Sistema inteligente para detecção de manchas de óleo na superfície marinha através de imagens de SAR

Oil spill on the sea, accidental or not, generates enormous negative consequences for the affected area. The damages are ambient and economic, mainly with the proximity of these spots of preservation areas and/or coastal zones. The development of automatic techniques for identification of oil spots on the sea surface, captured through Radar images, assist in a complete monitoring of the oceans and seas. However spots of different origins can be visualized in this type of imaging, which is a very difficult task. The system proposed in this work, based on techniques of digital image processing and artificial neural network, has the objective to identify the analyzed spot and to discern between oil and other generating phenomena of spot. Tests in functional blocks that compose the proposed system allow the implementation of different algorithms, as well as its detailed and prompt analysis. The algorithms of digital image processing (speckle filtering and gradient), as well as classifier algorithms (Multilayer Perceptron, Radial Basis Function, Support Vector Machine and Committe Machine) are presented and commented.The final performance of the system, with different kind of classifiers, is presented by ROC curve. The true positive rates are considered agreed with the literature about oil slick detection through SAR images presents

Estudo das propriedades termofísicas com variação da expansibilidade de compósito desenvolvido com matriz PUR-NOP e carga funcional de argilomineral

In this study were conducted experimental procedures for determination of variation of the expandability of rigid polyurethane foam (PUR) from a natural oil polyol (NOP), specifically the Castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, pure and additions of the vermiculite in phase dispersed in different percentage within a range from 0% to 20%, mass replacement. From the information acquired, were defined the parameters for production of bodies of test, plates obtained through controlled expansion, with the final volume fixed. Initially, the plates were subjected to thermal performance tests and evaluated the temperature profiles, to later be extracted samples duly prepared in accordance with the conditions required for each test. Was proceeded then the measurement of the coefficient of thermal conductivity, volumetric capacity heat and thermal diffusivity. The findings values were compared with the results obtained in the tests of thermal performance, contributing to validation of the same. Ultimately, it was investigated the influence that changes in physical-chemical structure of the material had exerted on the variation of thermophysical quantities through gas pycnometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF), infrared spectroscopy using Fourier transform (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Based on the results obtained was possible to demonstrate that all load percentage analyzed promoted an increase in the potential expansion (PE) of the resin. In production of the plates, the composites with density near at the free expansion presented high contraction during the cure, being the of higher density adopted as definitive standard. In the thermal performance tests, the heating and cooling curves of the different composites had presented symmetry and values very close for lines of the temperature. The results obtained for the thermophysical properties of composites, showed little difference in respect of pure foam. The percentage of open pores and irregularities in the morphology of the composites were proportionate to the increment of vermiculite. In the interaction between the matrix and dispersed phase, there were no chemical transformations in the region of interface and new compounds were not generated. The composites of PUR-NOP and vermiculite presented thermal insulating properties near the foam pure and percentage significantly less plastic in its composition, to the formulation with 10% of load

Análise preditiva a partir da caracterização das emissões gasosas e do óleo lubrificante em frotas com motorização a diesel

This work was motivated by the importance of conducting a study of vehicle emissions in captive fleets with diesel engine, coupled with the predictive maintenance plan. This type of maintenance includes techniques designed to meet the growing market demand to reduce maintenance costs by increasing the reliability of diagnoses, which has increased interest in automated predictive maintenance on diesel engines, preventing problems that might evolve into routine turn into serious situations, solved only with complex and costly repairs, the Reliability Centered Maintenance, will be the methodology that will make our goal is reached, beyond maintaining the vehicles regulated as fuel consumption and emissions. To Therefore, technical improvements were estimated capable of penetrating the automotive market and give the inshore fleet emission rates of opacity of the vehicles, being directly related to the conditions of the lubricating oil thus contributing to reducing maintenance costs by contributing significantly to emissions of pollutants and an improvement in the air in large cities. This criterion was adopted and implemented, em 241 buses and produced a diagnosis of possible failures by the correlation between the characterization of used lubricating oils and the analysis of opacity, with the objective of the aid the detection and solution of failures for the maintenance of sub-systems according to design criteria, and for this to be a deductive methodology to determine potential causes of failures, has been automated to implement a predictive maintenance system for this purpose was used in our study a mobile unit equipped with a opacimeter and a kit for collection and analysis of lubricating oil and the construction of the network diagnostics, we used a computer program in Microsoft Office Access 2007 platform tool is indispensable for creating a database data, this method is being used and successfully implemented in seven (7) bus companies from the city of Natal (RN) Brazil

