Isotopes in cosmochemistry: recipe for a Solar System

Extreme isotopic variations among extraterrestrial materials provide great insights into the origin and evolution of the Solar System. In this tutorial review, we summarize how the measurement of isotope ratios can expand our knowledge of the processes that took place before and during the formation of our Solar System and its subsequent early evolution. The continuous improvement of mass spectrometers with high precision and increased spatial resolution, including secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and multi collector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), along with the ever growing amounts of available extraterrestrial samples have significantly increased the temporal and spatial constraints on the sequence of events that took place since and before the formation of the first Solar System condensates (i.e., Ca-Al-rich inclusions). Grains sampling distinct stellar environments with a wide range of isotopic compositions were admixed to, but possibly not fully homogenized in, the Sun's parent molecular cloud or the nascent Solar System. Before, during and after accretion of the nebula, as well as the formation and subsequent evolution of planetesimals and planets, chemical and physical fractionation processes irrevocably changed the chemical and isotopic compositions of all Solar System bodies. Since the formation of the first Solar System minerals and rocks 4.568 Gyr ago, short-and long-lived radioactive decay and cosmic ray interaction also contributed to the modification of the isotopic framework of the Solar System, and permit to trace the formation and evolution of directly accessible and inferred planetary and stellar isotopic reservoirs.

RPRDC: Reliable Proliferation Routing with low Duty-Cycle in Wireless Sensor Networks

Ensuring reliable energy efficient data communication in resource constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is of primary concern. Traditionally, two types of re-transmission have been proposed for the data-loss, namely, End-to-End loss recovery (E2E) and per hop. In these mechanisms, lost packets are re-transmitted from a source node or an intermediate node with a low success rate. The proliferation routing(1) for QoS provisioning in WSNs low End-to-End reliability, not energy efficient and works only for transmissions from sensors to sink. This paper proposes a Reliable Proliferation Routing with low Duty Cycle RPRDC] in WSNs that integrates three core concepts namely, (i) reliable path finder, (ii) a randomized dispersity, and (iii) forwarding. Simulation results demonstrates that packet successful delivery rate can be maintained upto 93% in RPRDC and outperform Proliferation Routing(1). (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

A quantum dot sensitized solar cell based on vertically aligned carbon nanotube templated ZnO arrays

We report on a quantum dot sensitized solar cell (QDSSC) based on ZnO nanorod coated vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that the electron lifetime for the device based on VACNT/ZnO/CdSe is longer than that for a device based on ZnO/CdSe, indicating that the charge recombination at the interface is reduced by the presence of the VACNTs. Due to the increased surface area and longer electron lifetime, a power conversion efficiency of 1.46% is achieved for the VACNT/ZnO/CdSe devices under an illumination of one Sun (AM 1.5G, 100 mW/cm2). © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

A detailed chemistry multi-cycle simulation of a gasoline fueled HCCI engine operated with NVO

A previously developed Stochastic Reactor Model (SRM) is used to simulate combustion in a four cylinder in-line four-stroke naturally aspirated direct injection Spark Ignition (SI) engine modified to run in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) mode with a Negative Valve Overlap (NVO). A portion of the fuel is injected during NVO to increase the cylinder temperature and enable HCCI combustion at a compression ratio of 12:1. The model is coupled with GT-Power, a one-dimensional engine simulation tool used for the open valve portion of the engine cycle. The SRM is used to model in-cylinder mixing, heat transfer and chemistry during the NVO and main combustion. Direct injection is simulated during NVO in order to predict heat release and internal Exhaust Gas Recycle (EGR) composition and mass. The NOx emissions and simulated pressure profiles match experimental data well, including the cyclic fluctuations. The model predicts combustion characteristics at different fuel split ratios and injection timings. The effect of fuel reforming on ignition timing is investigated along with the causes of cycle to cycle variations and unstable operation. A detailed flux analysis during NVO unearths interesting results regarding the effect of NOx on ignition timing compared with its effect during the main combustion. © 2009 SAE International.

