Desenvolvimento de uma bancada para a realização de ensaios de auto-amortecimento em cabos condutores de energia elétrica

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2015.

Arquitetura híbrida com DSP e FPGA para implementação de controladores de filtros ativos de potência

The presence of non-linear loads at a point in the distribution system may deform voltage waveform due to the consumption of non-sinusoidal currents. The use of active power filters allows significant reduction of the harmonic content in the supply current. However, the processing of digital control structures for these filters may require high performance hardware, particularly for reference currents calculation. This work describes the development of hardware structures with high processing capability for application in active power filters. In this sense, it considers an architecture that allows parallel processing using programmable logic devices. The developed structure uses a hybrid model using a DSP and an FPGA. The DSP is used for the acquisition of current and voltage signals, calculation of fundamental current related controllers and PWM generation. The FPGA is used for intensive signal processing, such as the harmonic compensators. In this way, from the experimental analysis, significant reductions of the processing time are achieved when compared to traditional approaches using only DSP. The experimental results validate the designed structure and these results are compared with other ones from architectures reported in the literature.

Implante neural controlado em malha fechada

One of the challenges to biomedical engineers proposed by researchers in neuroscience is brain machine interaction. The nervous system communicates by interpreting electrochemical signals, and implantable circuits make decisions in order to interact with the biological environment. It is well known that Parkinson’s disease is related to a deficit of dopamine (DA). Different methods has been employed to control dopamine concentration like magnetic or electrical stimulators or drugs. In this work was automatically controlled the neurotransmitter concentration since this is not currently employed. To do that, four systems were designed and developed: deep brain stimulation (DBS), transmagnetic stimulation (TMS), Infusion Pump Control (IPC) for drug delivery, and fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) (sensing circuits which detect varying concentrations of neurotransmitters like dopamine caused by these stimulations). Some softwares also were developed for data display and analysis in synchronously with current events in the experiments. This allowed the use of infusion pumps and their flexibility is such that DBS or TMS can be used in single mode and other stimulation techniques and combinations like lights, sounds, etc. The developed system allows to control automatically the concentration of DA. The resolution of the system is around 0.4 µmol/L with time correction of concentration adjustable between 1 and 90 seconds. The system allows controlling DA concentrations between 1 and 10 µmol/L, with an error about +/- 0.8 µmol/L. Although designed to control DA concentration, the system can be used to control, the concentration of other substances. It is proposed to continue the closed loop development with FSCV and DBS (or TMS, or infusion) using parkinsonian animals models.

Fundamentos da deteção automática de incêndios em edifícios - Parte 1.

O fogo, grande elemento de evolução humana, é também, em potencial, um dos seus maiores inimigos. Muitos são os fogos florestais e urbanos, que ocorrem diariamente, provocando mortes, avultados prejuízos materiais, perda de valor patrimonial, assim como perda de valor simbólico. As causas principais dos incêndios em edifícios são a deficiência nas canalizações elétricas, a má utilização de equipamentos elétricos, nomeadamente ferros, fogões, fornos e aquecedores elétricos, bem como a negligência na utilização do fogo. Os Sistemas Automáticos de Deteção de Incêndio (SADI) são hoje encarados um sistema integrante e imprescindível dos edifícios, como elemento de garantia da segurança e do bem-estar das pessoas, e da preservação dos seus bens.

Classificação de veículos híbridos - evolução crescente do grau de electrificação

Em resposta aos impactos ambientais e limitações dos combustíveis fósseis, assistiu-se nas últimas décadas a um acentuado desenvolvimento dos veículos híbridos elétricos convencionais. A sua proliferação encontra-se hoje bem disseminada, em praticamente todas as gamas, refletindo a confiança dos consumidores. Com vista a atenuar ainda mais o uso dos combustíveis fósseis, a tendência é de aumentar o nível de eletrificação nas versões híbridas mais recentes, bem como da oferta de versões puramente elétricas. No entanto, a evolução dos últimos anos, quer ao nível da aposta por parte dos fabricantes, quer ao nível do volume de vendas, parece indiciar uma nova fase de proliferação destes veículos, a qual se encontra ainda a dar os primeiros passos. Este artigo apresenta uma classificação dos veículos híbridos, em função do nível de eletrificação do sistema de propulsão. Após uma breve referência aos veículos puramente elétricos, fazem-se algumas considerações acerca do impacto mundial dos veículos híbridos Plug-in e puramente elétricos, nos últimos 5 anos.

