Antigas memórias bélicas sobre Javé em Juízes 5,3-5.9-13.19-22.23 e em Habacuque 3,3-6

A imagem de Javé em Juízes 5 constitui-se nas primeiras impressões que o Israel antigo teve do seu Deus. Ela desenha a saída de Javé de sua antiga morada no Sinai para adentrar na terra da Palestina, a fim de lutar por seu povo contra a opressão cananéia. O período tribal foi o momento formativo desse antigo conceito de Javé no Antigo Testamento. Grupos israelitas reformularam o conceito de Javé promulgado pela tradição do Sinai, afirmando, assim, que Javé não é mais o Deus estático e teofânico, morador de uma montanha, mas é o Deus de Israel . E a migração da divindade de um monte para um campo de batalha não representa meramente a caminhada dessa divindade, mas representa o caminhar dos vários estágios em que Israel conceituou seu Deus. Decisivo nessas novas articulações teológicas foi o campo de batalha, que foi o moto da celebração à Javé ressalvada em Juízes 5. Javé é celebrado por seu agir histórico! A história é a mediadora entre Javé e seu povo. Ela é a via pela qual se pronuncia sobre Javé. Assim, as novas conjunturas históricas requerem novas formulações sobre Deus. A antiga memória bélica de Javé contida em Juízes 5 perpassa a história da religião de Israel, podendo ser observada também em Habacuque 3,3-6. Esse é um texto do século VII a.C. Assim, detectamos uma memória corrente na história da religião de Israel, que começou nos momentos antecedentes à da formação da monarquia (Juízes 5) e ainda pode ser notada em Habacuque, no século VII a.C. Nesse desenrolar da religião de Israel, a memória bélica sobre Javé esteve sujeita a várias mutações. Mas, essencialmente, manteve sua proposta: tornar os sujeitos da opressão promulgada pelos impérios em agentes de transformação social. O conceito bélico de Javé patrocinou as revoltas contra o despotismo social, sendo, portanto, uma forma de resistência dos grupos desprestigiados da sociedade, em Israel e Judá

Synthetic zeolites and other microporous oxide molecular sieves

Use of synthetic zeolites and other microporous oxides since 1950 has improved insulated windows, automobile air-conditioning, refrigerators, air brakes on trucks, laundry detergents, etc. Their large internal pore volumes, molecular-size pores, regularity of crystal structures, and the diverse framework chemical compositions allow “tailoring” of structure and properties. Thus, highly active and selective catalysts as well as adsorbents and ion exchangers with high capacities and selectivities were developed. In the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, zeolites have made possible cheaper and lead-free gasoline, higher performance and lower-cost synthetic fibers and plastics, and many improvements in process efficiency and quality and in performance. Zeolites also help protect the environment by improving energy efficiency, reducing automobile exhaust and other emissions, cleaning up hazardous wastes (including the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant and other radioactive wastes), and, as specially tailored desiccants, facilitating the substitution of new refrigerants for the ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons banned by the Montreal Protocol.

Estudos mecanísticos da origem da inibição da reação foto-Fenton por íons cloreto

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar a origem da inibição do processo foto-Fenton [Fe(II)/Fe(III), H2O2, luz UV] pelo íon cloreto. Um estudo das reações primárias da etapa fotocatalítica do processo foto-Fenton por fotólise por pulso de laser na presença de NaCl mostrou que a inibição reflete: i) fotólise competitiva dos complexos Fe(Cl)2+ e Fe(Cl)2+; ii) captura do radical hidroxila (dependente do pH) pelo íon cloreto. Esses dois processos formam o ânion radical menos reativo Cl2•- em lugar do radical HO•-, provocando uma progressiva inibição da reação de degradação com a diminuição do pH. Modelagem cinética destes resultados previa que a manutenção do pH em 3,0 durante a fotodegradação evitaria a formação do Cl2•-, o que foi confirmada através de experimentos de fotodegradação do fenol e da gasolina em meio aquoso na presença de NaCl. Por outro lado, na degradação do fenol pela reação térmica de Fenton [Fe(II)/Fe(III), H2O2], o radical hidroxila não parece ter um papel muito importante. A degradação térmica não foi inibida pela presença de íon cloreto e a cinética de mineralização do fenol pela reação térmica de Fenton é indistinguível da degradação do fenol pelo processo foto-Fenton inibido por NaCl. Isso sugere que a reação proposta por Hamilton, isto é, a redução de Fe(III) a Fe(II) por catecol (o principal intermediário inicial da oxidação do fenol) na presença de H2O2, é o mecanismo principal de catálise da reação térmica de Fenton no nosso sistema.

