25 DE DEZEMBRO: SIMBOLISMOS E APROXIMAÇÕES ENTRE OS DEUSES APOLO, HÉLIOS, MITRA E JESUS CRISTO UMA ANÁLISE EM MITOLOGIA COMPARADA

O Solstício de Inverno demonstra, a importância do sol como elemento proporcionador da vida, em inúmeras culturas européias e orientais. Os gregos, de modo um tanto distinto de outros povos, constituíram sua mítica, cultuando dois deuses solares, que se alternaram nas crenças e nos cultos deste povo: Hélios e Apolo. Os latinos, que absorvem parte da mítica grega, cultuando estas divindades, trazem progressivamente, outro deus sol para ser adorado: a divindade persa Mitra. O cristianismo que migra de sua origem local e cultural, para as cidades latinas, principalmente Roma, no primeiro século, provoca e enfrenta um combate constante com as crenças pagãs, principalmente as crenças solares, conseguindo progressivamente, uma supremacia, até o ponto em que as religiões não cristãs, são suprimidas, processo iniciado com o imperador Constantino e finalizado com Teodósio. Entretanto, o imaginário das culturas derrotadas pelo cristianismo, não consegue ser eliminado completamente; os deuses pagãos se instalam, em diversos elementos da nova religião, como na comemoração do nascimento de Jesus Cristo, defendido pela igreja, como acontecido em 25 de dezembro. O período na verdade, era milenarmente anterior ao surgimento do cristianismo, como data do nascimento do deus Mitra, e próximo do Solstício de Inverno, onde eram cultuados os deuses Apolo e Hélios, transformados na cultura latina no culto ao Sol Invicto.

SUPORTE SOCIAL E QUALIDADE DE VIDA EM IDOSOS PARTICIPANTES DE UM PROGRAMA DE EDUCAÇÃO PERMANENTE

Este estudo objetivou identificar e descrever uma possível relação entre suporte social e qualidade de vida, em pessoas idosas participantes de um programa de educação permanente, o qual é promovido por órgão público em parceria com uma universidade, instalada em um dos municípios que integram a região do ABC Paulista, em São Paulo. A amostra consistiu de 106 idosos, com idade a partir de 60 anos, de ambos os sexos, e que efetivamente participam do referido programa. Para a coleta de dados, a amostra foi dividida em dois subgrupos, onde o primeiro grupo constou de 54 idosos que freqüentam o programa há menos de 1 ano, e o outro grupo foi formado por 52 idosos que freqüentam o programa há mais de 1 ano, com isso objetivamos identificar uma possível existência de diferentes percepções entre os grupos, das variáveis estudadas, em função do tempo de participação no programa, o que não foi confirmado, com os resultados apontando para uma homogeneidade entre os grupos, tanto nos aspectos socioeconômicos quanto nas percepções de suporte social e qualidade de vida, independente do tempo de participação no programa. Este estudo utilizou método descritivo exploratório, de caráter quantitativo e comparativo. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizadas a Escala de Percepção de Suporte Social (EPSS), que avalia percepção de suporte social em suas dimensões emocional e prático; o instrumento de avaliação da qualidade de vida: WHOQOL Bref e Old, e um questionário com dados socioeconômicos que auxiliaram na caracterização do perfil da amostra e na análise estatística dos resultados. Os resultados apontaram que a amostra pesquisada caracteriza-se por possuir um perfil socioeconômico diferenciado, no que se refere a uma maior escolaridade e rendimento mensal, quando comparado a media nacional que mostra o perfil do idoso brasileiro mais vulnerável, com baixa escolaridade e rendimento. Os resultados das avaliações das percepções de suporte social e da qualidade de vida demonstraram tratar-se de idosos que se sentem satisfeitos com seu momento de vida; que percebem apoio emocional, sentindo-se objeto de afeto em sua rede social. Com relação a percepção de suporte prático, os resultados demonstraram que os idosos possuem uma percepção relativa, apontando dúvidas e incertezas quanto ao recebimento deste tipo de apoio de sua rede social. Diante deste resultado, percepção de dúvidas e incertezas em receber suporte prático, e a característica socioeconômica diferenciada da amostra, podemos supor que esses idosos possuem estas percepções, por se sentirem ou por serem de fato provedores e não dependentes da sua rede social. Não foi evidenciada correlação entre as variáveis suporte social e qualidade de vida, sugerindo que o construto suporte social talvez seja percebido pelos idosos da amostra como fator de diminuição da funcionalidade biopsicossocial ou da competência comportamental; ou ainda, pode-se supor que diante dos sentimentos de satisfação com a vida atual, a amostra de idosos volta-se menos aos aspectos protetores do suporte social.

