso a partir del cual se pueden obtener hidrocarburos líquidos y gaseosos de gran valor agregado, a partir de la adición de catalizadores, lo cual mejora la tecnología puramente térmica, ya que el espectro en la distribución de productos es mucho más reducido, permitiendo alcanzar mayor selectividad hacia ciertos productos en función de las características del catalizador utilizado, reduciendo los tiempos de reacción y las temperaturas del proceso a 350-550°C. En la presente investigación se propone la síntesis de materiales catalíticos a medida con base en materiales microporosos (Zeolitas), para la transformación de residuos plásticos en hidrocarburos de interés para la industria petroquímica o combustibles. Los materiales catalíticos (del tipo ZSM-11, BETA) se prepararán por técnicas hidrotérmicas, a los cuales se les incorporarán funciones activas (H, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni, Mn) empleando tratamientos químicos y térmicos. Se caracterizarán mediante el empleo de diversas técnicas fisicoquímicas, tales como Difracción de rayos X, Absorción Atómica, Análisis Térmicos, Espectroscopía Infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier, BET, Microscopía de barrido electrónico con microsonda y Mediciones de propiedades magnéticas ( a temperatura ambiente con variación de campo y a campo constante con variación de temperatura). Finalmente estos materiales se emplearán en la transformación de residuos plásticos (PEBD, PEAD y mezclas de los mismos) a hidrocarburos aromáticos y cortes de combustibles. Se estudiará de las influencia de condiciones operativas (reactor de lecho fijo a presión atmosférica, temperaturas de reacción, tiempos de reacción, relación polímero/catalizador, etc.), a los fines de optimizar el sistema catalítico. Aquellos catalizadores que presenten mejor comportamiento para el proceso, serán evaluados a bajos tiempos de contacto en un reactor discontinuo de lecho fluidizado, denominado Simulador de Riser.

Degradación de efluentes de las industrias del cuero y textil mediante procesos fotocatalíticos heterogéneos empleando la luz solar. Degradation of effluents from the leather and textile industries through heterogeneous photocatalytic processes using sunlight.

El creciente desarrollo de la industria del cuero y textil en nuestro país, y específicamente en la provincia de Córdoba, ha hecho resurgir en los ultimos años una problemática aún no resuelta que es la elevada contaminación de los recursos hídricos. En ambas industrias, la operación de teñido involucra principalmente colorantes de tipo azoico los cuales son "no biodegradables" y se fragmentan liberando aminas aromáticas cancerígenas. Para abordar esta problemática, la fotocatálisis heterogénea aparece como una nueva tecnología que permitiría la completa mineralización de estos colorantes. A través de radiación y un fotocatalizador sólido adecuado se pueden generan radicales libres eficientes para la oxidación de materia orgánica (colorantes) en medio acuoso. En este sentido, se proponen tamices moleculares mesoporosos modificados con metales de transición (MT) como fotocatalizadores potencialmente aptos para la degradación de estos contaminantes. El propósito principal de este proyecto es el diseño, síntesis, caracterización y evaluación de materiales mesoporosos que presenten actividad fotocatalítica ya sea mediante la modificación de su estructura con diversos metales fotosensibles y/o empleándolos como soporte de óxido de titanio. Se pretende evaluar estos materiales en la degradación de colorantes intentando desplazar su fotosensibilidad hacia la radiación visible para desarrollar nuevas tecnologías con menor impacto ambiental y mayor aprovechamiento de la energía solar. Para ello se sintetizarán materiales del tipo MCM-41 modificados con distintos MT tales como Fe, Cr, Co, Ni y Zn mediante incorporación directa del ión metálico o impregnación. Al mismo tiempo, tanto estos últimos materiales como el MCM-41 silíceo serán empleados como soporte de TiO2. Sus propiedades fisicoquímicas se caracterizarán mediante distintas técnicas instrumentales y su actividad fotocatalítica se evaluará en la degradación de colorantes azoicos bajo radiación visible. Se seleccionará el catalizador más eficiente y se estudiarán los diversos factores que afectan el proceso de fotodegradación. Así mismo, el análisis de la concentración del colorante y los productos presentes en el medio en función del tiempo de reacción permitirá inferir sobre la cinética de la decoloración y postular posibles mecanismos de fotodegradación. Con esta propuesta se espera contribuír al desarrollo de un sector industrial importante en nuestra provincia como es el de las industrias del cuero y textil, mediante la generación de nuevas tecnologías que empleen la energía solar para la degradación de sus efluentes (colorantes). En este sentido, se espera desarrollar nuevos materiales optimizados para lograr la mayor eficiencia fotocatalítica. Esto conduciría entonces hacia la remediación de un problema ambiental de alto impacto tanto para nuestra provincia y nuestro país como para la población mundial, como es la contaminación de los recursos hídricos. Finalmente, con este proyecto se contribuirá a la formación de dos doctorandos y un maestrando, cuyos temas de tesis están vinculados con nuestro objeto de estudio. The increasing development of the textile and leather industries in our country, and specifically in Córdoba, has revived an unresolved problem that is the high contamination of water resources. In both industries, the dyeing involves mainly type azoic dyes which are not biodegradable and break releasing carcinogenic aromatic amines. Heterogeneous photocatalysis appears as a new technology that would allow the complete mineralization of these pollutants. Through radiation and a suitable solid it is possible to generate free radicals for efficient oxidation of organic matter (dyes) in aqueous medium. In this respect, mesoporous molecular sieves modified with transition metals are proposed as potential photocatalysts. The main purpose of this project is the synthesis of mesoporous materials having photocatalytic activity for the degradation of dyes. We will try to move their photosensitivity to visible radiation to develop new technologies with lower environmental impact and greater use of solar energy. Materials MCM-41 modified with metals (Fe, Cr, Co, Ni and Zn) will be synthesized by direct incorporation or impregnation. These materials and the siliceous MCM-41 will be then employed as support of TiO2. The materials will be evaluated in the photocatalytic degradation of azoic dyes under visible radiation. The influence of different factors on the photodegradation proccess will be studied. Kinetic studies will be carried out and a possible reaction way will be proposed. Thus, this work will contribute to the advancement of an important industrial sector and the remediation of an environmental problem with high impact for our province and our country. Moreover, this proyect will contribute to the development of two doctoral tesis and one magister tesis which are vinculated with our study subject.

