The electrochemical reduction reaction of dissolved oxygen on Q235 carbon steel in alkaline solution containing chloride ions

Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and rotating disk electrode voltammetry have been used to study the effect of chloride ions on the dissolved oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on Q235 carbon steel electrode in a 0.02 M calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(2)) solutions imitating the liquid phase in concrete pores. The results indicate that the cathodic process on Q235 carbon steel electrode in oxygen-saturated 0.02 M Ca(OH)(2) with different concentrations of chloride ions contain three reactions except hydrogen evolution: dissolved oxygen reduction, the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), and then the reduction of Fe(II) to Fe. The peak potential of ORR shifts to the positive direction as the chloride ion concentration increases. The oxygen molecule adsorption can be inhibited by the chloride ion adsorption, and the rate of ORR decreases as the concentration of chloride ions increases. The mechanism of ORR is changed from 2e(-) and 4e(-) reactions, occurring simultaneously, to quietly 4e(-) reaction with the increasing chloride ion concentration.

Characteristics of sulfide corrosion products on 316L stainless steel surfaces in the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria

It has been found that microbial communities play a significant role in the corrosion process of steels exposed in aquatic and soil environments. Biomineralization influenced by microorganisms is believed to be responsible for the formation of corrosion products via complicated pathways of electron transfer between microbial cells and the metal. In this study, sulfide corrosion products were investigated for 316L stainless steel exposed to media with sulfate-reducing bacteria media for 7 weeks. The species of inorganic and organic sulfides in the passive film on the stainless steel were observed by epifluorescence microscope, environmental scanning electron microscope combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The transformation from metal oxides to metal sulfides influenced by sulfate-reducing bacteria is emphasized in this paper. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Corrosion resistance of steel with hot-dipped galvanized zinc and zinc alloy coatings in seawater

Hot-dipped galvanized zinc and zinc alloy coatings were used as the hot-dipped low alloy zinc coatings (aluminum content less than protective metallic coatings for steel structures in seawater in Chi- or equal to 10 wt%) is equal to or even lower than that of the pure na. Corrosion of the two coatings immersed in sea water in Qingdao zinc sheet, while the performance of the hot-dipped high alloy zinc and Xiamen for 6 years were introduced and analyzed, which pro-coatings is higher than that of the pure zinc sheet. The hot-dipped vides a basis for further development and applications of these coat- high alloy zinc coatings can be further developed for optimal tings in China. Tests proved that the anti-corrosion performance of formance in the future.

Effect of sulfate-reducing bacteria on corrosion behavior of mild steel in sea mud

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is very severe corrosion for constructions buried under sea mud environment. Therefore it is of great importance to carry out the investigation of the corrosion behavior of marine steel in sea mud. In this paper, the effect of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) on corrosion behavior of mild steel in sea mud was studied by weight loss, dual-compartment cell, electronic probe microanalysis (EPMA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM).combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that corrosion rate and galvanic current were influenced by the metabolic activity of SRB. In the environment of sea mud containing SRB, the original corrosion products, ferric (oxyhydr) oxide, transformed to iron sulfide. With the excess of the dissolved H2S, the composition of the protective layer formed of FeS transformed to FeS2 or other non-stoichiometric polysulphide, which changed the state of the former layer and accelerated the corrosion process.

Hydrogen permeation behavior and corrosion monitoring atmospheric of steel in cyclic wet-dry environment

Hydrogen permeation of 16Mn steel under a cyclic wet-dry condition was investigated by Devanathan-Stachurski's electrolytic cell with a membrane covered on the exit side by a nickel layer and the weight loss was measured for each wet-dry cycle. The results show that hydrogen permeation current change with different atmospheric environment: distilled water, seawater, and seawater containing 100 ppm H2S. The results show that seawater can induce an increase in the hydrogen permeation current due to the hydrolyzation reaction. And after the increase, equilibrium is reached due to the equilibrium of hydrolyzation reaction effect and the block of the rust layer. On the other hand, H2S contamination also can induce an increase in the maximum hydrogen permeation current due to the hydrolyzation reaction. And H2S contamination delays the time that hydrogen permeation is detected because of the formation of the FeS(1-x) film. The FeS(1-x) film can block the absorption of hydrogen onto the specimen surface. The surface potential change and the pH change of the metal surface control the hydrogen permeation current. And a clear linear correlation exists between the quantities of hydrogen permeated through the 16Mn steel and the weight loss. Based on the linear correlation, we monitored the corrosion rate by monitoring the hydrogen permeation current by a sensor outside. Good coherences were shown between results in laboratory and outside.

