984 resultados para Rusia-Historia-Catalina II-1762-1796


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El artículo se propone a discutir el entrelace entre historia, poesía y ciudad en la obra Taller de arquitectura, de José Agustín Goytisolo, especialmente en su poema 'Bilbao song'. Integrante de la denominada generación de los 50, Goytisolo demostró, frecuentemente, gran preocupación sobre la condición del hombre en la sociedad moderna y su vida en las grandes ciudades. Taller de arquitectura es una obra representativa en el contexto de sus reflexiones sobre el hombre y su entorno. En nuestro texto discutiremos como el poeta articula distintas visiones de la ciudad de Bilbao con los discursos que surgen a lo largo del poema. Para emprender dicha discusión, proponemos un recorrido por la historia política, social y estética del final de los años 60 y principios de los 70 en España, a fin de examinar los procedimientos poéticos utilizados por el autor en la configuración de las relaciones entre historia, poesía y sociedad presentes en 'Bilbao song'. Expondremos como el autor aprehende y modula las voces de 'Bilbao song' utilizándose de la yuxtaposición de imágenes, de historias y de ritmos, para componer un mosaico que revela las diversas caras de la ciudad y de sus gentes bajo el cielo de la dictadura franquista

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La popularidad de las biografías noveladas en los años 20-30 del siglo XX en España se hace notar en las ediciones de la Revista de Occidente, en las que se publican tanto textos extranjeros como biografías escritas por Fernando Vela, Benjamín Jarnés o Rosa Chacel. Definidas por los propios autores como producciones 'entre la historia y la literatura', cuyo proceso de creación se basa en la evocación o intuición de la vida biografiada, la biografía se aleja de la 'imparcialidad documental del historiador' para penetrar en el 'punto de vista del escritor'. Nuestro trabajo pretende mostrar la importancia que adquiere este género dentro de la Revista de Occidente, al operar como una especie legitimador de la teoría 'vitalista' y el perspectivismo de Ortega y Gasset, una vez que invierte el concepto de historia, que deja de ser un proceso colectivo para convertirse en la expresión de un ser en el mundo y establece el protagonismo del individuo, sea el biógrafo o el biografiado

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El uso de determinada terminología, si bien no es indicativa de aprendizaje significativo sugiere contenidos, tanto conceptuales como metodológicos, de los conocimientos implicados. En el caso de Termodinámica, y más específicamente los conceptos incluidos en el Primer Principio, las mismas palabras recorrieron, durante el siglo XIX, diferentes significados evidenciados a través de distintos modelos y sus lenguajes correspondientes. Una situación análoga se encuentra cuando se analiza el lenguaje y las herramientas conceptuales y metodológicas que estudiantes universitarios utilizan al abordar situaciones que involucran contenidos termodinámicos. Se propone un análisis sobre la relación entre los diferentes modelos (y terminología asociada) acerca de los conceptos incluidos en el Primer Principio durante el siglo XIX y las representaciones existentes en alumnos universitarios, sugeridas a través del lenguaje utilizado.