Investigation into the potential for establishing a self-sustainable wetland ecosystem over pyritic mine tailings

Research was conducted to investigate the potential for ecologically engineering a sustainable wetland ecosystem over pyritic mine tailings to prevent the generation of acid mine drainage. Ecological engineering is technology with the primary goal being the creation of self-sustainable ecological systems. Work involved the design and construction of a pilot-scale wetland system comprising three wetland cells, each covering 100 m2. Approximately forty tonnes of pyritic mine tailings were deposited on the base of the first cell above a synthetic liner, covered with peat, flooded and planted with emergent wetland macrophytes Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, and Juncus effusus. The second cell was constructed as a conventional free water surface wetland, planted identically, and used as a reference wetland/experimental control. Wetland monitoring to determine long-term sustainability focused on indicators of ecosystem health including ecological, hydrological, physico-chemical, geochemical, and biotic metrics. An integrated assessment was conducted that involved field ecology in addition to ecological risk assessment. The objective of the field ecology study was to use vegetative parameters as ecological indicators for documenting wetlands success or degradation. The goal of the risk assessment was to determine if heavy-metal contamination of the wetland sediments occurred through metal mobilisation from the underlying tailings, and to evaluate if subsequent water column chemistry and biotic metal concentrations were significantly correlated with adverse wetland ecosystem impacts. Data were used to assess heavy metal bioavailability within the system as a function of metal speciation in the wetland sediments. Results indicate hydrology is the most important variable in the design and establishment of the tailings wetland and suggest a wetland cover is an ecologically viable alternative for pyritic tailings which are feasible to flood. Ecological data indicate that in terms of species richness and diversity, the tailings-wetland was exhibiting the ecological characteristics of natural wetlands within two years. Ata indicate that pH and conductivity in the tailings-wetland were not adversely impacted by the acid-generating potential or sulphate concentration of the tailings substrate and its porewater. Similarly, no enhanced seasonal impacts from sulphate or metals in the water column, nor adverse impacts on the final water quality of the outflows, were detected. Mean total metal concentrations in the sediments of the tailings-wetland indicate no significant adverse mobilisation of metals into the peat substrate from the tailings. Correlation analyses indicate a general increase in sediment metal concentration in this wetland with increasing water depth and pH, and a corresponding decrease in the metal concentrations of the water column. Sediment extractions also showed enrichment of Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn in the oxidisable fraction (including sulphides and organic matter) of the tailings-wetland sediments. These data suggest that adsorption and coprecipitation of metals is occurring from the water column of the tailings wetland with organic material at increasing depths under reducing conditions. The long-term control of metal bioavailability in the tailings wetland will likely be related to the presence and continual build-up of organic carbon binding sites in the developing wetland above the tailings. Metal speciation including free-metal ion concentration and the impact of physico-chemical parameters particularly pH and organic matter, were investigated to assess ecotoxicological risk. Results indicate that potentially bioavailable metals (the sum of the exchangeable and reducible fractions) within the tailings wetland are similar to values cited for natural wetlands. Estimated free-metal ion concentrations calculated from geochemical regression models indicate lower free-metal ion concentrations of Cd in the tailings wetland than natural wetlands and slightly higher free-metal ion concentrations of Pb and Zn. Increased concentrations of metals in roots, rhizomes and stems of emergent macrophytes did not occur in the tailings wetland. Even though a substantial number of Typha latifolia plants were found rooting directly into tailings, elevated metals were not found in these plant tissues. Phragmites also did not exhibit elevated metal concentrations in any plant tissues. Typha and Phragmites populations appear to be exhibiting metal-tolerant behaviour. The chemistry of the water column and