Aspectos sociodemográficos e clínicos da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal em adolescentes

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência e identificar fatores sociodemográficos e parâmetros bucais associados ao impacto negativo da condição bucal na qualidade de vida de adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados de 5.445 adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos que participaram do inquérito nacional de saúde bucal (SBBrasil 2010), considerando a complexidade do desenho amostral. O desfecho foi a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal, avaliada por meio do questionário Oral Impacts on Daily Performance e analisada de forma discreta. As variáveis de exposição foram sexo, cor da pele, escolaridade, renda familiar, idade, cárie não tratada, perda dentária, dor de dente, oclusopatias, sangramento gengival, cálculo dentário e bolsa periodontal. Foram conduzidas análises de regressão de Poisson e apresentadas as razões de médias (RM), com respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). RESULTADOS: Dos pesquisados, 39,4% relataram pelo menos um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida. Após o ajuste, a média do impacto negativo foi de 1,52 (IC95%1,16;2,00) vez maior no sexo feminino e 1,42 (IC95% 1,01;1,99), 2,66 (IC95% 1,40;5,07) e 3,32 (IC95% 1,68;6,56) vezes maior nos pardos, amarelos e indígenas, respectivamente, em relação aos brancos. Quanto menor a escolaridade, maior a média de impacto negativo (RM 2,11, IC95% 1,30;3,41), assim como em indivíduos com renda familiar até R$ 500,00 (RM 1,84, IC95% 1,06;3,17) comparados aos de maior renda. Encontrou-se maior impacto na qualidade de vida entre adolescentes com quatro ou mais lesões de cáries não tratadas (RM 1,53, IC95% 1,12;2,10), uma ou mais perdas dentárias (RM 1,44, IC95%1,16;1,80), com dor de dente (RM 3,62, IC95% 2,93;4,46) e com oclusopatia grave (RM 1,52, IC95% 1,04;2,23) e muito grave (RM 1,32, IC95% 1,01;1,72). CONCLUSÕES: Os adolescentes brasileiros relataram alto impacto negativo da saúde bucal na sua qualidade de vida. A iniquidade em sua distribuição deve ser considerada ao planejar medidas de prevenção, monitoramento e tratamento dos agravos bucais nos grupos com maior impacto na qualidade de vida.

Sistema de climatização para um edifício da Rede de Energia Nacional

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

A remote engineering solution for automating a roller hearth kiln

Remote engineering (also known as online engineering) may be defined as a combination of control engineering and telematics. In this area, specific activities require computacional skills in order to develop projects where electrical devives are monitored and / or controlled, in an intercative way, through a distributed network (e.g. Intranet or Internet). In our specific case, we will be dealing with an industrial plant. Within the last few years, there has been an increase in the number of activities related to remote engineering, which may be connected to the phenomenon of the large extension experienced by the Internet (e.g. bandwith, number of users, development tools, etc.). This increase opens new and future possibilities to the implementation of advance teleworking (or e-working) positions. In this paper we present the architecture for a remote application, accessible through the Internet, able to monitor and control a roller hearth kiln, used in a ceramics industry for firing materials. The proposed architecture is based on a micro web server, whose main function is to monitor and control the firing process, by reading the data from a series of temperature sensors and by controlling a series of electronic valves and servo motors. This solution is also intended to be a low-cost alternative to other potential solutions. The temperature readings are obtained through K-type thermopairs and the gas flow is controlled through electrovalves. As the firing process should not be stopped before its complete end, the system is equipped with a safety device for that specific purpose. For better understanding the system to be automated and its operation we decided to develop a scale model (100:1) and experiment on it the devised solution, based on a Micro Web Server.

The impact of Sinogram-Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction on patient dose and image quality compared to filtered back projection: a narrative review

Objective: Summarize all relevant findings in published literature regarding the potential dose reduction related to image quality using Sinogram-Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction (SAFIRE) compared to Filtered Back Projection (FBP). Background: Computed Tomography (CT) is one of the most used radiographic modalities in clinical practice providing high spatial and contrast resolution. However it also delivers a relatively high radiation dose to the patient. Reconstructing raw-data using Iterative Reconstruction (IR) algorithms has the potential to iteratively reduce image noise while maintaining or improving image quality of low dose standard FBP reconstructions. Nevertheless, long reconstruction times made IR unpractical for clinical use until recently. Siemens Medical developed a new IR algorithm called SAFIRE, which uses up to 5 different strength levels, and poses an alternative to the conventional IR with a significant reconstruction time reduction. Methods: MEDLINE, ScienceDirect and CINAHL databases were used for gathering literature. Eleven articles were included in this review (from 2012 to July 2014). Discussion: This narrative review summarizes the results of eleven articles (using studies on both patients and phantoms) and describes SAFIRE strengths for noise reduction in low dose acquisitions while providing acceptable image quality. Conclusion: Even though the results differ slightly, the literature gathered for this review suggests that the dose in current CT protocols can be reduced at least 50% while maintaining or improving image quality. There is however a lack of literature concerning paediatric population (with increased radiation sensitivity). Further studies should also assess the impact of SAFIRE on diagnostic accuracy.