Influência de feixes de condutores em linhas de transmissão UAT CA

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2015.

Sensor inteligente para medição de cargas mecânicas

A medição precisa da força é necessária para muitas aplicações, nomeadamente, para a determinação da resistência mecânica dos materiais, controlo de qualidade durante a produção, pesagem e segurança de pessoas. Dada a grande necessidade de medição de forças, têm-se desenvolvido, ao longo do tempo, várias técnicas e instrumentos para esse fim. Entre os vários instrumentos utilizados, destacam-se os sensores de força, também designadas por células de carga, pela sua simplicidade, precisão e versatilidade. O exemplo mais comum é baseado em extensómetros elétricos do tipo resistivo, que aliados a uma estrutura formam uma célula de carga. Este tipo de sensores possui sensibilidades baixas e em repouso, presença de offset diferente de zero, o que torna complexo o seu condicionamento de sinal. Este trabalho apresenta uma solução para o condicionamento e aquisição de dados para células de carga que, tanto quanto foi investigado, é inovador. Este dispositivo permite efetuar o condicionamento de sinal, digitalização e comunicação numa estrutura atómica. A ideia vai de encontro ao paradigma dos sensores inteligentes onde um único dispositivo eletrónico, associado a uma célula de carga, executa um conjunto de operações de processamento de sinal e transmissão de dados. Em particular permite a criação de uma rede ad-hoc utilizando o protocolo de comunicação IIC. O sistema é destinado a ser introduzido numa plataforma de carga, desenvolvida na Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Bragança, local destinado à sua implementação. Devido à sua estratégia de conceção para a leitura de forças em três eixos, contém quatro células de carga, com duas saídas cada, totalizando oito saídas. O hardware para condicionamento de sinal já existente é analógico, e necessita de uma placa de dimensões consideráveis por cada saída. Do ponto de vista funcional, apresenta vários problemas, nomeadamente o ajuste de ganho e offset ser feito manualmente, tornando-se essencial um circuito com melhor desempenho no que respeita a lidar com um array de sensores deste tipo.

Estudo da síntese e sinterização de pós compósitos do sistema Ta-Cu

Ta-Cu bulk composites combine high mechanical resistance of the Ta with high electrical and thermal conductivity of the Cu. These are important characteristics to electrical contacts, microwave absorber and heat skinks. However, the low wettability of Ta under Cu liquid and insolubility mutual these elements come hard sintering this composite. High-energy milling (HEM) produces composite powders with high homogeneity and refines the grain size. This work focus to study Ta-20wt%Cu composite powders prepared by mechanical mixture and HEM with two different conditions of milling in a planetary ball mill and then their sintering using hydrogen plasma furnace and a resistive vacuum furnace. After milling, the powders were pressed in a steel dye at a pressure of 200 MPa. The cylindrical samples pressed were sintered by resistive vacuum furnace at 10-4torr with a sintering temperature at 1100ºC / 60 minutes and with heat rate at 10ºC/min and were sintered by plasma furnace with sintering temperatures at 550, 660 and 800ºC without isotherm under hydrogen atmosphere with heat rate at 80ºC/min. The characterizations of the powders produced were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser granulometry. After the sintering the samples were analyzed by SEM, XRD and density and mass loss tests. The results had shown that to high intense milling condition produced composite particles with shorter milling time and amorphization of both phases after 50 hours of milling. The composite particles can produce denser structure than mixed powders, if heated above the Cu melting point. After the Cu to arrive in the melting point, liquid copper leaves the composite particles and fills the pores