sediments in Silvermines wetland were also investigated and were much more indicative of a wetland system impacted by heavy metal contamination than the tailings-wetland. Mean Dc, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn concentrations in the water column and sediments of Silvermines wetlands were substantially higher than in the pilot wetlands and closely approximate concentrations in these matrices contaminated with metals from mining. In addition, mean sulphate concentration in Silvermines wetland was substantially higher and is closer to sulphate concentrations in waters associated with mining. Potentially bioavailable metals were substantially elevated in Silvermines wetland in comparison to the pilot wetlands and higher than those calculated for natural rive sediments. However, Fe oxy-hydroxide concentrations in Silvermines sediments are also much higher than in the pilot wetlands and this significantly impacts the concentration of free-metal ions in the sediment porewater. The free-metal ion concentrations for Pb and Zn indicate that Silvermines wetland is retaining metals and acting as a treatment wetland for drainage emanating from Silvermines tailings dam.

Microdeterminação do arsênico

Studying the application of those methods of microanalysis which avoid costly instalations and atempting to combine high precision with low cost, the author recomends a new method consisting of the following : a) exposure of a surface of 530.66 mm2 of Zn to the action of the acid. b) instalation of 3 series of HgBr2 paper in test tubes with an internal diameter of respectively 3,5 and 9 mm. c - mouting between two slides, covering the margins (with parafin etc.) with parafin in order to conserve the results of the determination without change due to the action of light or moisture. d) the results can be compared at a level of 0.00001 mgr. A203 or 0.000007575 mgr. As.

Nitrificação e aproveitamento de alguns adubos nitrogenados

The rate of nitrification of several nitrogenous fertilizers (ammonium sulfate, nitre-chalk, ureia, and cottonseed meal) was studied in three soils, namely, "terra roxa legítima", a red soil derived from basalt, "terra roxa misturada", a soil also derived from basalt but with a higher proportion of sand, and "areito Corumbataí", a sandy soil. The effects of the following treatments on nitrification were considered: addition of limestone of micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mo), and inoculation with a suspension of spores of Aspergillus wentii, a heterotrophic nitrifier. The results showed that: in "terra roxa legítima" limestone had no influence on the nitrification rate, whereas the micronutrients estimulated the oxidation of nitre-chalk, cottonseed meal and urea; inoculation with A. wentii helped only the nitrification of ammonium sulfate and of the cottonseed meal; the latter, in all the treatments employed gave use to a smaller amount of nitrates; in "terra roxa misturada", all the fertilizers depending upon the treatments they were subjected to, presented maximum values for nitrification; limestone estimulated the oxidation of ammonium sulfate as well as the mineralization of the cottonseed meal; the addition of micronutrients helped the nitrification of all the fertilizers, except that of urea; inoculation showed a benefical influence on the nitrification of ammonium sulfate and cottonseed meal; in "arenito de Corumbatai", the amounts of nitrates produced was roughly the same for all the fertilizers investigated; limestone estimulated the nitrification of nitro-chalk, ammonium sulfate and cottonseed meal whilst the addition of micronutrients benefited only the latter two; the inoculation with A. wentii helped the oxidation of all the fertilizers. In order to study the availability of the various fertilizers above discussed, two plant growing experiments were carried cut, one in pots, using the three soil types and another one in the field, with "terra roxa misturada". In "arenito de Corumbatai" there was no significant difference in the yield both of straw and rice grains for none of the fertilizers: Chilean nitrate of soda was used as a control; ho marked agreement could be detected between the data concerning nitrification and the yield results. In "terra roxa legítima", ammonium sulfate won the competition and there was a good parallelism between nitrification and yield. In "terra roxa misturada", there was no statistical difference among the various fertilizers; the agreement between nitrification and yields was reasonable. In the field (corn), Chilean nitrate, ammonium sulfate and nitro-chalk were clearly beter than urea and cottonseed meal which did not differ from the minus nitrogen plots.

