Role of aluminum-magnesium alloys in humid aging of composite solid propellants

The humid aging of composite propellants containing a terpolymer of polybutadiene, acrylic acid, and acrylonitrile (PBAN) as a binder has been studied as a function of aging temperature, relative humidity, and aging time. Three composite types - AP-PBAN, AP-Al-PBAN, and AP-(Al-Mg) alloy- PBAN - have been studied. The burning rates of all three propellant types were unaffected by aging. The calorimetric values of composites containing aluminum-magnesium alloy decreased on aging, and the lattice parameter of the alloy decreased to a value close to that of aluminum. Water absorption in all of the samples increased with increases in the temperature, relative humidity, and aging time. The compression strength of the nonmetalized and aluminized samples decreased on aging, whereas that of the composites containing the alloy increased. The latter effect has been traced to reaction of residual carboxyl groups on the polymer chains with magnesium, leading to cross-linking. The reaction between the -COOH groups and magnesium has been proved using infrared spectroscopy. (Author)

High Rate Capability of a Dual-Porosity LiFePO4/C Composite

Mesoporous intercalation compounds consisting of two differentdistributions of pores represent a potentially attractive material for high-rate cathodes. A mesoporous LiFePO4/C composite with two sizes of pores is prepared for the first time via a solution-based polymer templating technique. The precursor of the LiFePO4/C composite is heated at different temperatures in the range from 600 to 800 degrees C to study the effect of crystallinity, porosity, and morphology on the electrochemical performance. The composite is found to attain reduction in the surface area, carbon content, and porosity upon increasing temperature. Nonetheless, the composite prepared at 700 degrees C with pore-size distributions of around 4 and 50 nm exhibits a high rate capability and stable capacity retention upon cycling.

Stability constraints in the design of galvanic cells using composite electrolytes and auxiliary electrodes

Recent trends in the use of dispersed solid electrolytes and auxiliary electrodes in galvanic cells have increased the need for assessment of materials compatibility. In the design of dispersed solid electrolytes, the potential reactions between the dispersoid and the matrix must be considered. In galvanic cells, possible interactions between the dispersoid and the electrode materials must also be considered in addition to ion exchange between the matrix and the electrode. When auxiliary electrodes, which convert the chemical potential of a component present at the electrode into an equivalent chemical potential of the neutral form of the migrating species in the solid electrolyte are employed, displacement reactions between phases in contact may limit the range of applicability of the cell. Examples of such constraints in the use of oxide dispersoids in fluoride solid electrolytes and NASICON/Na2S couple for measurement of sulphur potential are illustrated with the aid of Ellingham and stability field diagrams.

Crystallization Studies of ZrO2-SiO2 Composite Gels

Composite ZrO2-SiO2 powders were prepared using a gel route. Morphological and crystallographic features of ZrO2 particles formed during the heat treatment, and the particle sizes of the composites have been investigated. The following polymorphic changes have been observed during the heat treatment: amorphous -> metastable-cubic/tetragonal ZrO2 -> tetragonal ZrO2 -> monoclinic ZrO2. SiO2 crystallizes above 1273 K. The martensitic transformation of ZrO2 (t -> m) was observant in situ, when exposed to a high-energy electron beam. These results are important in the production of ZrO2-toughened ceramics of controlled microstructure.

Wave propagation analysis in carbon nanotube embedded composite using wavelet based spectral finite elements

In this paper, elastic wave propagation is studied in a nanocomposite reinforced with multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Analysis is performed on a representative volume element of square cross section. The frequency content of the exciting signal is at the terahertz level. Here, the composite is modeled as a higher order shear deformable beam using layerwise theory, to account for partial shear stress transfer between the CNTs and the matrix. The walls of the multiwall CNTs are considered to be connected throughout their length by distributed springs, whose stiffness is governed by the van der Waals force acting between the walls of nanotubes. The analyses in both the frequency and time domains are done using the wavelet-based spectral finite element method (WSFEM). The method uses the Daubechies wavelet basis approximation in time to reduce the governing PDE to a set of ODEs. These transformed ODEs are solved using a finite element (FE) technique by deriving an exact interpolating function in the transformed domain to obtain the exact dynamic stiffness matrix. Numerical analyses are performed to study the spectrum and dispersion relations for different matrix materials and also for different beam models. The effects of partial shear stress transfer between CNTs and matrix on the frequency response function (FRF) and the time response due to broadband impulse loading are investigated for different matrix materials. The simultaneous existence of four coupled propagating modes in a double-walled CNT-composite is also captured using modulated sinusoidal excitation.

A TEM study on TiB2-20%MoSi2 composite: Microstructure development and densification mechanism

We report the results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study, carried out on a hot-pressed TiB2-20 wt.%MoSi2 composite. One of the important microstructural observations includes the detection of crystalline TiSi2 at triple grain junctions. The densification mechanism is discussed, based on experimental observations and thermodynamic analysis

Magnetoresistors based on magnetic composite materials

Describes a new type of magnetoresistor based on magnetic composite material. This device exhibits a magnetoresistance which is comparable to that of conventional magnetoresistors but can be realised with a very low cost technology. The theoretical analysis of the magnetoresistance characteristics of this device is also described.

