Síntese hidrotérmica assistida por micro-ondas de tiO2, e aplicação em nanocompósito

In recent decades have seen a sharp growth in the study area of nanoscience and nanotechnology and is included in this area, the study of nanocomposites with self-cleaning properties. Since titanium dioxide (TiO2) has high photocatalytic activity and also antimicrobial, self-cleaning surfaces in your application has been explored. In this study a comparison was made between two synthesis routes to obtain TiO2 nanoparticles by hydrothermal method assisted by microwave. And after analysis of XRD and SEM was considered the best material for use in nanocomposites. It was deposited nanocomposite film of poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) with 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% by weight of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) by the spraying method. The nanocomposite was diluted with hexane and the suspension was deposited onto glass substrate, followed by curing in an oven with forced air circulation. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite impregnated with methylene blue was evaluated by UV- vis spectroscopy from the intensity variation of absorption main peak at 660nm with time of exposure to the UV chamber. Changes in the contact angle and microhardness were analyzed before and after UV aging test. The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the chemical structure of the PDMS matrix was evaluated by spectrophotometry Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).The results indicated that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles in the coating PDMS gave high photocatalytic activity in the decomposition of methylene blue, an important characteristic for the development of self-cleaning coatings

Síntese e caracterização do poli(ácido láctico) para potencial uso em sistemas de liberação controlada de fármacos

With the advances in medicine, life expectancy of the world population has grown considerably in recent decades. Studies have been performed in order to maintain the quality of life through the development of new drugs and new surgical procedures. Biomaterials is an example of the researches to improve quality of life, and its use goes from the reconstruction of tissues and organs affected by diseases or other types of failure, to use in drug delivery system able to prolong the drug in the body and increase its bioavailability. Biopolymers are a class of biomaterials widely targeted by researchers since they have ideal properties for biomedical applications, such as high biocompatibility and biodegradability. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a biopolymer used as a biomaterial and its monomer, lactic acid, is eliminated by the Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle). It is possible to synthesize PLA through various synthesis routes, however, the direct polycondensation is cheaper due the use of few steps of polymerization. In this work we used experimental design (DOE) to produce PLAs with different molecular weight from the direct polycondensation of lactic acid, with characteristics suitable for use in drug delivery system (DDS). Through the experimental design it was noted that the time of esterification, in the direct polycondensation, is the most important stage to obtain a higher molecular weight. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrograms obtained were equivalent to the PLAs available in the literature. Results of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that all PLAs produced are semicrystalline with glass transition temperatures (Tgs) ranging between 36 - 48 °C, and melting temperatures (Tm) ranging from 117 to 130 °C. The PLAs molecular weight characterized from Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), varied from 1000 to 11,000 g/mol. PLAs obtained showed a fibrous morphology characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Infravermelho na caracterização de ácidos húmicos de latossolo sob efeito de uso contínuo de lodo de esgoto.

Objetivou-se caracterizar, por meio de espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (IVTF), possíveis mudanças na natureza química de ácidos húmicos (AHs) extraídos de amostras de Latossolo (0?10 cm) do Campo Experimental da Embrapa Meio Ambiente, em Jaguariúna (SP). Os dados foram obtidos após seis cultivos de milho e a aplicação de doses variáveis de lodo de esgoto de Barueri (LB) (base seca), conforme os tratamentos avaliados: LB0, LB1, LB2, LB4 e LB8 sendo 0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 vezes a necessidade de N para o milho, correspondendo a 0, 30, 60, 120 e 240 t ha-1. Como referência, foi amostrada uma área sob mata. Foram obtidos espectros de ácidos húmicos e do lodo de esgoto utilizado no experimento, e calculados os índices de hidrofobicidade (IH) e de condensação (IC) nas amostras de ácidos húmicos. Foram notadas pequenas alterações na natureza química de AHs de áreas tratadas com lodo de esgoto, em relação à testemunha. Os AHs apresentam grupos aromáticos, -OH fenólicos, - COOH, estruturas alifáticas, carboidratos e impurezas minerais. O uso contínuo de elevadas doses de LB reduziu a concentração de C-alifático e o grau de condensação dos ácidos húmicos, o que sinaliza que há frações orgânicas com maior biodisponibilidade no solo. Na área de mata, o material húmico se caracteriza pelo caráter hidrofóbico e pelo baixo grau de condensação.

