Rendimento e conservação de cebola alterados pela dose e parcelamento de nitrogênio em cobertura

O rendimento e a conservação da cebola são influenciados pela disponibilidade de nitrogênio (N) no solo, o qual é requerido em grande quantidade. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de doses e do número de aplicações de N no estado nutricional das plantas, no rendimento e na conservação pós-colheita de bulbos de cebola. Foram realizados três experimentos, em campo, em Cambissolos catarinenses. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma combinação fatorial (4 x 3) envolvendo quatro doses de N (0, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha-1) e três modos de aplicação (aos 45, aos 45 e 75, e aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após o transplante). De cada dose, 25 % foram adicionados no plantio e o restante aplicado em uma ou dividido em duas ou três aplicações iguais. O transplante das mudas foi sempre realizado na segunda quinzena de julho, e a colheita foi efetuada aproximadamente 115 dias depois. O rendimento de bulbos aumentou de forma quadrática com o aumento da quantidade de N aplicada. A dose de N estimada que proporcionou a máxima produtividade econômica variou de 249 kg ha-1 em 2006/07, onde o solo era arenoso, a 116 e 142 kg ha-1 em 2008/09 e 2009/10, respectivamente, em solo mais argiloso. Os rendimentos máximos obtidos foram de 38, 46 e 30 t ha-1 em 2006/07, 2008/09 e 2009/10, respectivamente, e as doses de N correspondentes à máxima produtividade econômica promoveram incrementos de 42, 10 e 17 %, respectivamente, no tratamento sem N. O aumento do número de aplicações de N em cobertura, de uma para duas ou três, não alterou o rendimento e a conservação pós-colheita em nenhum ano. Em solos arenosos com baixo teor de matéria orgânica, é necessário aplicar maior quantidade de N para obter alto rendimento de cebola do que em solos argilosos com médios teores de matéria orgânica. A adição de N ao solo pode alterar negativamente a conservação dos bulbos em anos chuvosos.

Increased renal responsiveness to vasopressin and enhanced V2 receptor signaling in RGS2-/- mice.

The antidiuretic effect of vasopressin is mediated by V2 receptors (V2R) that are located in kidney connecting tubules and collecting ducts. This study provides evidence that V2R signaling is negatively regulated by regulator of G protein signaling 2 (RGS2), a member of the family of RGS proteins. This study demonstrates that (1) RGS2 expression in the kidney is restricted to the vasopressin-sensitive part of the nephron (thick ascending limb, connecting tubule, and collecting duct); (2) expression of RGS2 is rapidly upregulated by vasopressin; (3) the vasopressin-dependent accumulation of cAMP, the principal messenger of V2R signaling, is significantly higher in collecting ducts that are microdissected from the RGS2(-/-) mice compared with their wild-type littermates; and (4) analysis of urine output of mice that were exposed to water restriction followed by acute water loading revealed that RGS2(-/-) mice exhibit an increased renal responsiveness to vasopressin. It is proposed that RGS2 is involved in negative feedback regulation of V2R signaling.

Immune activation alters cellular and humoral responses to yellow fever 17D vaccine.

Background. Defining the parameters that modulate vaccine responses in African populations will be imperative to design effective vaccines for protection against HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, and dengue virus infections. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of the patient-specific immune microenvironment to the response to the licensed yellow fever vaccine 17D (YF-17D) in an African cohort. Methods. We compared responses to YF-17D in 50 volunteers in Entebbe, Uganda, and 50 volunteers in Lausanne, Switzerland. We measured the CD8+ T cell and B cell responses induced by YF-17D and correlated them with immune parameters analyzed by flow cytometry prior to vaccination. Results. We showed that YF-17D-induced CD8+ T cell and B cell responses were substantially lower in immunized individuals from Entebbe compared with immunized individuals from Lausanne. The impaired vaccine response in the Entebbe cohort associated with reduced YF-17D replication. Prior to vaccination, we observed higher frequencies of exhausted and activated NK cells, differentiated T and B cell subsets and proinflammatory monocytes, suggesting an activated immune microenvironment in the Entebbe volunteers. Interestingly, activation of CD8+ T cells and B cells as well as proinflammatory monocytes at baseline negatively correlated with YF-17D-neutralizing antibody titers after vaccination. Additionally, memory T and B cell responses in preimmunized volunteers exhibited reduced persistence in the Entebbe cohort but were boosted by a second vaccination. Conclusion. Together, these results demonstrate that an activated immune microenvironment prior to vaccination impedes efficacy of the YF-17D vaccine in an African cohort and suggest that vaccine regimens may need to be boosted in African populations to achieve efficient immunity. Trial registration. Registration is not required for observational studies. Funding. This study was funded by Canada's Global Health Research Initiative, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and United States Agency for International Development.