Estudo de um secador híbrido (solar-elétrico) para desidratação de frutas

The growing need for food is something that worries the world, which has a population that is growing at a geometric progression while their resources grows at an arithmetic progression. To alleviate this problem there are some proposals, including increased food production or reduce waste thereof. Many studies have been conducted in the world in order to reduce food waste that can reach 40% of production, depending on the region. For this purpose techniques are used to retard degradation of foods, including drying. This paper presents a design of a hybrid fruit dryer that uses solar energy and electric energy with automation of the process. To accomplish drying tests were chosen Typical fruits with good acceptability as processed fruits. During the experiments were measured temperature values at different points. Were also measured humidity values, solar radiation and mass. A data acquisition system was built using a Arduino for obtaining temperatures. The data were sent to a program named Secador de Frutas, done in this work, to plot the same. The volume of the drying chamber was 423 liters and despite the unusual size test using mirrors to increase the incidence of direct radiation, showed that the drier is competitive when compared with other solar dryers produced in Hydraulic Machines and Solar Energy Laboratory (LMHES ) UFRN. The drier has been built at a cost of 3 to 5 times smaller than industrial dryers that operate with the same load of fruit. And the energy cost to produce dried fruits was more feasible compared with such dryers that use LPG as an energy source. However, the drying time was longer.

Produção e análise do desempenho óptico e elétrico de filmes finos de SnO2:F para aplicações fotovoltaicas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq

Não-extensividade no contexto da atividade magnética solar: o problema da assimetria hemisférica

Solar activity indicators, each as sunspot numbers, sunspot area and flares, over the Sun’s photosphere are not considered to be symmetric between the northern and southern hemispheres of the Sun. This behavior is also known as the North-South Asymmetry of the different solar indices. Among the different conclusions obtained by several authors, we can point that the N-S asymmetry is a real and systematic phenomenon and is not due to random variability. In the present work, the probability distributions from the Marshall Space Flight Centre (MSFC) database are investigated using a statistical tool arises from well-known Non-Extensive Statistical Mechanics proposed by C. Tsallis in 1988. We present our results and discuss their physical implications with the help of theoretical model and observations. We obtained that there is a strong dependence between the nonextensive entropic parameter q and long-term solar variability presents in the sunspot area data. Among the most important results, we highlight that the asymmetry index q reveals the dominance of the North against the South. This behavior has been discussed and confirmed by several authors, but in no time they have given such behavior to a statistical model property. Thus, we conclude that this parameter can be considered as an effective measure for diagnosing long-term variations of solar dynamo. Finally, our dissertation opens a new approach for investigating time series in astrophysics from the perspective of non-extensivity.

Análise wavelet e modelo de manchas em curvas de luz estelares dos telescópios espaciais Kepler e CoRoT