Influência do acabamento superficial no desempenho de lubrificantes de motor novos e usados em automóveis abastecidos com E22 e E100.

Superfícies anisotrópicas lisas e rugosas foram usadas para avaliar o efeito da rugosidade e da direção de acabamento na formação de MoS2 a partir de MoDTC em ensaios tribologicos lubrificados com óleos de motor completamente formulados. Igualmente foi avaliada a resposta de atrito de lubrificantes de motor usados em carros de passageiros e em testes de dinamômetro abastecidos com etanol (E100) e gasolina (E22). Encontrou-se que tanto a direção de acabamento quanto a rugosidade foram fundamentais na reação MoDTC - MoS2. A direção de acabamento influenciou na medida que carregamentos tangenciais geram respostas diferentes nos ensaios quando são realizados paralelos e perpendiculares às linhas de acabamento, dado que para os últimos apresenta-se maior deformação plástica das asperezas, o qual favorece a obtenção de superfícies livres de óxidos, que tem sido indicada como uma condição necessário para que aconteça a reação MoDTC - MoS2. Por esta razão os valores de coeficiente de atrito próprios da formação de MoS2 foram obtidos somente nas superfícies rugosas ensaiadas perpendiculares às marcas de acabamento. Para superfícies com valores de índice de plasticidade superiores a 1 e nos quais não são formados filmes com boas capacidades redutoras de atrito, como é o caso de ensaios realizados com óleos base (livres de aditivos), o coeficiente de atrito não depende da rugosidade e da direção de acabamento. Nos ensaios lubrificados com óleos usado, encontraram-se valores de coeficiente de atrito similares aos obtidos nas condições de lubrificação com óleo livres de aditivos, devido provavelmente à redução do MoDTC no lubrificante como tem sido identificado por diferentes autores. Quando foram comparados os óleos usados contaminados com etanol com os óleos usados contaminados com gasolina, encontrou-se maior oxidação nestes últimos. Mesmo que estas diferenças de oxidação dos óleos não significaram diferenças em termos de atrito, estas podem ser importantes na medida em que óleos mais oxidados podem favorecer o desgaste oxidativo.

The Identification of Best Management Practices in a Materials Recovery Facility to Increase Solid Waste Diversion in the Department of Defense (DoD) Installations along the Front Range of Colorado to Satisfy the DoD Solid Waste Diversion Goal of 40 Percent

The five installations operated by the Department of Defense (DoD) in the Front Range region of Colorado do not meet the DoD non-hazardous solid waste diversion goal of 40 percent, further impacting landfills and generating greenhouse gases. This applied capstone project identifies and evaluates best management practices of a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF), qualitatively and quantitatively, to increase solid waste diversion at a DoD MRF. An environmental benefits model quantified the externalities of increasing solid waste diversion at the installations. By implementing best management practices at a MRF, the DoD would divert an additional 1,400 tons of solid waste per year, resulting in the equivalent of 1,502,567 gallons of gasoline being saved, among many benefits presented in this capstone.

Three-way catalysts: past, present and future

In this article, the past and the state-of-the-art in Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) technology are reviewed. The main chemical reactions occurring in a gasoline engine are discussed and also the main reactions taking place in a TWC placed in the tailpipe, namely CO and hydrocarbons oxidation and nitrogen oxides reduction to molecular nitrogen. The main components of a TWC (substrates, noble metals and cerium oxides) and their role in the different chemical reactions occurring in a TWC are described. Finally, the problem of diesel vehicles gas aftertratment is described, and the current state-of-the art in catalytic converters for these vehicles are commented.