Physical-hydraulic properties of a sandy loam typic paleudalf soil under organic cultivation of 'montenegrina' mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Tenore)¹

Citrus plants are the most important fruit species in the world, with emphasis to oranges, mandarins and lemons. In Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, most fruit production is found on small properties under organic cultivation. Soil compaction is one of the factors limiting production and due to the fixed row placement of this crop, compaction can arise in various manners in the interrows of the orchard. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil physical properties and water infiltration capacity in response to interrow management in an orchard of mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Tenore 'Montenegrina') under organic cultivation. Interrow management was performed through harrowing, logs in em "V", mowing, and cutting/knocking down plants with a knife roller. Soil physical properties were evaluated in the wheel tracks of the tractor (WT), between the wheel tracks (BWT), and in the area under the line projection of the canopy (CLP), with undisturbed soil samples collected in the 0.00-0.15, 0.15-0.30, 0.30-0.45, and 0.45-0.60 m layers, with four replicates. The soil water infiltration test was performed using the concentric cylinder method, with a maximum time of 90 min for each test. In general, soil analysis showed a variation in the physical-hydraulic properties of the Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico arênico (sandy loam Typic Paleudalf) in the three sampling sites in all layers, regardless of the management procedure in the interrows. Machinery traffic leads to heterogeneity in the soil physical-hydraulic properties in the interrows of the orchard. Soil porosity and bulk density are affected especially in the wheel tracks of the tractor (WT), which causes a reduction in the constant rate of infiltration and in the accumulated infiltration of water in this sampling site. The use of the disk harrow and mower leads to greater harmful effects on the soil, which can interfere with mandarin production.

Erosivity of rainfall in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil

The erosive capacity of rainfall can be expressed by an index and knowing it allows recommendation of soil management and conservation practices to reduce water erosion. The objective of this study was to calculate various indices of rainfall erosivity in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil, identify the best one, and discover its temporal distribution. The study was conducted at the Center of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Lages, Santa Catarina, using daily rainfall charts from 1989 to 2012. Using the computer program Chuveros , 107 erosivity indices were obtained, which were based on maximum intensity in 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 210, and 240 min of duration and on the combination of these intensities with the kinetic energy obtained by the equations of Brown & Foster, Wagner & Massambani, and Wischmeier & Smith. The indices of the time period from 1993 to 2012 were correlated with the respective soil losses from the standard plot of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) in order to select the erosivity index for the region. Erosive rainfall accounted for 83 % of the mean annual total volume of 1,533 mm. The erosivity index (R factor) of rainfall recommended for Lages is the EI30, whose mean annual value is 5,033 MJ mm ha-1 h-1, and of this value, 66 % occurs from September to February. Mean annual erosivity has a return period estimated at two years with a 50 % probability of occurrence.