UV-Vis, FTIR and antioxidant study of Persea Americana (Avocado) leaf and fruit: A comparison

El aguacate (Persea americana Miller) es una conocida fruta arb´orea con un alto contenido nutricional que crece en varias partes del mundo. El presente estudio compara los espectros del UV-Vis y del espectr´ometro infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier (FTIR) de la fruta y de la hoja de aguacate (c´ascara, pulpa y aceite) cultivado en Ecuador y posteriormente eval´ua su actividad antioxidante empleando el 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH•). El estudio de los espctros UV-Vis y FTIR revel´o que el aguacate tiene predominantemente flavonoides. Entre la hoja y el fruto del aguacate, se comprob´o mediante el ensayo DPPH• (captura de radicales libres), que la hoja tuvo una mayor actividad antioxidante, la que oscila entre 84,46% y 80,12%, con valores de 32.60-32.73 μg equivalentes de ´acido g´alico por mL. Se demostr´o que el orden de la actividad antioxidante de los extractos es: hoja de aguacate > c´ascara > aceite > pulpa. La actividad antioxidante tuvo una correlaci´on positiva con el contenido total de flavonoides y estos extractos de plantas (especialmente de las hojas del aguacate) son ´utiles para el desarrollo de futuros productos antioxidantes.

Filtro kl/dvs para atenuação do ruído "ground roll"

In geophysics there are several steps in the study of the Earth, one of them is the processing of seismic records. These records are obtained through observations made on the earth surface and are useful for information about the structure and composition of the inaccessible parts in great depths. Most of the tools and techniques developed for such studies has been applied in academic projects. The big problem is that the seismic processing power unwanted, recorded by receivers that do not bring any kind of information related to the reflectors can mask the information and/or generate erroneous information from the subsurface. This energy is known as unwanted seismic noise. To reduce the noise and improve a signal indicating a reflection, without losing desirable signals is sometimes a problem of difficult solution. The project aims to get rid of the ground roll noise, which shows a pattern characterized by low frequency, low rate of decay, low velocity and high amplituds. The Karhunen-Loève Transform is a great tool for identification of patterns based on the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Together with the Karhunen-Loève Transform we will be using the Singular Value Decomposition, since it is a great mathematical technique for manipulating data

Pirólise termoquímica de pós da fibra de coco seco em um reator de cilindro rotativo para produção de bio-óleo

This master thesis aims at developing a new methodology for thermochemical degradation of dry coconut fiber (dp = 0.25mm) using laboratory rotating cylinder reactor with the goal of producing bio-oil. The biomass was characterized by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis TG, with evaluation of activation energy the in non-isothermal regime with heating rates of 5 and 10 °C/min, differential themogravimetric analysis DTG, sweeping electron microscopy SEM, higher heating value - HHV, immediate analysis such as evaluated all the amounts of its main constituents, i.e., lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. In the process, it was evaluated: reaction temperature (450, 500 and 550oC), carrier gas flow rate (50 and 100 cm³/min) and spin speed (20 and 25 Hz) to condensate the bio-oil. The feed rate of biomass (540 g/h), the rotation of the rotating cylinder (33.7 rpm) and reaction time (30 33 min) were constant. The phases obtained from the process of pyrolysis of dry coconut fiber were bio-oil, char and the gas phase non-condensed. A macroscopic mass balance was applied based on the weight of each phase to evaluate their yield. The highest yield of 20% was obtained from the following conditions: temperature of 500oC, inert gas flow of 100 cm³/min and spin speed of 20 Hz. In that condition, the yield in char was 24.3%, non-condensable gas phase was 37.6% and losses of approximately 22.6%. The following physicochemical properties: density, viscosity, pH, higher heating value, char content, FTIR and CHN analysis were evaluated. The sample obtained in the best operational condition was subjected to a qualitative chromatographic analysis aiming to know the constituents of the produced bio-oil, which were: phenol followed by sirigol, acetovanilona and vinyl guaiacol. The solid phase (char) was characterized through an immediate analysis (evaluation of moisture, volatiles, ashes and fixed carbon), higher heating value and FTIR. The non-condensing gas phase presented as main constituents CO2, CO and H2. The results were compared to the ones mentioned by the literature.

Processamento Inteligente de Sinais de Pressão e Temperatura Adquiridos Através de Sensores Permanentes em Poços de Petróleo

Originally aimed at operational objectives, the continuous measurement of well bottomhole pressure and temperature, recorded by permanent downhole gauges (PDG), finds vast applicability in reservoir management. It contributes for the monitoring of well performance and makes it possible to estimate reservoir parameters on the long term. However, notwithstanding its unquestionable value, data from PDG is characterized by a large noise content. Moreover, the presence of outliers within valid signal measurements seems to be a major problem as well. In this work, the initial treatment of PDG signals is addressed, based on curve smoothing, self-organizing maps and the discrete wavelet transform. Additionally, a system based on the coupling of fuzzy clustering with feed-forward neural networks is proposed for transient detection. The obtained results were considered quite satisfactory for offshore wells and matched real requisites for utilization