Compromiso político y feminismo en el universo comunista de la Transición

En el proceso de Transición a la democracia, las culturas políticas comunistas ocuparon una posición muy destacada, con diversos horizontes, desde la vía democrática al socialismo del PCE a las propuestas revolucionarias maoístas y trotskistas. Las mujeres que militaron en estos partidos, que también participaron en el movimiento feminista, reformularon las identidades de género de la izquierda con debates teóricos muy intensos y nuevas prácticas políticas y sociales. Aunque no alcanzaron sus objetivos políticos y feministas, ni un reconocimiento en las urnas, contribuyeron de forma decisiva a la consolidación de la democracia y la difusión de discursos y valores igualitarios en España.

Abatement of hydrocarbons by acid ZSM-5 and BETA zeolites under cold-start conditions

Simulated cold-start tests have been carried out to evaluate the performance of H-ZSM-5 and H-BETA zeolites as hydrocarbon traps under simulated gasoline car exhaust gases, paying special attention to the effect of water on their behaviour. It is concluded that the hydrothermal treatment of the zeolites in the acidic form contributes to the better performance of these materials as hydrocarbon traps since the stabilization of the zeolites takes place. Moreover, the decrease of the surface acidity of the zeolites results in an increase of the Si/Al ratio, which contributes to the decrease of the water affinity for adsorption sites. Thus, the competition with hydrocarbon molecules in the exhaust for the adsorption sites is reduced which increases their trap efficiency. The stabilized H-ZSM-5 is the zeolite that showed the best performance with a propene offset temperature of 240 °C, which should be high enough for the three-way catalyst to carry out its role as catalytic converter.

CuH-ZSM-5 as Hydrocarbon Trap under Cold Start Conditions

Cold start tests are carried out to evaluate the performance of copper-exchanged zeolites as hydrocarbon traps under simulated gasoline car exhaust gases, paying special attention to the role of copper in the performance of these zeolites. It is concluded that the partial substitution of the protons in the parent H-ZSM-5 zeolite is highly beneficial for hydrocarbon trapping due to the formation of selective adsorption sites with specific affinity for the different exhaust components. However, it is also observed that uncontrolled exchanging process conditions could lead to the presence of CuO nanoparticles in the zeolite surface, which seem to block the pore structure of the zeolite, decreasing the hydrocarbon trap efficiency. Among all the zeolites studied, the results point out that a CuH-ZSM-5 with a partial substitution of extra-framework protons by copper cations and without any detectable surface CuO nanoparticles is the zeolite that showed the best performance under simulated cold start conditions due to both the high stability and the hydrocarbon retaining capacity of this sample during the consecutive cycles.

BETA Zeolite Thin Films Supported on Honeycomb Monoliths with Tunable Properties as Hydrocarbon Traps under Cold-Start Conditions

A high percentage of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from gasoline vehicles occur during the cold-start period. Among the alternatives proposed to reduce these HC emissions, the use of zeolites before the three-way catalyst (TWC) is thought to be very effective. Zeolites are the preferred adsorbents for this application; however, to avoid high pressure drops, supported zeolites are needed. In this work, two coating methods (dip-coating and in situ crystallization) are optimized to prepare BETA zeolite thin films supported on honeycomb monoliths with tunable properties. The important effect of the density of the thin film in the final performance as a HC trap is demonstrated. A highly effective HC trap is prepared showing 100 % toluene retention, accomplishing the desired performance as a HC trap, desorbing propene at temperatures close to 300 °C, and remaining stable after cycling. The use of this material before the TWC is very promising, and works towards achieving the sustainability and environmental protection goals.