Erodibilidade de um Cambissolo Húmico sob chuva natural

A estimativa de perdas de solo é fundamental para o planejamento conservacionista. Com essa finalidade, destaca-se no Brasil o uso da Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo (USLE), para cuja utilização há escassez de dados obtidos de acordo com o método-padrão desse modelo. Entre os fatores que compõem a USLE, a erodibilidade do solo (fator K) é de difícil obtenção em razão da necessidade de conduzir experimentos em campo por longo tempo sob chuva natural. Com o objetivo de quantificar a erodibilidade do solo em um Cambissolo Húmico em Lages, SC, utilizando-se do método-padrão da USLE, quantificaram-se a erosividade (EI30) das chuvas naturais e as respectivas perdas de solo durante o período de 1993 a 2012. A erodibilidade foi determinada pelo quociente entre essas variáveis e pela regressão linear simples dessas. O valor de erodibilidade anual estimado pelo quociente e pela regressão linear simples entre as perdas de solo e as erosividades foi respectivamente de 0,0175 e 0,0172 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1. A erodibilidade nos períodos de primavera-verão e outono-inverno apresentou pequenas variações em relação à média anual. A erodibilidade mensal variou de 0,0083 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1 no mês de dezembro a 0,0241 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1, no mês de abril. Ao longo do período de tempo avaliado, a erodibilidade anual evidenciou maior incremento nos anos iniciais e menor incremento nos anos finais.

Board examination for anatomical pathology in Switzerland: two intense days to verify professional competence.

About 15 years ago, the Swiss Society of Pathology has developed and implemented a board examination in anatomical pathology. We describe herein the contents covered by this 2-day exam (autopsy pathology, cytology, histopathology, molecular pathology, and basic knowledge about mechanisms of disease) and its exact modalities, sketch a brief history of the exam, and finish with a concise discussion about the possible objectives and putative benefits weighed against the hardship that it imposes on the candidates.

Midwest Transportation Consortium Annual Program Report, October 2000

The MTC’s main focus is on education and human capital. This focus is in recognition of the fact that the transportation industry, both public and private, in the region served by the MTC faces a serious shortage of well-trained human capital. For this reason, the MTC is in volved in creating totally new transportation education programs at two of its member universities. The University of Northern Iowa (UNI) in Cedar Falls Iowa had no courses or students in transportation when the MTC grant began. During the first year of the grant, UNI’s Geography Department took the lead in developing courses, attracting students, an getting involved a a partner in transportation activities in its service region. A similar start-up effort is now underway at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri. The MTC has also been able to strengthen and add quality to transportation education efforts at universities in the region that were already leaders in transportation.

Midwest Transportation Consortium Annual Program Report, October 2002

The MTC’s main focus is on education and human capital. This focus is in recognition of the fact that the transportation industry, both public and private, in the region served by the MTC faces a serious shortage of well-trained human capital. For this reason, the MTC is in volved in creating totally new transportation education programs at two of its member universities. The University of Northern Iowa (UNI) in Cedar Falls Iowa had no courses or students in transportation when the MTC grant began. During the first year of the grant, UNI’s Geography Department took the lead in developing courses, attracting students, an getting involved a a partner in transportation activities in its service region. A similar start-up effort is now underway at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri. The MTC has also been able to strengthen and add quality to transportation education efforts at universities in the region that were already leaders in transportation.

Midwest Transportation Consortium Annual Program Report, October 2004

The MTC’s main focus is on education and human capital. This focus is in recognition of the fact that the transportation industry, both public and private, in the region served by the MTC faces a serious shortage of well-trained human capital. For this reason, the MTC is in volved in creating totally new transportation education programs at two of its member universities. The University of Northern Iowa (UNI) in Cedar Falls Iowa had no courses or students in transportation when the MTC grant began. During the first year of the grant, UNI’s Geography Department took the lead in developing courses, attracting students, an getting involved a a partner in transportation activities in its service region. A similar start-up effort is now underway at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri. The MTC has also been able to strengthen and add quality to transportation education efforts at universities in the region that were already leaders in transportation.

Immunogenicity and safety of an intradermal boosting strategy for vaccination against influenza in lung transplant recipients.

