P300 in workers exposed to occupational noise

The harm upon the central auditory pathways of workers exposed to occupational noise has been scarcely studied. Objective: To assess the central auditory pathways by testing the long latency auditory evoked potentials (P300) of individuals exposed to occupational noise and controls. Method: This prospective study enrolled 25 individuals with normal hearing thresholds. The subjects were divided into two groups: individuals exposed to occupational noise (13 subjects; case group) and individuals not exposed to occupational noise (12 subjects; control group). The P300 test was used with verbal and non-verbal stimuli. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between ears for any of the stimuli or between groups. The groups had no statistically significant difference for verbal or non-verbal stimuli. Case group subjects had longer latencies than controls. In qualitative analysis, a greater number of altered P300 test results for verbal and non-verbal stimuli was seen in the case group, despite the absence of statistically significant differences between case and control subjects. Conclusion: Individuals exposed to high sound pressure levels had longer P300 latencies in verbal and non-verbal stimuli when compared to controls.

Calculations of the spectral shifts and line profiles of alkaline earth atoms in liquid helium environment

Liquid configurations generated by Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations are used in time-dependent density functional theory calculations of the spectral line shifts and line profiles of the lowest lying excitation of the alkaline earth atoms, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba embedded in liquid helium. The results are in very good agreement with the available experimental data. Special attention is given to the calculated spectroscopic shift and the associated line broadening. The analysis specifies the inhomogeneous broadening of the three separate contributions due to the splitting of the s -> p transition of the alkaline earth atom in the liquid environment. (C) 2012 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Shifts in phylogenetic diversity of archaeal communities in mangrove sediments at different sites and depths in southeastern Brazil

This study focused on the structure and composition of archaeal communities in sediments of tropical mangroves in order to obtain sufficient insight into two Brazilian sites from different locations (one pristine and another located in an urban area) and at different depth levels from the surface. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments was used to scan the archaeal community structure, and 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were used to determine the community composition. Redundancy analysis of T-RFLP patterns revealed differences in archaeal community structure according to location, depth and soil attributes. Parameters such as pH, organic matter, potassium and magnesium presented significant correlation with general community structure. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis revealed a community composition distributed differently according to depth where, in shallow samples, 74.3% of sequences were affiliated with Euryarchaeota and 25.7% were shared between Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, while for the deeper samples, 24.3% of the sequences were affiliated with Euryarchaeota and 75.7% with Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota. Archaeal diversity measurements based on 16S rRNA gene clone libraries decreased with increasing depth and there was a greater difference between depths (<18% of sequences shared) than sites (>25% of sequences shared). Taken together, our findings indicate that mangrove ecosystems support a diverse archaeal community; it might possibly be involved in nutrient cycles and are affected by sediment properties, depth and distinct locations. (C) 2012 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Polyphyly of the hawk genera Leucopternis and Buteogallus (Aves, Accipitridae): multiple habitat shifts during the Neotropical buteonine diversification

Abstract Background The family Accipitridae (hawks, eagles and Old World vultures) represents a large radiation of predatory birds with an almost global distribution, although most species of this family occur in the Neotropics. Despite great morphological and ecological diversity, the evolutionary relationships in the family have been poorly explored at all taxonomic levels. Using sequences from four mitochondrial genes (12S, ATP8, ATP6, and ND6), we reconstructed the phylogeny of the Neotropical forest hawk genus Leucopternis and most of the allied genera of Neotropical buteonines. Our goals were to infer the evolutionary relationships among species of Leucopternis, estimate their relationships to other buteonine genera, evaluate the phylogenetic significance of the white and black plumage patterns common to most Leucopternis species, and assess general patterns of diversification of the group with respect to species' affiliations with Neotropical regions and habitats. Results Our molecular phylogeny for the genus Leucopternis and its allies disagrees sharply with traditional taxonomic arrangements for the group, and we present new hypotheses of relationships for a number of species. The mtDNA phylogenetic trees derived from analysis of the combined data posit a polyphyletic relationship among species of Leucopternis, Buteogallus and Buteo. Three highly supported clades containing Leucopternis species were recovered in our phylogenetic reconstructions. The first clade consisted of the sister pairs L. lacernulatus and Buteogallus meridionalis, and Buteogallus urubitinga and Harpyhaliaetus coronatus, in addition to L. schistaceus and L. plumbeus. The second clade included the sister pair Leucopternis albicollis and L. occidentalis as well as L. polionotus. The third lineage comprised the sister pair L. melanops and L. kuhli, in addition to L. semiplumbeus and Buteo buteo. According to our results, the white and black plumage patterns have evolved at least twice in the group. Furthermore, species found to the east and west of the Andes (cis-Andean and trans-Andean, respectively) are not reciprocally monophyletic, nor are forest and non-forest species. Conclusion The polyphyly of Leucopternis, Buteogallus and Buteo establishes a lack of concordance of current Accipitridae taxonomy with the mtDNA phylogeny for the group, and points to the need for further phylogenetic analysis at all taxonomic levels in the family as also suggested by other recent analyses. Habitat shifts, as well as cis- and trans-Andean disjunctions, took place more than once during buteonine diversification in the Neotropical region. Overemphasis of the black and white plumage patterns has led to questionable conclusions regarding the relationships of Leucopternis species, and suggests more generally that plumage characters should be used with considerable caution in the taxonomic evaluation of the Accipitridae.