Viabilidade de uso de um fogão solar para cocção de alimentos com parábola refletora fabricada em compósito que utiliza fibras de Carnaúba e resina Ortoftálica

Presents a composite formed by orthophthalic resin and fiber loading of carnauba straw. The fibers were first dried in direct sun exposure and subsequently ground into fodder for the reduction in size. Various formulations of the composite were preliminarily tested by choosing the one presenting the best processability in applying the mold. The composite produced is used for the manufacture of a parabolic surface subsequently coated with mirror segments, flexible plastic, for reflecting the solar rays incident on it. The reflective parable represents the main element of the solar cooker that works with the concentration of sunlight and has dimensions of 1.14 m in diameter and area of 1.0 m². Manufacturing processes and assembly of solar cooker concentration produced are presented. The results of tests for cooking and baking various foods, including rice, pasta, beans, cake, cassava, shrimp, beef, breaded demonstrating the competitiveness of solar cooker studied with other stoves already manufactured and tested in Brazil are presented and in the world. It was also demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed composite for Prototypes manufacture of solar and other structures that do not require great efforts resistance

Remoção de óleo da água de produção por flotação em coluna utilizando tensoativos de origem vegetal

In the petroleum industry, water is always present in the reservoir formation together with petroleum and natural gas and this fact provokes the production of water with petroleum, resulting in a great environmental impact. Several methods can be applied for treatment of oily waters, such as: gravitational vases, granulated media filtration systems, flotation process, centrifugation process and the use of hydrocyclones, which can also be used in a combined way. However, the flotation process has showed a great efficiency as compared with other methods, because these methods do not remove great part of the emulsified oil. In this work was investigated the use of surfactants derived from vegetable oils, OSS and OGS, as collectors, using the flotation process in a glass column with a porous plate filter in its base for the input of the gaseous steam. For this purpose, oil/water emulsions were prepared using mechanical stirring, with concentrations around 300 ppm. The air flow rate was set at 700 cm3/min and the porous plate filter used for the generation of the air bubbles has pore size varying from 16 to 40 Pm. The column operated at constant volume (1500mL). A new methodology has been developed to collect the samples, where, instead of collecting the water phase, it was collected the oil phase removed by the process in the top of the flotation column. It has been observed that it is necessary to find an optimum surfactant concentration to achieve enhanced removal efficiency. Being for OSS 1.275 mmol/L and for OGS 0.840 mmol/L, with removal efficiencies of 93% and 99%, respectively, using synthetic solutions. For the produced water, the removal in these concentrations was 75% for OSS and 65% for OGS. It is possible to remove oil from water in a flotation process using surfactants of high HLB, fact that is against the own definition of HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance). The interfacial tension is an important factor in the oil removal process using a flotation process, because it has direct interference in the coalescence of the oil drops. The spreading of the oil of the air bubble should be considered in the process, and for the optimum surfactant concentrations it reached a maximum value. The removal kinetics for the flotation process using surfactants in the optimum concentration has been adjusted according to a first order model, for synthetic water as for the produced water.