A comparison of Sinogram Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction and filtered back projection on image quality and dose reduction in paediatric head CT: a phantom study

Background: Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most used modalities for diagnostics in paediatric populations, which is a concern as it also delivers a high patient dose. Research has focused on developing computer algorithms that provide better image quality at lower dose. The iterative reconstruction algorithm Sinogram-Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction (SAFIRE) was introduced as a new technique that reduces noise to increase image quality. Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare SAFIRE with the current gold standard, Filtered Back Projection (FBP), and assess whether SAFIRE alone permits a reduction in dose while maintaining image quality in paediatric head CT. Methods: Images were collected using a paediatric head phantom using a SIEMENS SOMATOM PERSPECTIVE 128 modulated acquisition. 54 images were reconstructed using FBP and 5 different strengths of SAFIRE. Objective measures of image quality were determined by measuring SNR and CNR. Visual measures of image quality were determined by 17 observers with different radiographic experiences. Images were randomized and displayed using 2AFC; observers scored the images answering 5 questions using a Likert scale. Results: At different dose levels, SAFIRE significantly increased SNR (up to 54%) in the acquired images compared to FBP at 80kVp (5.2-8.4), 110kVp (8.2-12.3), 130kVp (8.8-13.1). Visual image quality was higher with increasing SAFIRE strength. The highest image quality was scored with SAFIRE level 3 and higher. Conclusion: The SAFIRE algorithm is suitable for image noise reduction in paediatric head CT. Our data demonstrates that SAFIRE enhances SNR while reducing noise with a possible reduction of dose of 68%.

Using remote lab networks to provide support to public secondary school education level

The advantages of networking are widely known in many areas (from business to personal ones). One particular area where networks have also proved their benefits is education. Taking the secondary school education level into account, some successful cases can be found in literature. In this paper we describe a particular remote lab network supporting physical experiments accessible to students of institutions geographically separated. The network architecture and application examples of using some of the available remote experiments are illustrated in detail.

Estudo da dinmica esofágica através de cintilografia como possível meio de diagnóstico precoce de aperistalse em indivíduos chagásicos

Determinaram-se o tempo de trânsito esofágico (TTE) e o tempo decorrido até a abertura da cárdia (TDAC) para um líquido de prova administrado por via oral em 40 voluntários (Grupo I) e em 106 pacientes com enfermidade de Chagas (Grupo II), pelo estudo cintilográfico do esôfago com pertecnetato-99mTc. Imagens seqüenciais do trânsito esofagiano do traçador foram obtidas com câmara de cintilação. Curvas de variação da atividade versus tempo na região da cárdia foram registradas por seleção de área de interesse e com o auxílio de um processador multi-canal. No Grupo I o TTE e TDAC foram superponíveis, com média x = 13,2s, desvio padrão δ — l,35s e coeficiente de variação 10%, estabelecendo-se o valor de 15,9s (x + 2 δ) como limite superior da mortalidade. Dos 106 chagásicos, 39 (36,8%) apresentaram apenas o TTE aumentado; 6 (5,6%) apenas o TDAC e 7 (6,6%) ambos os tempos aumentados. Os valores foram alterados em 36,0% dos pacientes do sexo masculino e em 51,0% dos pacientes do sexo feminino. Sintomas de disfagia e/ou pirose estavam presentes em 51,1% dos pacientes com tempos aumentados e em 24,6% dos com tempos normais. Os Autores propõem a determinação dos dois parâmetros — TTE e TDAC pelo método ensaiado como possível meio de diagnóstico precoce da peristalse do esôfago e de avaliação de tratamentos instituídos.

Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees:evidence from field experiments

Animal Cognition, V.6, pp. 213-223

Cardiopatia chagásica em crianças: relato de dois casos

Os Autores apresentam dois casos de cardiopatia chagásica crônica na infância, procedentes da região limítrofe entre os Estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais. O objetivo é mostrar a possibilidade de contaminação natural da doença na área rural da região da qual as crianças são provenientes, assim como contribuir no entendimento fisiopatológico da Doença de Chagas. Ambos os casos apresentaram insuficiência cardíaca refratária aos recursos terapêuticos atuais, evoluindo para o óbito. São feitos comentários gerais sobre a fisiopatologia da doença, com base na literatura pertinente.