Hepatitis B revaccination for healthcare workers who are anti-HBs-negative after receiving a primary vaccination series

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the response to hepatitis B (HB) revaccination of healthcare workers (HCW) who are negative for antibodies to HB surface antigen (anti-HBs) after a complete vaccination series. METHODS: HCW whose anti-HBs test was performed > 90 days after a HB vaccination course were given a 4th dose. A post-vaccination test was done within 30 to 90 days. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy HCW were enrolled: 126 (74.1%) were anti-HBs-positive after the 4th dose. CONCLUSIONS: Rechecking anti-HBs after the 4th HB vaccine dose is a practical approach in case of post-vaccination tests performed >90 days after the full vaccination course.

Emissions generated by sugarcane burning promote genotoxicity in rural workers: a case study in Barretos, Brazil

Abstract Background To determine the possible genotoxic effect of exposure to the smoke generated by biomass burning on workers involved in manual sugar cane harvesting. Methods The frequency of micronuclei in exfoliated buccal cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined in sugarcane workers in the Barretos region of Brazil, during the harvest season and compared to a control population, comprised of administrative employees of Barretos Cancer Hospital. Results The frequency of micronuclei was higher in the sugar cane workers. The mean frequency in blood lymphocytes (micronuclei/1000 cells) in the test group was 8.22 versus 1.27 in the control group. The same effect was observed when exfoliated buccal cells were considered (22.75 and 9.70 micronuclei/1000 cells for sugar cane workers and controls, respectively). Conclusion Exposure to emissions produced by the burning of sugar cane during harvesting induces genomic instability in workers, indicating the necessity of adopting more advanced techniques of harvesting sugar cane to preserve human health.

Endotoxin exposure during sensitization to Blomia tropicalis allergens shifts TH2 immunity towards a TH17-mediated airway neutrophilic inflammation: role of TLR4 and TLR2

Experimental evidence and epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (eLPS) or other TLR agonists prevent asthma. We have previously shown in the OVA-model of asthma that eLPS administration during alum-based allergen sensitization blocked the development of lung TH2 immune responses via MyD88 pathway and IL-12/IFN-γ axis. In the present work we determined the effect of eLPS exposure during sensitization to a natural airborne allergen extract derived from the house dust mite Blomia tropicalis (Bt). Mice were subcutaneously sensitized with Bt allergens co-adsorbed onto alum with or without eLPS and challenged twice intranasally with Bt. Cellular and molecular parameters of allergic lung inflammation were evaluated 24 h after the last Bt challenge. Exposure to eLPS but not to ultrapure LPS (upLPS) preparation during sensitization to Bt allergens decreased the influx of eosinophils and increased the influx of neutrophils to the airways. Inhibition of airway eosinophilia was not observed in IFN-γdeficient mice while airway neutrophilia was not observed in IL-17RA-deficient mice as well in mice lacking MyD88, CD14, TLR4 and, surprisingly, TLR2 molecules. Notably, exposure to a synthetic TLR2 agonist (PamCSK4) also induced airway neutrophilia that was dependent on TLR2 and TLR4 molecules. In the OVA model, exposure to eLPS or PamCSK4 suppressed OVA-induced airway inflammation. Our results suggest that B. tropicalis allergens engage TLR4 that potentiates TLR2 signaling. This dual TLR activation during sensitization results in airway neutrophilic inflammation associated with increased frequency of lung TH17 cells. Our work highlight the complex interplay between bacterial products, house dust mite allergens and TLR signaling in the induction of different phenotypes of airway inflammation.