Extração do óleo e caracterização dos resíduos da borra de petróleo para fins de reuso

The petroleum industry, in consequence of an intense activity of exploration and production, is responsible by great part of the generation of residues, which are considered toxic and pollutants to the environment. Among these, the oil sludge is found produced during the production, transportation and refine phases. This work had the purpose to develop a process to recovery the oil present in oil sludge, in order to use the recovered oil as fuel or return it to the refining plant. From the preliminary tests, were identified the most important independent variables, like: temperature, contact time, solvents and acid volumes. Initially, a series of parameters to characterize the oil sludge was determined to characterize its. A special extractor was projected to work with oily waste. Two experimental designs were applied: fractional factorial and Doehlert. The tests were carried out in batch process to the conditions of the experimental designs applied. The efficiency obtained in the oil extraction process was 70%, in average. Oil sludge is composed of 36,2% of oil, 16,8% of ash, 40% of water and 7% of volatile constituents. However, the statistical analysis showed that the quadratic model was not well fitted to the process with a relative low determination coefficient (60,6%). This occurred due to the complexity of the oil sludge. To obtain a model able to represent the experiments, the mathematical model was used, the so called artificial neural networks (RNA), which was generated, initially, with 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 neurons in the hidden layer, 64 experimental results and 10000 presentations (interactions). Lesser dispersions were verified between the experimental and calculated values using 4 neurons, regarding the proportion of experimental points and estimated parameters. The analysis of the average deviations of the test divided by the respective training showed up that 2150 presentations resulted in the best value parameters. For the new model, the determination coefficient was 87,5%, which is quite satisfactory for the studied system

Produção de biodiesel a partir de óleo de coco (Cocos nucifera L

The production of biodiesel has become an important and attractive process for the production of alternative fuels. This work presents a study of the biodiesel production from coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.), by two routes: direct transesterification using NaOH as catalyst and esterification (with H2SO4) followed by basic transesterification. The reactor was built in pirex with 1L of capacity and was equipped with a jacket coupled with a thermostatic bath to temperature control, a mecanical stirring is also present in the reactor. The analysis of oil composition was carried out by gas chromatography and esters compounds were identified. The parameters of molar ratio oil/alcohol, reaction time and temperature were studied and their influence on the conversion products was evaluated using experimental planning (23). The molar ratio was the most significant variable by the statistical planning analysis. Conversions up to 85.3% where achived in the esterification/transesterification, with molar ratio 1:6 at 60ºC and 90 minutes of reaction. For the direct transesterification, route conversions up 87.4% eas obtained using 1:6.5 molar ratio at 80ºC and 60 minutes of reaction. The Coconut oil was characterized by their physic chemical properties and key constituents of the oil. The lauric acid was the main constituint and the oil showed high acidity. The biodiesel produced was characterized by its main physicochemical properties, indicating satisfactory results when compared to standard values of National Petroleum Agency. The work was supplemented with a preliminary assessment of the reaction kinetic

Umedecimento do substrato na emergência e vigor de plântulas de pupunheira

A germinação rápida e uniforme das sementes, seguida por pronta emergência das plântulas são características altamente desejáveis na formação de mudas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de diferentes níveis de umedecimento do substrato vermiculita sobre a porcentagem de emergência e o vigor de plântulas de pupunheira. O umedecimento da vermiculita com água nas quantidades de 60 a 90 ml/100 g de substrato (de 0,6 a 0,9 x o peso deste em água ou 77,6 a 86,7% da capacidade de retenção do substrato em água, respectivamente) resultaram na maior porcentagem de emergência das plântulas. O umedecimento com 90 ml água/100 g de vermiculita resultou em maior velocidade de emergência e vigor de plântulas (comprimento, diâmetro e massa).