Síntese e caracterização do líquido iônico tetrafluoroborato de 1-metil-3-(2,6-(S)-dimetiloct-2-eno)-imidazol como eletrólito para produção de hidrogênio via eletrólise da água

Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic compounds liquid at room temperature, good electrical conductors, with the potential to form as a means for electrolyte on electrolysis of water, in which the electrodes would not be subjected to such extreme conditions demanding chemistry [1]. This paper describes the synthesis, characterization and study of the feasibility of ionic liquid ionic liquid 1-methyl-3(2,6-(S)-dimethyloct-2-ene)-imidazole tetrafluoroborate (MDI-BF4) as electrolyte to produce hydrogen through electrolysis of water. The MDI-BF4 synthesized was characterized by thermal methods of analysis (Thermogravimetric Analysis - TG and Differential Scanning Calorimetry - DSC), mid-infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform by method of attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hydrogen (NMR 1H) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Where thermal methods were used to calculate the yield of the synthesis of MDI-BF4 which was 88.84%, characterized infrared spectroscopy functional groups of the compound and the binding B-F 1053 cm-1; the NMR 1H analyzed and compared with literature data defines the structure of MDI-BF4 and the current density achieved by MDI-BF4 in the voltammogram shows that the LI can conduct electrical current indicating that the MDI-BF4 is a good electrolyte, and that their behavior does not change with the increasing concentration of water

Ondina e as formas em metamorfose, uma poética inquietante

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Artes, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arte, 2016.

Sistema de sensoriamento eletromagnético utilizado para detecção da contaminação do óleo isolante do motor no método de elevação artificial do tipo bombeio centrífugo submerso

In the artificial lift method by Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP), the energy is transmitted for the well´s deep through a flat electric handle, where it is converted into mechanical energy through an engine of sub-surface, which is connected to a centrifugal pump. This transmits energy to the fluid under the pressure form, bringing it to the surface In this method the subsurface equipment is basically divided into: pump, seal and motor. The main function of the seal is the protect the motor, avoiding the motor´s oil be contaminated by oil production and the consequent burning of it. Over time, the seal will be wearing and initiates a contamination of motor oil, causing it to lose its insulating characteristics. This work presents a design of a magnetic sensor capable of detecting contamination of insulating oil used in the artificial lift method of oil-type Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP). The objective of this sensor is to generate alarm signal just the moment when the contamination in the isolated oil is present, enabling the implementation of a predictive maintenance. The prototype was designed to work in harsh conditions to reach a depth of 2000m and temperatures up to 150°C. It was used a simulator software to defined the mechanical and electromagnetic variables. Results of field experiments were performed to validate the prototype. The final results performed in an ESP system with a 62HP motor showed a good reliability and fast response of the prototype.

Obtenção de álcool alílico (PROP-2-EN-1-OL) a partir da glicerina derivada do biodiesel de óleo de mamona

In this work, biodiesel was produced from castor oil that was a byproduct glycerin. The molar ratio between oil and alcohol, as well as the use of (KOH) catalyst to provide the chemical reaction is based on literature. The best results were obtained using 1 mol of castor oil (260g) to 3 moles of methyl alcohol (138g), using 1.0% KOH as catalyst at a temperature of 260 ° C and shaken at 120 rpm. The oil used was commercially available, the process involves the reaction of transesterification of a vegetable oil with methyl alcohol. The product of this reaction is an ester, biodiesel being the main product and the glycerin by-product which has undergone treatment for use as raw material for the production of allyl alcohol. The great advantage of the use of glycerin to obtain allyl alcohol is that its use eliminates the large amount of waste of the biodiesel and various forms of insult to the environment. The reactions for the formation of allyl alcohol was conducted from formic acid and glycerin in a ratio 1/1, at a temperature of 260oC in a heater blanket, being sprayed by a spiral condenser for a period of 2 hours and the product obtained contains mostly the allylic alcohol .. The monitoring of reactions was performed by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer: FTIR Fourier transform, the analysis showed that these changes occur spectrometer indicating the formation of the product allylic alcohol (prop-2-en-1-ol) in the presence of water, This alcohol was appointed Alcohol GL. The absorption bands confirms that the reaction was observed in (υ C = C) 1470 -1600 cm -1 and (υ CO), 3610-3670 attributed to C = C groups and OH respectively. The thermal analysis was carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer SDT Q600, where the mass and temperature are displayed against time, that allows checking the approximate rate of heating. The innovative methodology developed in the laboratory (LABTAM, UFRN), was able to treat the glycerine produced by transesterification of castor oil and used as raw material for production of allyl alcohol, with a yield of 80%, of alcohol, the same is of great importance in the manufacture of polymers, pharmaceuticals, organic compounds, herbicides, pesticides and other chemicals