The immunogenicity of influenza vaccine is suboptimal in lung transplant recipients. Use of a booster dose and vaccine delivery by the intradermal rather than intramuscular route may improve response. We prospectively evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of a 2-dose boosting strategy of influenza vaccine. Sixty lung transplant recipients received a standard intramuscular injection of the 2006-2007 inactivated influenza vaccine, followed 4 weeks later by an intradermal booster of the same vaccine. Immunogenicity was assessed by measurement of geometric mean titer of antibodies after both the intramuscular injection and the intradermal booster. Vaccine response was defined as 4-fold or higher increase of antibody titers to at least one vaccine antigen. Thirty-eight out of 60 patients (63%) had a response after intramuscular vaccination. Geometric mean titers increased for all three vaccine antigens following the first dose (p < 0.001). However, no significant increases in titer were observed after the booster dose for all three antigens. Among nonresponders, 3/22 (13.6%) additional patients responded after the intradermal booster (p = 0.14). The use of basiliximab was associated with a positive response (p = 0.024). After a single standard dose of influenza vaccine, a booster dose given by intradermal injection did not significantly improve vaccine immunogenicity in lung transplant recipients.

Feedback control of unstable cellular solidification fronts

We present a feedback control scheme to stabilize unstable cellular patterns during the directional solidification of a binary alloy. The scheme is based on local heating of cell tips which protrude ahead of the mean position of all tips in the array. The feasibility of this scheme is demonstrated using phase-field simulations and, experimentally, using a real-time image processing algorithm, to track cell tips, coupled with a movable laser spot array device to heat the tips locally. We demonstrate, both numerically and experimentally, that spacings well below the threshold for a period-doubling instability can be stabilized. As predicted by the numerical calculations, cellular arrays become stable with uniform spacing through the feedback control which is maintained with minimal heating.

Aspectos epidemiológicos da vassoura-de-bruxa do cupuaçuzeiro na microrregião de Belém, PA

Foi conduzido experimento no campo da Embrapa-Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Trópico Úmido, em Belém, PA (1°28' S; 48°27' W), de junho/91 a maio/94, com plantas de cupuaçuzeiro (Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum.) com sete anos de idade, objetivando acompanhar o desenvolvimento de vassouras-de-bruxa vegetativas causadas por Crinipellis perniciosa ((Stahel) Singer), desde a sua emissão até a produção de basidiocarpos. Foram determinados coeficientes de correlação entre as variáveis epidemiológicas (emissão de vassouras, período verde, período de secamento, período pré-frutificativo, produção de basidiocarpos) e as variáveis climáticas (umidade relativa do ar máxima, brilho solar, precipitação pluvial). A emissão de vassouras vegetativas foi maior em julho e agosto. Estas permaneceram verdes por 34,9 a 65,2 dias e secaram entre 5,8 e 10 dias. Após sua emissão, as vassouras demoraram de 79,5 a 347 dias para iniciar a produção de basidiocarpos, que ocorreu principalmente a partir de maio, com pico em junho. As variáveis climáticas, umidade relativa do ar máxima e brilho solar, correlacionaram-se significativamente apenas com a produção de basidiocarpos, com efeito negativo e positivo, respectivamente.

Armazenamento de sementes de feijão revestidas com polímeros e tratadas com fungicidas

O revestimento com polímeros, associado ao tratamento químico de sementes, vem sendo utilizado em culturas com o propósito de fixar produtos químicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do armazenamento na qualidade de sementes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) revestidas com polímeros e tratadas com diferentes fungicidas. As sementes foram inoculadas por imersão a vácuo, em suspensão de inóculo de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (5x10(5) conídios/mL), fungo-teste utilizado. Os fungicidas benomyl, carbendazin e captan, nas formulações pó molhável, suspensão concentrada e pó seco, respectivamente, foram aplicados prévia ou concomitantemente à aplicação de uma mistura de dois polímeros à base de tintas de polímeros vinílicos fosca e brilhante. Apesar de a velocidade de germinação das sementes de feijão revestidas e tratadas ter sido reduzida, a porcentagem de germinação não foi afetada negativamente pelo revestimento com os polímeros testados. O revestimento com polímeros não prejudicou a eficiência dos fungicidas testados no controle de fungos em geral, sob nenhuma das duas formas de aplicação, ao longo dos quatro meses de armazenamento. O revestimento com estes polímeros pode afetar a eficiência de controle de patógenos nestas sementes, positiva ou negativamente, dependendo do fungicida utilizado e de sua forma de aplicação e dependendo do patógeno presente nas sementes.