Produção e sazonalidade de pessegueiro e nectarineira sob florescimento espontâneo e com cianamida hidrogenada e óleo mineral

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Produção de fitomassa, teor e produtividade do óleo essencial de Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. em função da adubação orgânica

Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de fitomassa, teor e produtividade do óleo essencial de Baccharis dracuculifolia DC., em função de doses de adubo orgânico, e foram utilizadas mudas produzidas por semente, e mantidas sob sombrite pelo período de 84 dias até serem transplantadas para o campo, no espaçamento de 1,0 x 1,0 m, com irrigação por gotejamento. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, e as doses de composto orgânico foram: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 t ha-1. Foi realizada uma colheita, aos 150 dias após o transplante das mudas. O óleo essencial foi extraído por hidrodestilação e analisado em cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massas (Shimadzu, QP-5000). Todos os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F seguido da análise de regressão e o teste Tukey para os dados: massa seca útil da parte aérea, teor e produtividade do óleo essencial. Para as variáveis massa seca total e massa seca útil da parte aérea, as dosagens estudadas influenciaram as plantas, que apresentaram os melhores resultados na dose 50 t ha-1. Para teor de óleo não houve influência significativa para as dosagens estudadas, porém a dose 30 t ha-1 apresentou o melhor resultado. Entretanto para a produtividade do óleo essencial, as dosagens estudadas influenciaram as plantas, que na dosagem 30 t ha-1 obtiveram os melhores resultados.

Extração do óleo essencial de Cymbopogom winterianus J. com CO2 pressurizado

The extraction with pressurized fluids has become an attractive process for the extraction of essential oils, mainly due the specific characteristics of the fluids near the critical region. This work presents results of the extraction process of the essential oil of Cymbopogon winterianus J. with CO2 under high pressures. The effect of the following variables was evaluated: solvent flow rate (from 0.37 to 1.5 g CO2/min), pressure (66.7 and 75 bar) and temperature (8, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ºC) on the extraction kinetics and the total yield of the process, as well as in the solubility and composition of the C. winterianus essential oil. The experimental apparatus consisted of an extractor of fixed bed and the dynamic method was adopted for the calculation of the oil solubility. Extractions were also accomplished by conventional techniques (steam and organic solvent extraction). The determination and identification of extract composition were done by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The extract composition varied in function of the studied operational conditions and also related to the used extraction method. The main components obtained in the CO2 extraction were elemol, geraniol, citronellol and citronellal. For the steam extraction were the citronellal, citronellol and geraniol and for the organic solvent extraction were the azulene and the hexadecane. The most yield values (2.76%) and oil solubility (2.49x10-2 g oil/ g CO2) were obtained through the CO2 extraction in the operational conditions of T = 10°C, P = 66.7 bar and solvent flow rate 0.85 g CO2/min

Estudo da hidrodinâmica de um novo separador líquido-líquido: aplicação ao sistema óleo-bruto/água produzida

This work aims to use a different hydrodynamic condition applied to a new design of mixer-settler on treating wastewater produced by petroleum industry, called MDIF (Misturador-Decantador à Inversão de Fases/ Mixer-Settler based on Phase Inversion MSPI). The use of this different hydrodynamic behaviour is possible due to vertical disposition of the device and the principle of Phase Inversion that controls the MDIF, providing the generation (creation) of a cascade of drops, into an organic layer, that works as micro-decanters, thus making possible the formation of a bed of non-coalesced drops, called Bed Formation . The use of this new hydrodynamics condition allows to increase the residence time of the oil carrier drops, into an organic layer, and the device can treat a greater volume of wastewater. In view of to get this condition it is necessary to operate at high throughput (58,6 m3.m-2.h-1). By results, the condition of Bed Formation is the best one to be used when MSPI operates with throughput up to 58,6 m3.m-2.h-1. The results using the condition of Bed Formation show that increasing the height of the bed of non-coalesced drops and/or decreasing the volumetric ratio (O/A) an increase of the separation efficiency is detected