Do the size shifts of marine macroalgae match the warming trends in the Canary Islands?

Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canary Islands

Habitat shifts: an experimental study on disappearing canopies of Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agard and the habitat replacing them

Cambiamenti di habitat in ambienti marini: uno studio sperimentale sulla perdita di foreste a Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh e sui popolamenti che le sostituiscono La presente tesi affronta il tema scientifico generale di come prevedere e mitigare la perdita di habitat marini naturali causata dalle attività umane. La tesi si è focalizzata sugli habitat subtidali a “canopy” formati da macroalghe brune a tallo eretto dell’ordine Fucales, che per morfologia, ruolo ed importanza ecologica possono essere paragonate alle “foreste” in ambienti terrestri temperati. Questi sistemi sono tra i più produttivi in ambienti marini, e sono coinvolti in importanti processi ecologici, offrendo cibo, protezione, riparo ed ancoraggio a diverse altre specie animali e vegetali, modificando i gradienti naturali di luce, sedimentazione e idrodinamismo, e partecipando al ciclo dei nutrienti. Sulle coste temperate di tutto il mondo, le foreste di macroalghe a canopy sono in forte regressione su scala locale, regionale e globale. Questo fenomeno, che sta accelerando a un ritmo sempre più allarmante, sta sollevando interesse e preoccupazione. Infatti, data la loro importanza, la perdita di questi habitat può avere importanti conseguenze ecologiche ed economiche, tra cui anche il possibile declino della pesca che è stato osservato in alcune aree in seguito alla conseguente riduzione della produttività complessiva dei sistemi marini costieri. Nel Mar Mediterraneo questi tipi di habitat sono originati prevalentemente da alghe appartenenti al genere Cystoseira, che sono segnalate in forte regressione in molte regioni. Gli habitat a Cystoseira che ancora persistono continuano ad essere minacciati da una sineregia di impatti antropici, ed i benefici complessivi delle misure di protezione fin ora attuate sono relativamente scarsi. Scopo della presente tesi era quello di documentare la perdita di habitat a Cystoseira (prevalentemente Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh) lungo le coste del Monte Conero (Mar Adriatico centrale, Italia), e chiarire alcuni dei possibili meccanismi alla base di tale perdita. Studi precedentemente condotti nell’area di studio avevano evidenziato importanti cambiamenti nella composizione floristica e della distribuzione di habitat a Cystoseira in quest’area, e avevano suggerito che la scarsa capacità di recupero di questi sistemi potesse essere regolata da interazioni tra Cystoseira e le nuove specie dominanti sui substrati lasciati liberi dalla perdita di Cystoseira. Attraverso ripetute mappature dell’habitat condotte a partire da Luglio 2008 fino a Giugno 2010, ho documentato la perdita progressiva delle poche, e sempre più frammentate, patch di habitat originate da questa specie in due siti chiamati La Vela e Due Sorelle. Attraverso successivi esperimenti, ho poi evidenziato le interazioni ecologiche tra le specie dominanti coinvolte in questi cambiamenti di habitat, al fine di identificare possibili meccanismi di feedback che possano facilitare la persistenza di ciascun habitat o, viceversa, l’insediamento di habitat alternativi. La mappatura dell’habitat ha mostrato un chiaro declino della copertura, della densità e della dimensione degli habitat a Cystoseira (rappresentati soprattutto dalla specie C. barbata e occasionalmente C. compressa che però non è stata inclusa nei successivi esperimenti, d’ora in avanti per semplicità verrà utilizzato unicamente il termine Cystoseira per indicare questo habitat) durante il periodo di studio. Nel sito Due Sorelle le canopy a Cystoseira sono virtualmente scomparse, mentre a La Vela sono rimaste poche, sporadiche ed isolate chiazze di Cystoseira. Questi habitat a canopy sono stati sostituiti da nuovi habitat più semplici, tra cui soprattutto letti di mitili, feltri algali e stand monospecifici di Gracilaira spp.. La mappatura dell’habitat ha inoltre sottolineato una diminuzione del potenziale di recupero del sistema con un chiaro declino del reclutamento di Cystoseira durante tutto il periodo di studio. Successivamente ho testato se: 1) una volta perse, il recupero di Cystoseira (reclutamento) possa essere influenzato dalle interazioni con le nuove specie dominanti, quali mitili e feltri algali; 2) il reclutamento di mitili direttamente sulle fronde di Cystoseira (sia talli allo stadio adulto che giovanili) possa influenzare la sopravvivenza e la crescita della macroalga; 3) la sopravvivenza e la crescita delle nuove specie dominanti, in particolare mitili, possa essere rallentata dalla presenza di canopy di Cystoseira. I risultati dimostrano che le nuove specie dominanti insediatesi (feltri algali e mitili), possono inibire il reclutamento di Cystoseira, accelerandone il conseguente declino. L’effetto diretto dei mitili sulle fronde non è risultato particolarmente significativo né per la sopravvivenza di Cystoseira che finora non è risultata preclusa in nessun stadio di sviluppo, né per la crescita, che nel caso di individui adulti è risultata leggermente, ma non significativamente, più elevata per le fronde pulite dai mitili, mentre è stato osservato il contrario per i giovanili. La presenza di canopy a Cystoseira, anche se di piccole dimensioni, ha limitato la sopravvivenza di mitili. Questi risultati complessivamente suggeriscono che una foresta di macroalghe in buone condizioni può avere un meccanismo di autoregolazione in grado di facilitare la propria persistenza. Quando però il sistema inizia a degradarsi e a frammentarsi progressivamente, i cambiamenti delle condizioni biotiche determinati dall’aumento di nuove specie dominanti contribuiscono alla mancanza di capacità di recupero del sistema. Pertanto le strategie per una gestione sostenibile di questi sistemi dovrebbero focalizzarsi sui primi segnali di cambiamenti in questo habitat e sui possibili fattori che ne mantengono la resilienza.