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Introduction: Chemical composition of water determines its physical properties and character of processes proceeding in it: freezing temperature, volume of evaporation, density, color, transparency, filtration capacity, etc. Presence of chemical elements in water solution confers waters special physical properties exerting significant influence on their circulation, creates necessary conditions for development and inhabitance of flora and fauna, and imparts to the ocean waters some chemical features that radically differ them from the land waters (Alekin & Liakhin, 1984). Hydrochemical information helps to determine elements of water circulation, convection depth, makes it easier to distinguish water masses and gives additional knowledge of climatic variability of ocean conditions. Hydrochemical information is a necessary part of biological research. Water chemical composition can be the governing characteristics determining possibility and limits of use of marine objects, both stationary and moving in sea water. Subject of investigation of hydrochemistry is study of dynamics of chemical composition, i.e. processes of its formation and hydrochemical conditions of water bodies (Alekin & Liakhin 1984). The hydrochemical processes in the Arctic Ocean are the least known. Some information on these processes can be obtained in odd publications. A generalizing study of hydrochemical conditions in the Arctic Ocean based on expeditions conducted in the years 1948-1975 has been carried out by Rusanov et al. (1979). The "Atlas of the World Ocean: the Arctic Ocean" contains a special section "Hydrochemistry" (Gorshkov, 1980). Typical vertical profiles, transects and maps for different depths - 0, 100, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 m are given in this section for the following parameters: dissolved oxygen, phosphate, silicate, pH and alkaline-chlorine coefficient. The maps were constructed using the data of expeditions conducted in the years 1948-1975. The illustrations reflect main features of distribution of the hydrochemical elements for multi-year period and represent a static image of hydrochemical conditions. Distribution of the hydrochemical elements on the ocean surface is given for two seasons - winter and summer, for the other depths are given mean annual fields. Aim of the present Atlas is description of hydrochemical conditions in the Arctic Ocean on the basis of a greater body of hydrochemical information for the years 1948-2000 and using the up-to-date methods of analysis and electronic forms of presentation of hydrochemical information. The most wide-spread characteristics determined in water samples were used as hydrochemical indices. They are: dissolved oxygen, phosphate, silicate, pH, total alkalinity, nitrite and nitrate. An important characteristics of water salt composition - "salinity" has been considered in the Oceanographic Atlas of the Arctic Ocean (1997, 1998). Presentation of the hydrochemical characteristics in this Hydrochemical Atlas is wider if compared with that of the former Atlas (Gorshkov, 1980). Maps of climatic distribution of the hydrochemical elements were constructed for all the standard depths, and seasonal variability of the hydrochemical parameters is given not only for the surface, but also for the underlying standard depths up to 400 m and including. Statistical characteristics of the hydrochemical elements are given for the first time. Detailed accuracy estimates of initial data and map construction are also given in the Atlas. Calculated values of mean-root deviations, maximum and minimum values of the parameters demonstrate limits of their variability for the analyzed period of observations. Therefore, not only investigations of chemical statics are summarized in the Atlas, but also some elements of chemical dynamics are demonstrated. Digital arrays of the hydrochemical elements obtained in nodes of a regular grid are the new form of characteristics presentation in the Atlas. It should be mentioned that the same grid and the same boxes were used in the Atlas, as those that had been used by creation of the US-Russian climatic Oceanographic Atlas. It allows to combine hydrochemical and oceanographic information of these Atlases. The first block of the digital arrays contains climatic characteristics calculated using direct observational data. These climatic characteristics were not calculated in the regions without observations, and the information arrays for these regions have gaps. The other block of climatic information in a gridded form was obtained with the help of objective analysis of observational data. Procedure of the objective analysis allowed us to obtain climatic estimates of the hydrochemical characteristics for the whole water area of the Arctic Ocean including the regions not covered by observations. Data of the objective analysis can be widely used, in particular, in hydrobiological investigations and in modeling of hydrochemical conditions of the Arctic Ocean. Array of initial measurements is a separate block. It includes all the available materials of hydrochemical observations in the form, as they were presented in different sources. While keeping in mind that this array contains some amount of perverted information, the authors of the Atlas assumed it necessary to store this information in its primary form. Methods of data quality control can be developed in future in the process of hydrochemical information accumulation. It can be supposed that attitude can vary in future to the data that were rejected according to the procedure accepted in the Atlas. The hydrochemical Atlas of the Arctic Ocean is the first specialized and electronic generalization of hydrochemical observations in the Arctic Ocean and finishes the program of joint efforts of Russian and US specialists in preparation of a number of atlases for the Arctic. The published Oceanographic Atlas (1997, 1998), Atlas of Arctic Meteorology and Climate (2000), Ice Atlas of the Arctic Ocean prepared for publication and Hydrochemical Atlas of the Arctic Ocean represent a united series of fundamental generalizations of empirical knowledge of Arctic Ocean nature at climatic level. The Hydrochemical Atlas of the Arctic Ocean was elaborated in the result of joint efforts of the SRC of the RF AARI and IARC. Dr. Ye. Nikiforov was scientific supervisor of the Atlas, Dr. R. Colony was manager on behalf of the USA and Dr. L. Timokhov - on behalf of Russia.

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