Aplicação de microemulsões na solubilização de frações pesadas de petróleo

This work presents studies related to the use of microemulsions in the solubilization of heavy crude oil fractions responsible by the formation of deposits. The first stage of the work was addressed to the construction of phases diagrams, with the intention of determining the area within which the microemulsion is formed. The following systems were studied: UNITOL L 90 n-Butanol - Water - Kerosene (system 1); UNITOL L 90 - n-Butanol - Water - Xylene (system 2); UNITOL L 90 n-Butanol - Water - Kerosene/Xylene 10% (system 3); UNITOL L 90 - Sec-Butanol - Water - Xylene (system 4). In parallel experiments of physical adsorption were carried out by the static method, with the intention of simulating natural conditions of reservoirs. Crude oil of the Fazenda Belém field (Rio Grande do Norte), was used as solute, xylene as solvent and the Assu sandstone (Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil) and Botucatu sandstone (Paraná, Brazil) as rock reservoirs. The curves of adsorption presented the S format type, in agreement with the classification proposed by Giles, Smith and Huitson (1974). The solubilization process was accomplished in the batch method, by varying the time of agitation, the microemulsions and the solid/solution ratio. The experiments showed that the microemulsions presented high efficiency in the solubilization of the crude oil adsorbed on the sandstones. System 2 presented an efficiency of 99% for the Assu sandstone and 97% for the Botucatu sandstone

Remoção conjugada de metais e óleo de água produzida

Petroleum can be associated or not with natural gas, but in both cases water is always present in its formation. The presence of water causes several problems, such as the difficulty of removing the petroleum from the reservoir rock and the formation of waterin-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. The produced water causes environmental problems, which should be solved to reduce the effect of petroleum industry in the environment. The main objective of this work is to remove simultaneously from the produced water the dispersed petroleum and dissolved metals. The process is made possible through the use of anionic surfactants that with its hydrophilic heads interacts with ionized metals and with its lipophilic tails interacts with the oil. The studied metals were: calcium, magnesium, barium, and cadmium. The surfactants used in this research were derived from: soy oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, and a soap obtained from a mixture of 5wt.% coconut oil and 95wt.% animal fat. It was used a sample of produced water from Terminal de São Sebastião, São Paulo. As the concentration of the studied metals in produced water presented values close to 300 mg/L, it was decided to use this concentration as reference for the development of this research. Molecular absorption and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to determine petroleum and metals concentrations in the water sample, respectively. A constant pressure filtration system was used to promote the separation of solid and liquid phases. To represent the behavior of the studied systems it was developed an equilibrium model and a mathematical one. The obtained results showed that all used surfactants presented similar behavior with relation to metals extraction, being selected the surfactant derived from soy oil for this purpose. The values of the partition coefficients between the solid and liquid phases " D " for the studied metals varied from 0.2 to 1.1, while the coefficients for equilibrium model " K " varied from 0.0002 and 0.0009. The removal percentile for oil with all metals associated was near 100%, showing the efficiency of the process

Extração e pirólise do óleo de girassol (Helianthus annus l.) visando a produção de biocombustíveis

Nowadays, the growing environmental worry leads research the focus the application of alternative materials from renewable resources on the industrial process. The most common vegetable oil extractant using around the world is the hexane, a petroleum derived, toxic and flammable. Based on this fact, the goal of this work was to test vegetable oil extractions from sunflower seeds cultivated on the Rio Grande do Norte State using two extraction process, the mechanical expelling and solvent extraction, this one using hexane and ethanol as a alternative solvent. The solvent extractions were carried out in the Soxhlet extractor in three different extraction times (4, 6, and 8 hours). The effect of solvent and extraction time was evaluated. The mechanical extraction was carried out in a expeller and the sunflower oil obtained was characterized by its physical-chemical properties and compared with sunflower refinery oil. Furthermore this work also explored the pyrolysis reaction carried out by thermogravimetry measurement as alternative route to obtain biofuel. For this purpose the oil samples were heated to ambient temperature until 900°C in heating rate of 5, 10, 20ºC min-1 with the objective evaluated the kinetics parameters such activation energy and isoconversion. The TG/DTG curves show the thermal profile decomposition of triglycerides. The curves also showed that antioxidant presents on the refinery oil not influence on the thermal stability of sunflower oil. The total yield of the extraction s process with hexane and ethanol solvent were compared, and the results indicated that the extraction with ethanol were more efficient. The pyrolysis reaction results indicated that the use of unpurified oil required less energy to obtain the bio-oil