Can border carbon taxes fit into the global trade regime? Bruegel Policy Brief 2013/06, 9 December 2013

One complement to domestic climate policies could be the regulation of carbon dioxide emissions arising during the production of imported products. Such ‘border carbon adjustments’ (BCAs) are said to have several benefits, but are also severely criticised. This Policy Brief highlights some weaknesses in the standard argumentation for BCAs. But there is an alternative argument for border carbon measures, based on the fact that countries expose each other to climate externalities. The reformulated argument is economically more convincing, and provides a more convincing justification for the extraterritorial feature of border carbon measures. However, there are also several important factors mitigating against the implementation of such measures, including the risk that these measures will be used for protectionism. One complement to domestic climate policies could be the regulation of carbon dioxide emissions arising during the production of imported products. Such ‘border carbon adjustments’ (BCAs) are said to have several benefits, but are also severely criticised. This Policy Brief highlights some weaknesses in the standard argumentation for BCAs. But there is an alternative argument for border carbon measures, based on the fact that countries expose each other to climate externalities. The reformulated argument is economically more convincing, and provides a more convincing justification for the extraterritorial feature of border carbon measures. However, there are also several important factors mitigating against the implementation of such measures, including the risk that these measures will be used for protectionism.

Monitoring influenza vaccine effectiveness using the national influenza surveillance system

Background: Flu vaccine composition is reformulated on a yearly basis. As such, the vaccine effectiveness (VE) from previous seasons cannot be considered for subsequent years, and it is necessary to monitor the VE for each season. This study (MonitorEVA- monitoring vaccine effectiveness) intends to evaluate the feasibility of using the national influenza surveillance system (NISS) for monitoring the influenza VE. Material and methods: Data was collected within NISS during 2004 to 2014 seasons. We used a case-control design where laboratory confirmed incident influenza like illness (ILI) patients (cases) were compared to controls (ILI influenza negative). Eligible individuals consisted on all aged individuals that consult a general practitioner or emergency room with ILI symptoms with a swab collected within seven days of symptoms onset. VE was estimated as 1- odds ratio of being vaccinated in cases versus controls adjusted for age and month of onset by logistic regression. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to test possible effect of assumptions on vaccination status, ILI definition and timing of swabs (<3 days after onset). Results: During the 2004-2014 period, a total of 5302 ILI patients were collected but 798 ILI were excluded for not complying with inclusion criteria. After data restriction the sample size in both groups was higher than 148 individuals/ season; minimum sample size needed to detect a VE of at least 50% considering a level of significance of 5% and 80% power. Crude VE point estimates were under 45% in 2004/05, 2005/06, 2011/12 and 2013/14 season; between 50%-70% in 2006/07, 2008/09 and 2010/11 seasons, and above 70% in 2007/08 and 2012/13 season. From season 2006/07 to 2013/14, all crude VE estimates were statistically significant. After adjustment for age group and month of onset, the VE point estimates decreased and only 2008/09, 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons were significant. Discussion and Conclusions: MonitorEVA was able to provide VE estimates for all seasons, including the pandemic, indicating if the VE was higher than 70% and less than 50%. When comparing with other observational studies, MonitorEVA estimates were comparable but less precise and VE estimates were in accordance with the antigenic match of the circulating virus/ vaccine strains. Given the sensitivity results, we propose a MonitorEVA based on: a) Vaccination status defined independently of number of days between vaccination and symptoms onset; b) use of all ILI data independent of the definition; c) stratification of VE according to time between onset and swab (< 3 and ≥3 days).

C4-C7 alkenones in deep sea sediments

It is believed that C4 to C7 hydrocarbons in petroleum are formed by the cracking of organic matter at depths generally exceeding 1,000 m at temperatures in excess of 50 °C (Cordel, 1972; Dow, 1974; Tissot et al., 1974)). Also, none of the alkanes in the butane-heptane range are formed biologically as far as is known at present. Consequently, it is thought that they do not occur in shallow, Recent sediments. In 1962, I analysed 22 samples of Recent sediments from 7 different environments and verified that these hydrocarbons were not present at the p.p.m. level (Dunton and Hunt, 1962) although traces of a few hydrocarbons such as butane, isobutane, isopentane and n-heptane have been found (Sokolov, 1957; Veber and Turkeltaub, 1958; Erdman et al., 1958; Emery and Hoggan, 1958). No identification of individual hexanes or heptanes has been reported except when there has been clear evidence of seepage from deeper source sediments (McIver, 1973).

A study in highway economics;

Mode of access: Internet.

Hand book of automobiles /

On cover 1918: Foreign edition.