The First Universal Suffrage Election, at County (Gewog) Level, in Bhutan

Following a Royal Edict to adopt universal suffrage in election for local government institutions, maiden elections were held in 199 gewogs (counties) in Bhutan in 2002 to elect their chief executives. This paper gives an account of this first time event in a country where most villagers had never seen secret ballots and poll booths. It synthesizes detailed data, mostly qualitative, collected soon after the election was over, and assesses aspects of electoral participation that His Majesty the King of Bhutan has introduced steadily to deepen democracy. Beginning with a glance at the territorial organization of the Bhutanese state within which the counties are embedded, the paper compares the electoral results with the relevant election rules.

Changes in source of profits and business strategies? : some evidence from the Philippines' universal banks in the 2000s

In the 2000s, the Philippines' local banking sector have conducted very conservative lending behavior and at the same time, gradually but continuously improved their profitability in terms of ROE (return on equity). A set of analyses on the flow of funds and segment reports (information) of local universal banks, whose loans outstanding to the industrial sector have dominated more than three fourths of the total outstanding, shows that (1) they have actively manage assets overseas, (2) their profitability has come from investment activities in the securities markets, and (3) some universal banks have shifted their resources into the consumer/retail segment. Although further refinement in the dataset is needed for a more detailed analysis, diverse business strategies would be expected among the local universal banks in the near future.

Asset composition of the Philippines' universal and commercial banks : monetary policy or self-discipline?

The central bank of the Philippines (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, BSP) has improved its monetary policy measures since the 2000s. After rationalizing the country's banking sector since late-1990s, its monetary policy and the uniiversal/commercial banks' (UCBs) behavior in allocating their assets has changed since mid-2000s. Though further and more detailed studies are nesessary, based on the results of simple correlation analyses conducted in this paper suggest a possible mixture of the country's monetary policy and their own decision-making in asset allocations, instead of a "follow-through" attitude.

Estudio y análisis de la adaptación del mobiliario universitario a los parámetros de accesibilidad universal y diseño para todos del edificio multidepartamental de la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares situado en Guadalajara. Aproximación a un modelo de fichas técnicas de diagóstico y control.

La sociedad y el mundo en general, en cuanto a la integración social de todos, han ido evolucionando favorablemente. La accesibilidad hoy en día ya no es un hecho que preocupe a una minoría, sino cada vez son más las personas que se dedican a que este desarrollo vaya por el buen camino. En este trabajo lo que se pretende es recoger las condiciones que deben tenerse en cuenta al proyectar, y sobre todo, las características que debe cumplir el mobiliario que vamos a escoger para nuestro edificio, de forma que facilitemos el uso del mismo a todas las personas, sea cual sea su condición, de una forma lo más autónoma, segura y confortable posible. Se presenta como ejemplo el Edificio Multidepartamental de la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, situado en Guadalajara, sobre el que estudiaremos, mediante un modelo de fichas técnicas de diagnóstico y control, el mobiliario de las aulas, de la cafetería, los puntos de información, los espacios higiénico-sanitarios, el mobiliario urbano exterior y la señalización y paneles informativos. El mobiliario debe estar situado de forma que no entorpezca la circulación de los usuarios del centro y éste, debe poder ser utilizado por todos ellos, estudiantes con y sin discapacidad, profesores, etc.… Debe existir suficiente espacio alrededor de mesas y sillas para maniobrar y permitir la aproximación frontal de las personas en sillas de ruedas, también se debe evaluar la accesibilidad en aseos y baños, máquinas expendedoras….

Genetic diversity and relationships in accessions from different cultivar groups and origins in the tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.)

Abstract Tree tomato (Solanum betaceum) is an Andean small tree cultivated for its juicy fruits. Little information is available on the characterization of genetic resources and breeding of this neglected crop. We have studied the molecular diversity with AFLP markers using 11 combinations of primers of a collection of 25 S. betaceum accessions belonging to four cultivar groups, most of which had been previously morphologically characterized, as well as one accession of the wild relative S. cajanumense.Atotal of 197 AFLP fragments were scored, of which 84 (43 %) were polymorphic. When excluding S. cajanumense from the analysis, the number of polymorphic AFLP fragments was 78 (40 %). Unique AFLP fingerprints were obtained for every accession, but no AFLP fragments specific and universal to any of the four cultivar groups were found. The total genetic diversity (HT) of cultivated accessions was HT = 0.2904, while for cultivar groups it ranged from HT = 0.1846 in the orange group to HT = 0.2498 in the orange pointed group. Genetic differentiation among cultivar groups (GST) was low (GST = 0.2248), which was matched by low values of genetic distance among cultivar groups. The diversity of collections from Ecuador, which we hypothesize is a center of diversity for tree tomato, was similar to that from other origins (HT = 0.2884 and HT = 0.2645, respectively). Cluster and PCoA analyses clearly separated wild S. cajanumense from the cultivated species. However, materials of different cultivar groups and origins were intermingled in both analyses. The Mantel test correlation coefficient of the matrices of morphological and AFLP distances was low (-0.024) and non-significant. Overall, the results show that a wide diversity is present in each of the cultivar groups, indicate that Ecuador may be regarded as a center of accumulation of diversity for this crop, and confirm that AFLP and morphological characterization data are complementary. The results obtained are of value for the conservation of genetic resources and breeding of tree tomato, as an assessment of the genetic diversity and relationships among differen