Degradacao termica e catalitica da borra oleosa de Petroleo com materiais nanoestruturados al-mcm-41 e AL-SBA-15

Aiming to reduce and reuse waste oil from oily sludge generated in large volumes by the oil industry, types of nanostructured materials Al-MCM-41 and Al-SBA-15, with ratios of Si / Al = 50, were synthesized , and calcined solids used as catalysts in the degradation of oily sludge thermocatalytic oil from oilfield Canto do Amaro, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Samples of nanostructured materials were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG / DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR) and adsorption nitrogen (BET). The characterization showed that the synthesized materials resulted in a catalyst nanostructure, and ordered pore diameter and surface area according to existing literature. The oily sludge sample was characterized by determining the API gravity and sulfur content and SARA analysis (saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes). The results showed a material equivalent to the average oil with API gravity of 26.1, a low sulfur content and considerable amount of resins and asphaltenes, presented above in the literature. The thermal and catalytic degradation of the oily sludge oil was performed from room temperature to 870 ° C in the ratios of heating of 5, 10 and 20 ° C min-1. The curves generated by TG / DTG showed a more accelerated degradation of oily sludge when it introduced the nanostructured materials. These results were confirmed by activation energy calculated by the method of Flynn-Wall, in the presence of catalysts reduced energy, in particular in the range of cracking, showing the process efficiency, mainly for extraction of lightweight materials of composition of oily sludge, such as diesel and gasoline

Análisis predictivo para clasificar dígitos escritos a mano utilizando la base de datos MNIST

En el presente trabajo de fin de máster se realiza una investigación sobre las técnicas de preproceso del dataset de entrenamiento y la aplicación de un modelo de predicción que realice una clasificación de dı́gitos escritos a mano. El conjunto de dataset de train y test son proporcionado en la competencia de Kaggle: Digit Recognizer y provienen de la base de datos de dı́gitos manuscritos MNIST. Por tratarse de imágenes las técnicas de preproceso se concentran en obtener una imagen lo más nı́tida posible y la reducción de tamaño de la misma, objetivos que se logran con técnicas de umbralización por el método de Otsu, transformada de Wavelet de Haar y el análisis de sus componentes principales. Se utiliza Deep Learning como modelo predictivo por ajustarse a este tipo de datos, se emplean además librerı́as de código abierto implementadas en el lenguaje estádisto R. Por último se obtiene una predicción con las técnicas y herramientas mencio- nadas para ser evaluada en la competencia de Kaggle, midiendo y comparando los resultados obtenidos con el resto de participantes.

Makroökonómia. Számítási, geometriai, valamit rutinfejlesztő feladatok

Miért növekszik Paraguay GDP-je nagyobb ütemben, mint az Egyesült Államoké? Egyáltalán miért számolunk GDP-t? Miért nem költ az állam egyre többet-és-többet oktatásra, egészségügyre, bíróságra, honvédelemre és a gazdátlan kutyák gondozására (meg még körülbelül 10000 közös ügyre)? Mit csinál a monetáris politikai döntéshozó és miért csinálja?Az ilyen típusú kérdéseket nevezzük releváns gazdasági kérdéseknek. A válaszhoz három dolog kell: pontos közgazdasági fogalomrendszer, módszertan és sok-sok gondolkodás. Ez a példatár az alapszintű fogalomrendszer és az alapszintű módszertani elemek gyakorlásában kíván segítséget nyújtani.

A classe de distribuições de Panjer e a modelação do risco coletivo

O principal objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a classe de distribuições de Panjer, algumas das suas extensões e a utilização destas na modelação do risco coletivo. Inicialmente, são referidos alguns momentos históricos importantes no estudo da família de distribuições de Panjer e no desenvolvimento do modelo do risco coletivo. Apresentamos também alguns artigos publicados nos últimos vinte anos sobre estas temáticas. Depois, são apresentados os conceitos e instrumentos fundamentais na construção das extensões da família de Panjer e na construção recursiva das distribuições do modelo do risco coletivo. Tais conceitos e instrumentos incluem a função geradora de probabilidades, a transformada de Laplace, a mistura e modi cação de distribuições de probabilidade. Seguidamente, são caracterizadas as distribuições discretas pertencentes à classe de Panjer, distribuições essas denominadas de distribuições de contagem básicas, de nidas a recursão de Panjer e duas suas extensões e apresentadas as distribuições pertencentes a cada uma delas. Finalmente, é apresentado o modelo do risco coletivo, designadamente o modelo composto das indemnizações agregadas, cujas distribuições, neste caso, são construídas através do método recursivo. São também expostos dois métodos de construção de distribuições aritméticas. A dissertação termina com a dedução de alguns modelos particulares para o risco coletivo, obtidos com o auxílio dos programas informáticos Mathematica e R.