Analogous to sunspots and solar photospheric faculae, which visibility is modulated by stellar rotation, stellar active regions consist of cool spots and bright faculae caused by the magnetic field of the star. Such starspots are now well established as major tracers used to estimate the stellar rotation period, but their dynamic behavior may also be used to analyze other relevant phenomena such as the presence of magnetic activity and its cycles. To calculate the stellar rotation period, identify the presence of active regions and investigate if the star exhibits or not differential rotation, we apply two methods: a wavelet analysis and a spot model. The wavelet procedure is also applied here to study pulsation in order to identify specific signatures of this particular stellar variability for different types of pulsating variable stars. The wavelet transform has been used as a powerful tool for treating several problems in astrophysics. In this work, we show that the time-frequency analysis of stellar light curves using the wavelet transform is a practical tool for identifying rotation, magnetic activity, and pulsation signatures. We present the wavelet spectral composition and multiscale variations of the time series for four classes of stars: targets dominated by magnetic activity, stars with transiting planets, those with binary transits, and pulsating stars. We applied the Morlet wavelet (6th order), which offers high time and frequency resolution. By applying the wavelet transform to the signal, we obtain the wavelet local and global power spectra. The first is interpreted as energy distribution of the signal in time-frequency space, and the second is obtained by time integration of the local map. Since the wavelet transform is a useful mathematical tool for nonstationary signals, this technique applied to Kepler and CoRoT light curves allows us to clearly identify particular signatures for different phenomena. In particular, patterns were identified for the temporal evolution of the rotation period and other periodicity due to active regions affecting these light curves. In addition, a beat-pattern vii signature in the local wavelet map of pulsating stars over the entire time span was also detected. The second method is based on starspots detection during transits of an extrasolar planet orbiting its host star. As a planet eclipses its parent star, we can detect physical phenomena on the surface of the star. If a dark spot on the disk of the star is partially or totally eclipsed, the integrated stellar luminosity will increase slightly. By analyzing the transit light curve it is possible to infer the physical properties of starspots, such as size, intensity, position and temperature. By detecting the same spot on consecutive transits, it is possible to obtain additional information such as the stellar rotation period in the planetary transit latitude, differential rotation, and magnetic activity cycles. Transit observations of CoRoT-18 and Kepler-17 were used to implement this model.

Avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil e a influência dos fatores biopsicossociais em crianças com cardiopatia congênita

Child development is the result of the interaction of biological, psychological and social factors. Hostile environment, income, offered stimuli, as well as the presence of a chronic illness are issues that may interfere significantly. Considering the chronic diseases, we can identify congenital heart disease (CHD) is characterized by anatomical heart defects and functional and currently has presented an incidence of up to 1% of the population of live births. This research aimed to evaluate child development and verify an association with the commitment by biopsychosocial factors of children with and without CHD. Study participants were children from zero to six years, divided into three groups: Group1- 29 children pre-surgical congenital heart disease, Group2- 43 children post-surgical cardiac patients and Group3- 56 healthy children. The instruments used were a biopsychosocial questionnaire and the Screening Test Denver II. Of the total of 128 children evaluated, 66 (51.56%) are girls, and ages ranged from two months to six years (median 24.5 months). In G1 and G2 predominated acyanotic heart disease (55.2% and 58.1%). Regarding the Denver II reviews, children with heart disease had more development ratings "suspicious" and "suspect/abnormal", and 41.9% of children who have gone through surgery had characterized its development as "suspect/abnormal" . In the group of healthy children 53.6% were classified as developmental profile "normal" (p = ˂0,0001). On the areas of Denver II, among children with heart disease was greatest change in motor areas (p = 0.016, p = ˂0,001). The biopsychosocial variables that were related to a possible developmental delay were gender (p = 0.042), child's age (p = 0.0001) and income per capita (p = 0.019). There were no associations between the variables related to the treatment of disease, information, understanding of the disease and the way parents treat their children. In the group of healthy children showed that children who underwent hospitalization rates were more changes in development (p = 0.025) and the higher the number of admissions over these changes have intensified (p = 0.023). The results suggest that children with congenital heart disease have likely delayed development. It was also observed that there is a significant difference between the children who have gone through surgery, those who are still waiting for surgery only doing clinical follow-up. Changes in the development are more connected motor areas can be explained by the characteristic features of the disease and treatment, such as dyspnea, fatigue, care and limitations in daily activities. The gender and age appear to be decisive in the development as well as healthy children go through hospitalization experience. Already in children with heart disease, it was realized that social variables involved in the disease and the treatment did not affect the development. This question can be understood by means of protective factors and resiliency, as this population receives family and social support.