Combustion of ammonium perchlorate-based composite propellants in presence of methylammonium perchlorates

The effect of tri- and tetramethylammonium perchlorates (MAP-3 and MAP-4) on the burning rate of ammonium perchlorate (AP) based propellants has been determined at various pressures. Both additives increase the burning rate; however, MAP-3 has a moderate effect, whereas MAP-4 has a rather large effect. To explain the results, the thermal decomposition and calorimetric values of the propellants having these additives have been examined. Compound MAP-3 affects the thermal decomposition rate considerably, whereas MAP-4 has virtually no effect on the decomposition rate. The contrasting effects of MAP-4 on decomposition and burning rate suggest that the enhancement of burning rate may be due to the catalysis of gas-phase reactions. Further, detailed differences between behaviour of MAP-3, and MAP-4 appear to be attributable to the melting and low-temperature exotherm of MAP-3 and nonmelting and high-temperature exotherm of MAP-4.

Composite signal decomposition by digital inverse filtering

Inverse filters are conventionally used for resolving overlapping signals of identical waveshape. However, the inverse filtering approach is shown to be useful for resolving overlapping signals, identical or otherwise, of unknown waveshapes. Digital inverse filter design based on autocorrelation formulation of linear prediction is known to perform optimum spectral flattening of the input signal for which the filter is designed. This property of the inverse filter is used to accomplish composite signal decomposition. The theory has been presented assuming constituent signals to be responses of all-pole filters. However, the approach may be used for a general situation.

Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) for multi-objective design optimization of composite structures

In this paper, we present a generic method/model for multi-objective design optimization of laminated composite components, based on Vector Evaluated Artificial Bee Colony (VEABC) algorithm. VEABC is a parallel vector evaluated type, swarm intelligence multi-objective variant of the Artificial Bee Colony algorithm (ABC). In the current work a modified version of VEABC algorithm for discrete variables has been developed and implemented successfully for the multi-objective design optimization of composites. The problem is formulated with multiple objectives of minimizing weight and the total cost of the composite component to achieve a specified strength. The primary optimization variables are the number of layers, its stacking sequence (the orientation of the layers) and thickness of each layer. The classical lamination theory is utilized to determine the stresses in the component and the design is evaluated based on three failure criteria: failure mechanism based failure criteria, maximum stress failure criteria and the tsai-wu failure criteria. The optimization method is validated for a number of different loading configurations-uniaxial, biaxial and bending loads. The design optimization has been carried for both variable stacking sequences, as well fixed standard stacking schemes and a comparative study of the different design configurations evolved has been presented. Finally the performance is evaluated in comparison with other nature inspired techniques which includes Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Artificial Immune System (AIS) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). The performance of ABC is at par with that of PSO, AIS and GA for all the loading configurations. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Stability Analysis of Composite Skew Plates Using a Dynamic Method

Stability analysis is carried out considering free lateral vibrations of simply supported composite skew plates that are subjected to both direct and shear in-plane forces. An oblique stress component representation is used, consistent with the skew-geometry of the plate. A double series, expressed in Chebyshev polynomials, is used here as the assumed deflection surface and Ritz method of solution is employed. Numerical results for different combinations of side ratios, skew angle, and in-plane loadings that act individually or in combination are obtained. In this method, the in-plane load parameter is varied until the fundamental frequency goes to zero. The value of the in-plane load then corresponds to a critical buckling load. Plots of frequency parameter versus in-plane loading are given for a few typical cases. Details of crossings and quasi degeneracies of these curves are presented.

Temperature Distribution in Resin Impregnated Paper Insulation for Transformer Bushings

The overall reliability of a power transformer depends to a great extent on the sound operation of the bushings thereof. Oil impregnated paper (OIP) insulated bushings have been in use for a long time now. In many situations, it becomes necessary to avoid OIP insulation in bushings. In the recent past, a new technological breakthrough has been achieved whereby the OIP is replaced by epoxy resin impregnated crepe paper (RIP) insulation. This new system has several advantages over OIP and has now become the insulation of choice. However, its long time thermal and electrical performance need to be carefully assessed. This paper reports the results of a study of temperature distribution in the body of insulation, based on the ac conductivity of RIP insulation. A method of computing the maximum thermal voltage of this system is also given.

Dielectric properties of poly(vinylidene luoride)/CaCu3Ti4O12 nanocrystal composite thick films

The poly(vinylidene fluoride)/CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) nanocrystal composite films (thickness approximate to 85 mu m) with relatively high dielectric permittivity (90 at 100 Hz) were prepared by the solution casting followed by spin coating technique. The structural, the microstructural and the dielectric properties of the composites were studied using X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Impedance analyzer respectively. The effective dielectric permittivity (e(eff)) of the composite increased with increase in the volume fraction of CCTO at all the frequencies (100 Hz to 1 MHz) under investigation. The room temperature dielectric permittivity which is around 90 at 100 Hz, has increased to about 290 at 125 degrees C (100 Hz). These results may be exploited in the development of high energy density capacitors.