Estudos sobre a alimentação mineral do cafeeiro: VI Efeitos das deficiências de micronutrientes em Coffea arabica L. var. Mundo Novo cultivado em solução nutritiva

Young coffee plants (Coffea arabica L., var. Mundo Novo) were grown in nutrient solution purified from micronutrients contaminants by the method of MUNNS & JOHNSON (1960). All plants, except those in the control treatment, wer given all macronutrients and all micronutrients except one which was omitted in order to induce its shortage. Symptoms of deficiency were obtained for all known micronutrients but chlorine. Measurements, observations and chemical analysis of leaves allowed the following main conclusions to be drawn. 1. The relative influence of micronutrients in growth-measured by the fresh weight of the entire plant - was as follows: -Fe -Zn -Cu -Mo -Mn complete = -B = -CI. that is: the omission of iron from the nutrient solution caused the severest reduction in growth; lack of B and Cl had no effect. 2. Symptoms of deficiency of B, Fe, Mn, and Zn were found to be in good agreement with those in the literature. Effects of Cu and Mo shortage, however, had not been described so far: In the case of the Cu-deficient plants, the younger leaves were distorted, having an "S" shape, due probably to lack of growth of the veins; they lost their green color and developed rather large, necrotic patches near the margins. When molybdenum was omitted from the nutrient solution yellow spots develop near the margen of subterminal (fully mature) leaves; they became necrotic; there was a characteristic downward curling of the leaf blade along the mid rib so that the opposite edges touched each other underneath. 3. The levels of micronutrients found in normal and deficient leaves are given in Table 4. It is hoped that those values will serve as a basis of judgement of micronutrient contents found in leaves of field grown plants.

Estudos sôbre alimentação mineral do cafeeiro: VIII. Estudo da absorção e da translocação do radiozinco no cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.)