Work and Family: a complex interplay. An Italian application of the DISC Model on health care workers

The present thesis investigates the issue of work-family conflict and facilitation in a sanitarian contest, using the DISC Model (De Jonge and Dormann, 2003, 2006). The general aim has been declined in two empirical studies reported in this dissertation chapters. Chapter 1 reporting the psychometric properties of the Demand-Induced Strain Compensation Questionnaire. Although the empirical evidence on the DISC Model has received a fair amount of attention in literature both for the theoretical principles and for the instrument developed to display them (DISQ; De Jonge, Dormann, Van Vegchel, Von Nordheim, Dollard, Cotton and Van den Tooren, 2007) there are no studies based solely on psychometric investigation of the instrument. In addition, no previous studies have ever used the DISC as a model or measurement instrument in an Italian context. Thus the first chapter of the present dissertation was based on psychometric investigation of the DISQ. Chapter 2 reporting a longitudinal study contribution. The purpose was to examine, using the DISC model, the relationship between emotional job characteristics, work-family interface and emotional exhaustion among a health care population. We started testing the Triple Match Principle of the DISC Model using solely the emotional dimension of the strain-stress process (i.e. emotional demands, emotional resources and emotional exhaustion). Then we investigated the mediator role played by w-f conflict and w-f facilitation in relation to emotional job characteristics and emotional exhaustion. Finally we compared the mediator model across workers involved in chronic illness home demands and workers who are not involved. Finally, a general conclusion, integrated and discussed the main findings of the studies reported in this dissertation.