High-resolution TEM characterization of ZnO core-shell nanowires for dye-sensitized solar cells

Recently ZnO nanowire films have been used in very promising and inexpensive dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). It was found that the performance of the devices can be enhanced by functionalising the nanowires with a thin metal oxide coating. This nm-scale shell is believed to tailor the electronic structure of the nanowire, and help the absorption of the dye. Core-shell ZnO nanowire structures are synthesised at low temperature (below 120°C) by consecutive hydrothermal growth steps. Different materials are investigated for the coating, including Mg, Al, Cs and Zr oxides. High resolution TEM is used to characterise the quality of both the nanowire core and the shell, and to monitor the thickness and the degree of crystallisation of the oxide coating. The interface between the nanowire core and the outer shell is investigated in order to understand the adhesion of the coating, and give valuable feedback for the synthesis process. Nanowire films are packaged into dye-sensitised solar cell prototypes; samples coated with ZrO2 and MgO show the largest enhancement in the photocurrent and open-circuit voltage and look very promising for further improvement. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd.

The production of separate streams of pure hydrogen and carbon dioxide from coal via an iron-oxide redox cycle

A chemical looping process using the redox reactions of iron oxide has been used to produce separate streams of pure H2 and CO2 from a solid fuel. An iron oxide carrier prepared using a mechanical mixing technique and comprised of 100wt.% Fe2O3 was used. It was demonstrated that hydrogen can be produced from three representative coals - a Russian bituminous, a German lignite and a UK sub-bituminous coal. Depending on the fuel, pure H2 with [CO] ≲50vol.ppm can be obtained from the proposed process. The cyclic stability of the iron oxide carrier was not adversely affected by contaminants found in syngas which are gaseous above 273K. Stable quantities of H2 were produced over five cycles for all three coals investigated. Independent of the fuel, SO2 was not formed during the oxidation with steam, i.e. the produced H2 was not contaminated with SO2. Since oxidation with air removes contaminants and generates useful heat and pure N2 for purging, it should be included in the operating cycle. Overall, it was demonstrated that the proposed process may be an attractive approach to upgrade crude syngas produced by the gasification of low-rank coals to pure H2, representing a substantial increase in calorific value, whilst simultaneous capturing CO2, a greenhouse gas. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Fractography and Crack Initiation of Very-High-Cycle Fatigue for a High Carbon Low Alloy Steel

Very-High-Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) is the phenomenon of fatigue damage and failure of metallic materials or structures subjected to 108 cycles of fatigue loading and beyond. This paper attempts to investigate the VHCF behavior and mechanism of a high strength low alloy steel (main composition: C-1% and Cr-1.5%; quenched at 1108K and tempered at 453K). The fractography of fatigue failure was observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The observations reveal that, for the number of cycles to fatigue failure between 106 and 4108 cycles, fatigue cracks almost initiated in the interior of specimen and originated at non-metallic inclusions. An “optical dark area” (ODA) around initiation site is observed when fatigue initiation from interior. ODA size increases with the decrease of fatigue stress, and becomes more roundness. Fracture mechanics analysis gives the stress intensity factor of ODA, which is nearly equivalent to the corresponding fatigue threshold of the test material. The results indicate that the fatigue life of specimens with crack origin at the interior of specimen is longer than that with crack origin at specimen surface. The experimental results and the fatigue mechanism were further analyzed in terms of fracture mechanics and fracture physics, suggesting that the primary propagation of fatigue crack within the fish-eye local region is the main characteristics of VHCF.

Determinación del índice de área foliar, radiación solar no interceptada por especies forestales y concentración de magnesio en hojas de café (Coffea arabica L.) en sistemas agroforestales, localizados en Masaya, Nicaragua

