1000 resultados para Solos - Salinidade
Resumo:
Agrochemicals constitute the class of products most commonly found in water resources. Their high level of concentration is due to the fact that less than 0.1% of pesticides applied to crops reach their target. The present work aims to study the sorption of clomazone herbicide (associated or not with nanoparticles). The sorption tests, performed with the 2(4) factorial design, showed that the form of herbicide is the main factor for sorption of clomazone. The application of nanoparticles as delivery system for agrochemicals is a pressing area of study and can contribute for decrease in effects of clomazone in the environment.
Resumo:
Antimicrobials, among other veterinary drugs, are used worldwide in industry and agriculture to protect animal health and prevent economic loss. In recent years, they have been detected in various environmental compartments, including soil, surface and groundwater and have become a topic of research interest. Emphasizing this class of compounds, this review presents the different pathways which veterinary drugs enter in the environment, in particular contaminate soils. Also are presented regulatory aspects and guidelines, adsorption/desorption and degradation of these compounds in soils and the consequences of its dispersal in the environment.
Resumo:
This work aimed to access the contents and chemical forms and to estimate mobility and availability of cooper and zinc in samples from two soils (Haplortox and Paleudult) previously treated with doses of sewage sludge (SS) and municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), besides a control treatment. Largest percentages of Cu and Zn were determined in the organic matter fraction. Zn showed higher percentages of soluble and exchangeable fractions than Cu. Treatments with SS showed higher potential of Cu and Zn availability. Modifications in soil attributes due to residue application affected metal mobility and availability indexes.
Resumo:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the sorption and leaching of thiamethoxam in dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol (LVAd), dystroferric Red Latosol (LVdf) and Red-Yellow Argisol (PVAd) with coffee under the effect of sewage sludge doses. There was thiamethoxam sorption decreasing at higher doses of sewage sludge in LVAd and LVdf. In the PVAd, sorption was higher in samples that received the highest dose of sewage sludge. At 150 days after the application of thiamethoxam, the compound began to be detected in the effluent, in all soils. Dissolved organic carbon had no influence on the thiamethoxam leaching.
Resumo:
Soil fluxes of N2O were determined over one year in montane tropical rainforest of southeastern Brazil with average annual rainfall of 2.8 m. Annual mean (± standard deviation) and median N2O fluxes were 3.0 ± 1.4 and 2.7 µg N m-2 h-1, respectively, is 5-10 times lower than mean values reported in literature for tropical rainforest soils in the Amazon basin. N2O fluxes varied spatially and seasonally, were about twice as high during summer as in winter, and significantly influenced by both monthly precipitation and soil temperature.
Resumo:
In this paper studies based on Multilayer Perception Artificial Neural Network and Least Square Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) techniques are applied to determine of the concentration of Soil Organic Matter (SOM). Performances of the techniques are compared. SOM concentrations and spectral data from Mid-Infrared are used as input parameters for both techniques. Multivariate regressions were performed for a set of 1117 spectra of soil samples, with concentrations ranging from 2 to 400 g kg-1. The LS-SVM resulted in a Root Mean Square Error of Prediction of 3.26 g kg-1 that is comparable to the deviation of the Walkley-Black method (2.80 g kg-1).
Resumo:
Determination of organic acids in soils and organic materials is important due to the important role they play in improving the soil's physical, chemical and microbiological conditions. This study identified and quantified low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) in soils (dystroferric Red Latosol, dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol and Quartzarenic Neosol) and organic materials (cow, pig, chicken, quail and horse manures, sawdust, coconut fiber, pine bark, coffee husks, biochar, organic substrate, sewage sludges 1 and 2, garbage compost, pig slurry compost). The following acids were identified: acetic, citric, D-malic, formic, fumaric, maleic, malonic, oxalic, quinic, shikimic, succinic and tartaric.
Resumo:
Plants absorb phosphorus from the soil, which has low levels of this element due to the poor solubility of these compounds in soil and high adsorption capacity of the element by soil particles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess, using hydroxyapatite nanoparticles synthesized in the laboratory, the amount of phosphorus available under different conditions. The results showed that the phosphorus compound had highest solubility in hydroxyapatite sintered at 300°C in an oven for 2h and diluted to 0.05M with MilliQ water, corroborating the theory that the stronger the agglomeration of the nanoparticles, the fewer the pores and the poorer their solubility.
Resumo:
The aim of this study was to investigate the sorption and desorption of thiamethoxam in contrasting soils under the effect of organic acids. The results showed that MTo sorption had higher Kd. The presence of organic acids increased sorption and reduced desorption of thiamethoxam at MTo. The opposite was observed for the LVdf where the presence of 400 µmol L-1 of acid reduced the sorption of thiamethoxam in a concentration of 20 µmol L-1, not influencing desorption. The dynamics of organic acids with minerals from the soil particles were clarified by infrared analysis.
Resumo:
Monitoring of soil carbon storage may indicate possible effects of climate change on the terrestrial environment and it is therefore necessary to understand the influence of redox potential and chemical characteristics of humic substances (HS) of Antarctic soil. Five soils from King George Island were used. HS were extracted, quantified and characterized by potentiometry and the content of total carbon and nitrogen determined. HS of these soils had greater aliphatic character, low content of phenolic groups, lower acidity and lower formal standard electrode potential, compared to HS of soils from other regions, suggesting they are more likely to be oxidized.