Estudo da moagem de alta energia e sinterização de pós compósitos W-Cu

The Tungsten/copper composites are commonly used for electrical and thermal objectives like heat sinks and lectrical conductors, propitiating an excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. These properties are dependents of the composition, crystallite size and production process. The high energy milling of the powder of W-Cu produces an dispersion high and homogenization levels with crystallite size of W very small in the ductile Cu phase. This work discusses the effect of the HEM in preparation of the W-25Cu composite powders. Three techniques of powder preparation were utilized: milling the dry with powder of thick Cu, milling the dry with powder of fine Cu and milling the wet with powder of thick Cu. The form, size and composition of the particles of the powders milled were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyse the phases, lattice parameters, size and microstrain of the crystallite. The analyse of the crystalline structure of the W-25Cu powders milled made by Rietveld Method suggests the partial solid solubility of the constituent elements of the Cu in lattice of the W. This analyse shows too that the HEM produces the reduction high on the crystallite size and the increase in the lattice strain of both phases, this is more intense in the phase W

Desenvolvimento de um sistema de nitretação por plasma em fonte pulsada e sua influencia sobre a nitretação do titânio

The pulsed plasma nitriding is a solution currently used in the metallurgical industry to resolve problems earlier in the processing of parts by using plasma DC voltage. These problems consisted mainly of edge effect and opening arches caused due to non-uniformity of electric fields on uneven surfaces. By varying the pulse width can reduce these effects. However, variations in pulse width can drastically affect the population of the plasma species and hence the final microstructure of the nitrided layer. In literature, little is known about the effect of process parameters on the properties of the plasma species and, consequently, the surface properties. We have developed a system of nitriding with pulsed source with fixed period of 800  pulse width is variable. Examined the variation of these parameters on the properties of nitrided surface when keeping constant temperature, gas composition, flow, pressure and power. It was found that the values of width and pulse repetition time of considerable influence in the intensities of the species present in plasma. Moreover, we observed the existence of the edge effect for some values of pulse widths, as well as changes in surface roughness and hardness

Mathematical analysis of maximum power generated by photovoltaic systems and fitting curves for standard test conditions

The rural electrification is characterized by geographical dispersion of the population, low consumption, high investment by consumers and high cost. Moreover, solar radiation constitutes an inexhaustible source of energy and in its conversion into electricity photovoltaic panels are used. In this study, equations were adjusted to field conditions presented by the manufacturer for current and power of small photovoltaic systems. The mathematical analysis was performed on the photovoltaic rural system I- 100 from ISOFOTON, with power 300 Wp, located at the Experimental Farm Lageado of FCA/UNESP. For the development of such equations, the circuitry of photovoltaic cells has been studied to apply iterative numerical methods for the determination of electrical parameters and possible errors in the appropriate equations in the literature to reality. Therefore, a simulation of a photovoltaic panel was proposed through mathematical equations that were adjusted according to the data of local radiation. The results have presented equations that provide real answers to the user and may assist in the design of these systems, once calculated that the maximum power limit ensures a supply of energy generated. This real sizing helps establishing the possible applications of solar energy to the rural producer and informing the real possibilities of generating electricity from the sun.

Caracterização de compósitos Nb-20%cu obtidos por moagem de alta energia e sinterizados por fase líquida