La presente investigación se realizó en sistemas agroforestales con Café Coffea arábiga L.)en el Municipio de Masatepe, Nicaragua, determinando el índice de área foliar, radiación solar no interceptada por especies forestales y concentración de magnesio en hojas de Café. Para determinar índice de área foliar se utilizó una metodología no destructiva y una destructiva; la medición no destructiva se basó en la técnica de fotografías hemisféricas para lo cual se utilizó una cámara Nikon Coolpix 4500 que permitió tomar fotografías de cuatro árboles de Samanea saman, Inga laurina, Simarouba glauca, Tabebuia rosea respectivamente. Porcada árbol se tomaron cuatro imágenes sobre lados opuestos del tronco (Norte, Sur, Este y Oeste), para el análisis de fotografías hemisféricas se empleó el software Gap Light Analyzer. Para contrastar la medición de índice de área foliar por método no destructivo (fotografías hemisféricas) se empleó un método destructivo basado en la recolección de 300 hojas, se tomó el peso húmedo del total de hojas de cada uno de los árboles en estudio. Del total de hojas de cada árbol se pesaron separadamente tres muestras; utilizando el planímetro LI-3000 se calculó en cada caso el área de la hoja. Una vez obtenida el área foliar de la hoja, las muestras se secaron en horno a 65° C, durante 72 h y promediadas para obtener biomasa del follaje. Dividiendo el área foliar de las muestras entre su peso seco se obtuvo el área foliar específica, posteriormente el promedio de área foliar específica de las muestras multiplicado por el peso seco total de hojas permitió calcular el área foliar del árbol. Finalmente, se obtuvo el índice de área foliar dividiendo área foliar entre el área de suelo asignada . La medición de la cantidad de radiación incidente sobre el follaje de las plantas de Café se realizó en la réplica II en CENECOOP en dos puntos de muestreo; el criterio de selección de los sitios se basó en la combinación de árboles ubicados diagonalmente y en la uniformidad de distancia entre las especies para la combinación T. rosea + S. glaucae I. laurina + S. saman. En esta réplica se realizaron análisis del contenido de magnesio en hojas de Café en las subparcelas 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 y 12 más dos muestras testigos en las subparcelas 13 y 14 a pleno sol. El índice de área foliar promedio para especies tropicales estimado por el método destructivo fue de 2,52 y por el método no destructivo fue de 0,85; debido a estas diferencias es necesario aplicar un factor de corrección o calibración al método no destructivo para validar ambos resultados. En la combinación I. laurina + S. saman se detectó un mayor paso de radiación solar al cafetal (29911,11lux) posiblemente debido a las características morfológicas del dosel. La concentración de magnesio más alta es de 2% la cual se encontró en las hojas de Café de la combinación T. rosea + S. glauca en nivel de insumo orgánico moderado.

Efecto del presecador solar tipo domo en el secado de granos de café orgánico (Coffea arabica L.) en fincas de pequeños productores de las cooperativas San Isidro R.L. Boaco y PROCOSER Nueva Segovia. Noviembre 2010-Febrero 2011

La obtención del producto final del rubro café conlleva una serie de procesos, entre ellos está el beneficiado (húmedo y seco). El beneficiado seco es un proceso para reducir la humedad los frutos del cafeto de su estado café pergamino mojado obtenido del beneficiado húmedo, este se realiza en patio exponiendo los granos húmedos durante varios días a los rayos directos del sol, sobre una superficie de cemento o madera. Exponiendo el café a los efectos negativos del ambiente, reduciendo la calidad, elevando los costos, mayor uso de mano de obra y corriendo riesgos constantes de contaminación y a castigos impuestos por la acopiadora en el pesaje por merma de humedad. Como una propuesta a estos riesgos se evaluó el efecto del presecador solar tipo domo en el presecado de granos de café orgánico (Coffea arabica L.), en fincas de pequeños productores de las cooperativas San Isidro R.L Boaco y PROCOSER Nueva Segovia. En el ciclo 2010-2011. Se realizó en dos fases: primera, correspondió a una investigación no experimental donde se utilizo una encuesta semi-estructurada para determinar las características de los productores (datos del productor, datos de la finca, área de café, altura de la finca, variedades de café presentes y actividades que realizan en el beneficiado húmedo). Calidad de corte y prueba de rendimiento de las diferentes localidades seleccionadas. En la segunda, se estableció un experimento unifactorial, al comparar la tecnología (pre secador tipo domo). Las variables a evaluadas fueron: área y altura de la finca, variedades de café, actividades del beneficiado húmedo, temperatura, humedad relativa, peso del grano y rendimientos. Los resultados obtenidos fueron que hubo diferencias en algunas actividades del proceso de beneficiado húmedo entre los productores de los departamentos. La pérdida de humedad en el grano de café fue mayor en el volumen de 11.36 kg/m2 en ambas localidades igualmente la pérdida del peso del grano, los menores costos variables y mayores beneficios netos se los obtuvo el tratamiento de 22.72 kg / m2 fuera del presecador tradicional en el departamento de Boaco mientras que en el departamento de Nueva Segovia fue el de 11.36 kg/m2 dentro del presecador solar tipo domo.