The hydrogen permeation investigation of API X56 steel in sea mud

It was found that the corrosion rate of steel in the sea mud with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) could be as high as 10 times of that in the sea mud without SRB. And the hydrogen permeation reaction would occur when metals were corroded. So it is necessary to investigate the effect of living SRB on hydrogen permeation in the sea mud. Cathodic potential was often added to metals in order to protect them. But hydrogen permeation could be affected by the cathodic potential. So it is also necessary to study the effect of cathodic potential on hydrogen permeation. In this paper, the hydrogen permeation actions of APT X56 steel in the sea mud with and without SRB at corrosion and cathodic potential were studied with an improved Devanathan-Stachurski's electrolytic cell. Experimental results showed that during the growth of SRB, the current density curve of hydrogen permeation was accordant with the growth curve of SRB. But the hydrogen permeation current density of APT X56 steel hardly changed in the sterilized sea mud. Compared with the hydrogen permeation current density of APT X56 steel in the sterilized sea mud, the hydrogen permeation of APT X56 steel in the sea mud could be accelerated by living SRB. Experimental results also showed that the hydrogen permeation current density increased rapidly when the cathodic potential was added to the three-electrode system of the cathodic cell, and then the hydrogen permeation current density could obtain a stable value slowly. So the cathodic potential added to the cathodic cell could accelerate hydrogen permeation.

Explanation of Big "P" as of March 20, 1959

ERROR is a routine to provide a common location for all routines. Its celling sequence is: SXD SERROR,4 TSX SERROR+1,4 The above is normally followed immediately by up to 20 registers of BCD remarks terminated by a word of 1's. This may be left out, however. ERROR prints out the remark, if any, the location of the TSX that entered error, restores the console except for the AC overflow, and transfers to the user's error routine specified by the calling sequence of SETUP.

Stainless-steel-net-supported zeolite NaA membrane with high permeance and high permselectivity for oxygen over nitrogen

A stainless-steel net is used to support a zeolite NaA membrane synthesized using a 'seeded-growth' method. The zeolite and stainless-steel net are tightly integrated (see Figure), showing large-scale order and high mechanical stability. High oxygen permeance and high permselectivity for O-2 over N-2 (about 7) is demonstrated.

Mammon's Television?: ITV in Wales 1959-63

Medhurst, J. (2005). Mammon's Television?: ITV in Wales 1959-63. In C. Johnson and R. Turnock (Eds.), ITV Cultures: Independent Television over 50 Years (pp.88-107). Maidenhead: Open University Press. RAE2008

Hanes Ymddiriedolaeth Theatr Dewi Sant, 1959-1984

Owen, Roger, 'Hanes Ymddiriedolaeth Theatr Dewi Sant, 1959-1984', In: Theatrau Cenedlaethol yng Nghymru, (University of Wales Press), pp.129-168, 2007

Effect of particle concentration on erosion rate of mild steel bends in a pneumatic conveyor

Particle concentration is known as a main factor that affects erosion rate of pipe bends in pneumatic conveyors. With consideration of different bend radii, the effect of particle concentration on weight loss of mild steel bends has been investigated in an industrial scale test rig. Experimental results show that there was a significant reduction of the specific erosion rate for high particle concentrations. This reduction was considered to be as a result of the shielding effect during the particle impacts. An empirical model is given. Also a theoretical study of scaling on the shielding effect, and comparisons with some existing models, are presented. It is found that the reduction in specific erosion rate (relative to particle concentration) has a stronger relationship in conveying pipelines than has been found in the erosion tester.