Development and validation of a psychometric scale for assessing PA chest image quality

Purpose - To develop and validate a psychometric scale for assessing image quality for chest radiographs.

UltramicroELISA para la detección de anticuerpos IgM anti M. leprae

La disponibilidad del sistema Ultramicroanalítico (SUMA) y de un antígeno especie-específico del M. leprae obtenido mediante síntesis química, permitió la normalización y validación de un ultramicroELISA para la detección de anticuerpos IgM específicos a esta micobacteria. El análisis de 433 sueros de banco de sangre y 265 sueros usados para validar el método y clasificados en un grupo control de donantes de banco de sangre (100), un grupo de pacientes tuberculosos (50), un grupo de enfermos de lepra (65) y un grupo de contactos de estos enfermos (50), mostró la especificidad del ensayo para evidenciar la infección con el M. leprae. Los resultados obtenidos del estudio adicional de 140 muestras de suero de contactos de enfermos estuvieron estrechamente correlacionados (r = 0,98) con los resultados obtenidos por la técnica de microELISA convencional. La utilización del SUMA no solo permite un notable ahorro de reactivos si no además facilita la lectura, cálculo, validación y almacenamiento automático de los resultados.

Biostratigraphie et paléoécologie des peuplements d'ostracodes dans le Domérien du Bassin Lusitanien, Portugal

The Domerian sections from the Lusitanian Basin of São Pedro de Muel, Rabaçal and Tomar have provided us with more than 1100 Ostracods belonging from 18 genus and about 48 species. The faunal diversity and density of the associations decrease in space (from Tomar to Rabaçal and São Pedro de Muel) and time, with favourable environments for the proliferation of Ostracods at the lower part of the sections (Stokesi subzone) and more hostile at the upper part (Ragazzonii subzone). The Monestieri and Nitescens horizons and the Subnodosus subzone are characterized by a typical assemblage of Ostracods. The palaeoecological Ostracod indexes reveal the fluctuations of the oxygenation, temperature, depth and hydrodynamism of the water, on the different sections and on the whole platform. They display a diachronous cooling in the Lower Domerian series. In the upper part of the Middle and in the Upper Domerian, the deeper, less oxygenated and cooler waters prevent the development of the Ostracod faunas.

Resplandy a desconstrução da ilusão: trabalho de projeto

Trabalho de Projecto apresentado com vista à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Desenvolvimento de Projecto Cinematográfico.

A municipal level approach to the management of schistosomiasis control in Peri-Peri, MG, Brazil

A schistosomiasis control program was implemented between 1974/87 in Peri-Peri,. MG (622 inhabitants). Molluscicide (niclosamide) was applied at three monthly intervals in water sources with Biomphalaria glabrata, and individuals eliminating Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the feces were treated annually with oxamniquine. From 1974 to 1983 the control measures were undertaken by staff of the "René Rachou" Research Center FIOCRUZ (CPqRR), and from 1984 to 1987 these measures were included in the Capim Branco basic health network activities. During both periods, the prevalence, incidence, intensity of infection and hepatosplenic form as well as the number of infected snails decreased significantly. The prevalence decreased from 43.5 to 4.4%, the incidence from 19.0 to 2.9%, the overall intensity of S. mansoni from 281 to 87 and of the hepatosplenic form from 5.9 to 0.0%. The results obtained suggest that the municipal management of control measures was as effective as the vertical program conducted by CPqRR staff.

Blastocistosis y otras infecciones por protozoos intetinales en comunidades humanas ribereñas de la cuenca del rio Valdivia, Chile

Entre marzo y octubre de 1987 se examinaron muestras coprológicas de 970 personas (20, 9% de la población) pertenecientes a 209 grupos familiares de las comunidades ribereñas de la cuenca del rio Valdivia, Chile; con el propósito de determinar las prevalencias de infección por Blastocystis hominis y otros protozoos intestinales para establecer relaciones con la edad y sexo de los hospedadores, saneamiento ambiental y porcentaje de individuos infectados por grupo familiar. Un 72, 5% de las personas presentó una o más especies de protozoos intestinales. La mayor prevalencia se registró para B. hominis (61, 8%), que se incrementó con la edad del hospedador al igual que en las infecciones por Endolimax nana y Entamoeba coli. No se demostró asociación entre el sexo del hospedador y la prevalencia de infección por B. hominis y otras especies de protozoos. La prevalencia de B. hominis fue mayor en individuos que habitaban viviendas cuya disposition de excrementos era no sanitaria. Más del 60% de los integrantes de los grupos familiares presentaron infección por B. hominis en el 53, 1% de las familias encuestadas en contraposición al 2,4%-21,8% observado en infecciones por otros protozoos. El examen de 45 muestras de excrementos de cerdos, reveló infección por Blastocystis en el 22,2% de estos animales.