13C NMR of a single molecule magnet: analysis of pseudocontact shifts and residual dipolar couplings

Paramagnetic triple decker complexes of lanthanides are promising Single Molecule Magnets (SMMs), with many potential uses. Some of them show preferable relaxation behavior, which enables the recording of well resolved NMR spectra. These axially symmetric complexes are also strongly magnetically anisotropic, and this property can be described with the axial component of the magnetic susceptibility tensor, χa. For triple decker complexes with phthalocyanine based ligands, the Fermi˗contact contribution is small. Hence, together with the axial symmetry, the experimental chemical shifts in 1H and 13C NMR spectra can be modeled easily by considering pseudocontact and orbital shifts alone. This results in the determination of the χa value, which is also responsible for molecular alignment and consequently for the observation of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs). A detailed analysis of the experimental 1H-13C and 1H-1H couplings revealed that contributions from RDCs (positive and negative) and from dynamic frequency shifts (negative for all observed couplings) have to be considered. Whilst the pseudocontact shifts depend on the average positions of 1H and 13C nuclei relative to the lanthanide ions, the RDCs are related to the mobility of nuclei they correspond to. This phenomenon allows for the measurement of the internal mobility of the various groups in the SMMs.

Enhancing Workers’ Well-Being. Scientific and social relevance of managing stress in the workplace

Purpose. Despite work-related stress is one of the most studied topic in organizational psychology, many aspects as for example the use of different measures (e.g. subjective and objective, qualitative and quantitative) are still under debate. According to this, in order to enhance knowledge concerning which factors and processes contribute to create healthy workplaces, this thesis is composed by four different studies aiming to understand: a) the role of relevant antecedents (e.g. leadership, job demands, work-family conflict, social support etc.) and outcomes (e.g. workplace phobia, absenteeism etc.) of work-related stress; and b) how to manage psychosocial risk factors in the workplace. The studies. The first study focused on how disagreement between supervisors and their employees on leadership style (transformational and transactional) could affect workers well-being and work team variables. The second and third study used both subjective and objective data in order to increase the quality of the reliability of the results gained. Particularly, the second study focused on job demand and its relationship with objective sickness leave. Findings showed that despite there is no direct relationship between these two variables, job demand affects work-family conflict, which in turn affect exhaustion, which leads to absenteeism. The third study analysed the role of a new concept never studied before in organizational settings (workplace phobia), as a health outcome in the JD-R model, demonstrating also its relationship with absenteeism. The last study highlighted the added value of using the mixed methods research approach in order to detect and analyse context-specific job demands which could affects workers’ health. Conclusion. The findings of this thesis answered both to open questions in the scientific literature and to the social request of managing psychosocial risk factors in the workplace in order to enhance workers well-being.

The risk of musculoskeletal disorders for workers due to repetitive movements during tomato harvesting

Tomatoes are the most common crop in Italy. The production cycle requires operations in the field and factory that can cause musculoskeletal disorders due to the repetitive movements of the upper limbs of the workers employed in the sorting phase. This research aims to evaluate these risks using the OCRA (occupational repetitive actions) index method This method is based firstly on the calculation of a maximum number of recommended actions, related to the way the operation is performed, and secondly on a comparison of the number of actions effectively carried out by the upper limb with the recommended calculated value. The results of the risk evaluation for workers who manually sort tomatoes during harvest showed a risk for the workers, with an exposure index greater than 20; the OCRA index defines an index higher than 3.5 as unacceptable. The present trend of replacing manual sorting onboard a vehicle with optical sorters seems to be appropriate to reduce the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and is supported from both a financial point of view and as a quality control measure.

Parallel amino acid replacements in the rhodopsins of the rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) associated with shifts in habitat depth

Among various groups of fishes, a shift in peak wavelength sensitivity has been correlated with changes in their photic environments. The genus Sebastes is a radiation of marine fish species that inhabit a wide range of depths from intertidal to over 600 m. We examined 32 species of Sebastes for evidence of adaptive amino acid substitution at the rhodopsin gene. Fourteen amino acid positions were variable among these species. Maximum likelihood analyses identify several of these to be targets of positive selection. None of these correspond to previously identified critical amino acid sites, yet they may in fact be functionally important. The occurrence of independent parallel changes at certain amino acid positions reinforces this idea. Reconstruction of habitat depths of ancestral nodes in the phylogeny suggests that shallow habitats have been colonized independently in different lineages. The evolution of rhodopsin appears to be associated with changes in depth, with accelerated evolution in lineages that have had large changes in depth.