WATER-CULTURE EXPERIMENTS. Two water-culture experiments were carried out to study the absorption and the translocation of radiozinc in young coffee plants as influenced by two factors, namely, concentration of heavy metals (iron, man ganese, copper and molybdenum) and method of application. Inert zinc was supplied at an uniform rate of 0. 05 p. p. m.; the levels of iron supply were 0, 1.0, and 10.0 p. p.m.; manganese was supplied in three doses 0, 0.5, and 5.0 p. p.m.; copper- 0, 0. 02, and 0. 2 p. p. m.; molybdenum- 0, 0. 01, and 0. 1 p. p. m. When applied to the nutrient solution the activity os the radiozinc (as zinc chloride) was 0. 15 microcuries per plant. In the study of the leaf absorption, Zn65 was supplied at the level of 0. 10 microcuries per plant; in this case the radioative material was brushed either on the lower or on the upper surface or both two pairs of mature leaves. The absorption period was 8 weeks. The radioactivity assay showed the following results: 1 - Among the heavy metals herein investigated the iron concentration did not affect the uptake of the radiozinc; by raising the level of Mn, Cu and Mo ten times, the absorption dropped to 50 per cent and even more when compared with the control plants; when, however, these micronutrients were omitted from the nutrient solution, an increase in the uptake of zinc was registered in the minus Cu treatment only. The effects of high levels of Mn, Cu and Mo probably indicate an interionic competition for a same site on a common binding substance in the cell surface. 2 - The absorption of the radiozinc directly applied to the leaf surface reached levels as high as 8 times that registered when the root uptake took place. Among the three methods of application which have been tried, brushing the lower surface of the leaves proved to be the most effective; this result is easily understood since the stomatal openings of the coffee leaves an preferentially located in the lower surface - in this treatment, about 40 per cent of the activity was absorved and around 12 per cent were translocated either to the old or to the newer organs. Chemical analyses for heavy metals, were carried out only in the plants received Zn65Cl2 in the nutrient solution; the results were as follows; 1 - Control plants had, per 1,000 gm, of dry weight the following amounts in mg.: Zn- 48 in the roots and 29 in the tops; Fe- 165 in the roots and 9 in the tops; Mn- 58 in the roots and 15 in the tops, Cu- 15 in the roots and 1. 2 in the tops; Mo- 2. 8 in the roots and 0. 45 in the tops. 2 - The effect of different levels of micronutrients in the composition of the plants can be summarized as follows: Fe and Zn- when omitted from the nutrient solution, the iron and zinc contents in the roots decreased, no variation being noted in the tops; the higher dosis caused an accumulation in the roots but no apparent effect in the tops; Mn- by omitting this micronutrient a decrease in its content in the roots was noted, where as the concentration in the tops was the same; Mo- no variation in roots and tops contents when molybdenum was omitted; higher dosis of manganese and molybdenum increased the amounts formed both in the roots and in the tops. 3 - The influence of the different concentrations of micronutrients heavy metals on the zinc content of the coffee plants can be described by saying that: Fe and Mo- no marked variation; Mn- no effect when omitted, reduced amount when the high dosis was supplied; Mn- when the plants did not receive manganese the zinc content in roots and tops was the same as in the control plants; a decrease in the zinc content of the total plant occurred when the high dosis was employed; Cu -the situation is similar to that described for manganese. Hence, results showed by the chemical analyses roughly correspond to those of the radioactivity assay; the use of the tracer technique, however, gave best informations along this line. SOIL-POTS EXPERIMENTS. The two types of soils which when selected support the most extensive coffee plantations in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: "arenito de Bauru", a light sandy soil and "terra roxa legitima", a red soil derived from basalt. Besides NPK containing salts, the coffee plants were given two doses of inert zinc (65 and 130 mg ZnCl2 per pot) and radiozinc at a total activity of 10(6) counts/minute. The results of the countings can be summarized as follows: 1 - When plants were grown in "arenito de Bauru" the activity absorbed as per cent of the total activity supplied was not affected by the dosis of inert zinc. The highest value found was around 0. 1 per cent. 2 - For the "terra roxa" plants, the situation is almost the same; there was, however, a slight increase in the absorption of the radiozinc when 130 mgm of ZnClg2 was given: a little above 0. 2 per cent of the activity supplied was absorbed. The results clearly show that the young coffee plants practically did not absorb none of the zinc supplied; two reasons at least could be pointed out to explain such a fact: 1 - Zinc fixation by an exchange with magnesium or by filling holes in the octahedral layer of aluminosilicates, probably kaolinite; 2 - No need for fertilizer zinc in the particular stage of life cycle under which the experiment was set up. The data from chemical analysis are roughly parallel to the above mentioned. When one attempts to compare - by taking data herein reported zinc uptake from nutrient solution, leaf brushing or from fertilizers in the soil, a practical conclusion can be drawn: the control of zinc deficiency in coffee plants should not be done by adding the zinc salts to the soil; in other words: the soil applications used so extensively in other countries seem not to be suitable for our conditions; hence zinc sprays should be used wherever necessary.

Algumas exigências metabólicas de Pseudomonas denitrificans

Para estudos da bioquímica da desnitrificação os desnitrificadores são cultivados em meio parcialmente sintético, com extrato de levedura ou de carne ou ainda peptona. Procurou-se então um meio de cultura completamente sintético no qual P. denitrificans pudesse desenvolver-se e fazer desnitrificação. Para tanto, células de um "strain" dessa bactéria foram crescidas durantes, 24 e 48 horas em tubos de ensaio contendo 10 ml de meio de cultura consistindo de succinato de sódio, nitrato de potássio, extrato de levedura o tampão de fosfato 1M, valôr pH 6,8. Dêsse meio (controle) 0,1 ml foi inoculado em 10 ml do meio de cultura em estudo, mantido então em condições parcialmente anaeróbicas. Após 24 horas uma alíquota foi retirada e suspensa em água destilada e a turbidês lida em espectrofotômetro Beckman, a 420 my. Os dados obtidos após longa série de ensaios permitiram concluir que a fim de se obter em 48 horas um crescimento da mesma ordem que o obtido com o meio controle, o meio de cultura sintético deve conter micronutrientes (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, B e Mo, em EDTA), sulfato de sódio, sulfato de magnésio e ácido glutâmico, além de KNO3, succinato e tampão de fosfato.