In this work, was studied the formation of a composite of the refractory metal niobium with copper, through the process of high-energy milling and liquid phase sintering. The HEM can be used to synthesize composite powders with high homogeneity and fine size particle distribution. It may also produce the solid solubility in immiscible systems such as Nb-Cu, or extend the solubility of systems with limited solubility. Therefore, in the immiscible system Cu-Nb, the high-energy milling was successfully used to obtain the composite powder particles. Initially, the formation of composite particles during the HEM and the effect of preparation technique on the microstructure of the material was evaluated. Four loads of Nb and Cu powders containing 20%wt Cu were synthesized by MAE in a planetary type ball mill under different periods of grinding. The influence of grinding time on the metal particles is evaluated during the process by the withdrawal of samples at intermediate times of milling. After compaction under different forces, the samples were sintered in a vacuum furnace. The liquid phase sintering of these samples prepared by HEM produced a homogeneous and fine grained. The composite particles forming the sintered samples are the addition of a hard phase (Nb) with a high melting point, and a ductile phase (Cu) with low melting point and high thermal and electrical conductivities. Based on these properties, the Nb-Cu system is a potential material for many applications, such as electrical contacts, welding electrodes, coils for generating high magnetic fields, heat sinks and microwave absorbers, which are coupled to electronic devices. The characterization techniques used in this study, were laser granulometry, used to evaluate the homogeneity and particle size, and the X-ray diffraction, in the phase identification and to analyze the crystalline structure of the powders during milling. The morphology and dispersion of the phases in the composite powder particles, as well the microstructures of the sintered samples, were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, the sintered samples are evaluated for density and densification. And finally, they were characterized by techniques of measuring the electrical conductivity and microhardness, whose properties are analyzed as a function of the parameters for obtaining the composite

Políticas de geração distribuída e sustentabilidade do sistema elétrico

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2015.

Formulação de massas cerâmicas para porcelanas elétricas utilizando resíduos oriundos de corpos de fusíveis

The power industry generates as waste ceramic bodies of electrical fuses that are discarded after use. The formulation of ceramic bodies for porcelain electrical insulators using waste from the bodies fuse allocation promotes environmentally appropriate, through the reuse of the material. This work evaluated the technical feasibility of using waste for use in electrical porcelains with formulations containing the residue, feldspar and kaolinite. The raw materials were processed through grinding and sieving to 200 mesh. The ceramic material obtained from the proposed formulations with 25%, 30%, 34% and 40% of the residue went through a vibratory mill for grinding and homogenization, and then were sieved at 325 mesh. The samples were shaped in a uniaxial press, with the application of 25 MPa and sintered at 1100° C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1225°C and 1250°C, at levels of 20 and 45 minutes. Were also developed bodies of evidence with reference formulations obtained without residue, to establish a comparison on physical, mechanical and electrical. The tests were conducted and technology: linear shrinkage, porosity, water absorption, resistance to bending to three points, measuring insulation resistance electrical resistivity of the material, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence Waste characterizations pointed to the existence of two phases: mullite and quartz phases are of great importance in the microstructure of the ceramic and this fact reveals a possibility for reuse in electrical porcelains. The mullite is an important constituent because it is a phase that makes it possible to increase the mechanical strength in addition to the body allows the use at high temperatures. The use of ceramic bodies residue fuses, proved feasible for application in electrical porcelain and the most significant results were obtained by the formulations with 25% waste and sintering at 1200°C

Condomínios fechados: a produção habitacional contemporânea e a auto-exclusão dos ricos no espaço urbano de Natal RN (1995 2003)

The present work analyzes the fast evolution of gated communities in Natal-RN´s urban space. Characterized by the occupation of large areas, providing private security and utilities, this kind of real estate use arises a long list of questions and issues from society and scholars, due to privatization of urban space, bending of law constraints and the lack of an integrated planning of the cities where they are built. The reasons for its fast growth in Brazil s urban areas are analyzed, considering the impact on formal urban planning and municipal services and on the identification of urbanistic, architectural pattern and constraints, as well as legal, social and economic issues. This study is based on the detailed analysis of the first three units of gated communities built in the urban space in Natal, between 1995 and 2003, including their evolution throughout time and the specific social and economic reasons for its present widespread adoption in Brazilian real estate market and, particulary, in our city. The main objective of this piece of work is to answer the why s and how s these phenomena evolved, setting a basis for the definition of adequate public policies and regulation of this kind of urban land use