Resumo:
This study used chemometric tools and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine the influence of organic matter and anthropogenic activity on the distribution of metal species between two major communities of the Middle Negro River Basin-AM. Higher concentrations of metal species were determined in flooded regions. The chemometric analysis showed the affinity of organic matter for potentially toxic metals, indicating its selectivity. GIS spatial analysis has shown that proximity to urban areas is a variable that is likely to influence the pattern of concentration of organic matter, and consequently the distribution of metal species between flooded and non-flooded areas.
Resumo:
Áreas de uma microbacia sem a incidência de doenças causadas por Rhizoctonia solani GA 4 foram agrupadas estatisticamente, pelo método de Ward, com relação à supressividade dos solos ao patógeno, avaliada pela taxa de crescimento micelial. Entre os grupos formados, foi definido um gradiente de supressividade. A relação entre gradientes de supressividade e tipos de cobertura vegetal foi descrita com auxílio da análise de correspondências múltiplas, sendo que, de modo geral, o pasto e o pousio, seguidos da mata, tornaram os solos mais supressivos, ao passo que a cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum), o milho (Zea mays ), o café (Coffea arabica) e o solo arado tornaram os solos mais conducentes. Porém, os resultados mostraram que outros fatores, além da cobertura vegetal, podem estar afetando a supressividade. Um tratamento biocida (fumigação) dos solos mais supressivos promoveu um maior incremento da taxa de crescimento do patógeno do que o observado com solos mais conducentes.
Resumo:
Avaliou-se a eficiência de Trichoderma longibranchiatum (UFV-1), de T. inhamatum (UFV-2 e UFV-3), compostos de casca e folhas de eucalipto contra Rhizoctonia spp., aplicados em solo de jardim clonal de eucalipto (Eucalyptus sp.). Em solos artificialmente infestados com Rhizoctonia spp., sob condições controladas, os antagonistas UFV-2 e UFV-3 apresentaram níveis elevados de supressividade, quando se aumentou a fonte alimentar na formulação, de 5 a 50 g de farelo de trigo por litro. No campo, o antagonista UFV-3 não teve efeito significativo na redução do inóculo de Rhizoctonia spp. Compostos de casca de eucalipto apresentaram diferentes graus de supressão a Rhizoctonia spp., dependendo da origem e do lote do composto. A incorporação de folhas de eucalipto ao solo favoreceu o aumento do inóculo de Rhizoctonia spp.
Resumo:
O fungo Monosporascus cannonballus é um importante patógeno radicular do meloeiro na região Nordeste, onde causa a doença denominada colapso. Como não existem informações sobre os níveis populacionais de ascósporos de M. cannonballus em solos brasileiros, realizou-se este trabalho com o objetivo de comparar as densidades de ascósporos em amostras solo de 15 áreas não cultivadas de Caatinga e 15 áreas produtoras de melão do Rio Grande do Norte e do Ceará. Em todos os solos analisados foram detectados ascósporos de M. cannonballus, sendo que as populações nas áreas não cultivadas variaram de 0,18 a 18,30 ascósporos.g-1 de solo e nas áreas cultivadas com meloeiro de 0,50 a 26,04 ascósporos.g-1 de solo. Não houve diferença significativa (P=0,05) na densidade média de ascósporos entre solos não cultivados e cultivados. Entre as áreas cultivadas, a densidade média de ascósporos foi significativamente superior nas áreas com histórico de colapso causado por M. cannonballus, comparado às áreas sem histórico da doença. Pelos resultados alcançados há indícios que M. cannonballus não foi introduzido no Brasil por materiais de propagação, mas já era habitante natural dos solos de Caatinga antes da chegada da cultura do meloeiro.
Resumo:
A podridão-mole causada por Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) é fator limitante para o cultivo de olerícolas no estado de Pernambuco. As características do solo e os fatores ambientais podem influenciar a população de Pcc e o desenvolvimento da doença. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a taxa de extinção da população de Pcc em 24 amostras de solos de Pernambuco e analisar as características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas dos solos associadas com a supressividade ou conducividade ao patógeno. No estudo da influência dos solos na população de Pcc, utilizou-se mutante resistente a rifampicina (Pcc127Rif), sendo calculada a taxa de extinção relativa da população (TERP) que variou de 0,0547 a 0,6327 log (UFC)/dia. Seis solos mostraram-se supressivos a Pcc127Rif enquanto cinco evidenciaram conducividade. Os grupos de solos baseados na TERP de Pcc127Rif não apresentaram relação com os municípios de coleta, tipos de coberturas do solo na época da coleta ou classes texturais dos solos. Considerando-se todos os solos, não foram constatadas correlações significativas (P<0,05) entre a TERP de Pcc127Rif e as características químicas, físicas e microbiológicas dos solos. Nos seis solos mais supressivos, a TERP de Pcc127Rif se correlacionou significativamente com a densidade aparente do solo (r = 0,76), populações de bactérias totais (r = 0,82) e Bacillus sp. (r = 0,80). A população de Bacillus sp. se correlacionou com a densidade aparente, mas não com a população de bactérias totais. Nos cinco solos que se apresentaram mais conducivos houve correlação entre a TERP de Pcc127Rif e a população de Bacillus sp. (r = -0,86).