A concentração e a quantidade de micronutrientes e de alumínio no cafeeiro, Coffea arabica, L., variedade mundo novo (B.Rodr.) Choussy, aos dez anos de idade

O presente trabalho relata os dados obtidos sôbre a concentração e a quantidade de micronutrientes, boro (B), cloro (Cl), cobre (Cu), ferro (Fe), manganês (Mn), molibdênio (Mo) e zinco (Zn), no tronco, ramos, fôlhas e frutos do cafeeiro, Coffea arabica, L., variedade mundo novo (B.Rodr.) Choussy, aos dez anos de idade e crescendo em solo latosólico da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba. Além dos micronutrientes, são apresentados dados sobre a concentração e a quantidade de alumínio, nas citadas partes do cafeeiro.

Estudos sobre a alimentação mineral do algodoeiro. II. Deficiências de micronutrientes na variedade I. A. C. 11

No sentido de se obter o quadro sintomatológico da carência dos micronutrientes, assim como dados analíticos, cultivou-se em solução nutritiva purificada plantas de algodão da variedade I. A. C. 11. Foi obtido o quadro sintomatológico das carências de B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo e Zn. A análise química das folhas novas afetadas pelas carências apresentou os seguintes valores (ppm): B=33; Cu=4,8; Fe=238; Mn=8,7; Mo = 0,12: Zn=25,2.

Absorção de nutrientes pela amoreira Morus alba L

Com o intuito de se conhecer os teores porcentuais dos macronutrientes e as concentrações em ppm dos micronutrientes; assim como, a quantidade total dos nutrientes extraída pela cultura da amoreira (Morus alba L.), colheu-se folhas e ramos de um certo número de pés em épocas diferentes. O material após analisado revelou que o N apresenta-se em maior concentração, sendo seguido pelo K, Ca, Mg, P e S. Dentre os micronutrientes o Fe apresentou maior concentração, seguido pelo Mh, Zn, B e Cu. Os autores determinaram que uma planta de amoreira extraiu as seguintes quantidades dos nutrientes: N-22g; P-l,6g; K-18,5g; Ca-13,3g; Mg-3,5g; S-1,2g; B-4,7ug; Cu-6,5ug; Fe-109ug; Mn-70,6ug; Zn-30ug.

Absorção de nutrientes por duas variedades de maracujá

Com a finalidade de aquilatar a absorção de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), enxofre (S), boro (B), Cobre (Cu), ferro Fe), manganês (Mn) e zinco (Zn), sementes das variedades de maracujá, Passiflora edulis, Sims e Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa, Deneger, "amarelo" e "roxo" foram postas a germinar. Quando as plantas atingirem 75 dias de idade foram transplantadas para um regossol, série Sertãozinho. Todas as plantas foram convenientemente adubadas e receberam os tratos culturais necessários. Certo número de plantas de ambas variedades foram coletadas a partir dos 75 dias até aos 370 dias com intervalos de 30 dias e analisadas para os elementos citados. Observou-se que até aos 190 dias, as plantas crescem pouco, intensificando o crescimento após esta idade. A extração dos nutrientes acentuou-se após aos 250 dias, com ênfase para nitrogênio, potássio e cálcio. São apresentados as concentrações dos macronutrientes em porcentagem e dos micronutrientes em ppm, na raiz, caule, folha e fruto de ambas as variedades, em função de seu crescimento. As quantidades máximas retiradas pelas variedades "amarelo" e "roxo" para uma população de 1.500 pés por hectare foram: N-205 kg; P-18 kg; K-184 kg; Ca-173 kg; Mg-16 kg; S-25 kg; B-295 g; Cu-198 g; Fe-779 g; Mn-2.810 g; Zn-316 g.