Fabricação e estudo de um forno solar com dispositivo de transporte

It presents a solar oven manufactured from MDF boards intended for the baking of foods such as pizza, cakes, breads, hamburgers and the like. They will be given the manufacturing processes and assembly of such an oven which has features of low cost manufacturing. The main feature of the proposed furnace and can be transported to any locations because it is seated on a device for carrying case / backpack. Tests will be conducted for the baking of various foods and their results will be compared with the various types of existing solar ovens shown by the literature. They will analyze the thermal and economic feasibility of such an oven that can provide socialization of the use of solar energy for poor communities and can become a source of generation of employment and income. The proposed solar oven baking has capacity for two foods and can be manufactured to allow multiple simultaneous baking of food.

Queilite actínica: expressão imuno-histoquímica da cox-2 e avaliação do diclofenaco sódico gel como uma terapia alternativa

Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a potentially malignant disorder which affects the lip vermilion and results from chronic exposure to sunlight. Currently, it is not possible to predict which cases of AC may progress to squamous cell carcinoma, and therefore, some biomolecular markers have been researched. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is an enzyme associated with inflammatory response which is overexpressed in oral cancer; however, little is known about the role of this protein in actinic cheilitis. About the treatment of this lesion, currently available therapeutic modalities to AC may cause cytotoxic effects and deleterious results to patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoexpression of COX-2 in AC of different risks of malignant transformation and analyse, through clinical follow-up, the efficacy of diclofenac sodium 3% gel in the treatment of this condition. Epithelial immunoexpression of COX-2 was analysed semi-quantitatively in 90 cases of AC classified as low risk (n = 55) and high risk (n = 35) of malignant transformation, in which the scores were assigned: (0) 0 to 5% of positive cells - Negative; (1) 6 to 30% of positive cells - Low expression; (2) 31 to 100% of positive cells - High expression. The chi-square test of Pearson was conducted to verify possible associations between immunoexpression of COX-2 and histologic grade of actinic cheilitis. The weighted kappa coefficient denoted a good interobserver agreement (0.677). Nineteen patients diagnosed with AC were instructed to perform topical application of the gel three times a day for a period of 90 days. In each biweekly visit, a follow-up record was accomplished through digital photographs and after treatment was completed, two researchers analysed all the images to assess clinical aspects of the lip. Furthermore, tolerability to the drug and patient satisfaction after treatment were evaluated. COX-2 was overexpressed in 74.4% of AC cases. Both low and high-risk groups revealed predominance of score 3, followed by scores 2 and 1. There was no significant association (p = 0.315) between COX-2 expression and histological grading. Among the total number of participants of this clinical study, ten showed total remission of all clinical features of the lesion and three had partial improvement of these characteristics. One participant presented worsening of the clinical condition. In five cases, the treatment was discontinued due to development of mild adverse effects at the site of gel application. Regarding analysis of satisfaction and tolerability to the drug, most patients were fully satisfied with the therapy (n = 11) and reported that the drug was not irritating to the lips (n = 9). Our study demonstrates that high expression of COX-2 is common in AC; however, this protein was not associated with malignant transformation risk of the analysed cases. Topical application of diclofenac sodium 3% gel provided a convenient and well tolerated approach in most cases, and may be a promising alternative for the treatment of actinic cheilitis.

Obtenção e caracterização de um compósito polimérico de matriz poliéster e reforço/carga de tecido plano de algodão

He was obtained and studied the feasibility of using TPA (Tissue Cotton Plan) screen type, for bagging, with a weight of 207.9 g / m2 in a composite of orthophthalic crystal polyester resin matrix. The process for obtaining the composite was tested against the maximum number of layers that could be used without compromising the processability and manufacturing of CPs in compression mold. Five configurations / formulations were selected and tested at 1, 4, 8, 10 and 12 layers of cotton tissue - TPA. TPA was not subjected to chemical treatment, only by passing a mechanical washing process. The composite in its various configurations / formulations was characterized to determine its physical properties. The properties of the composite were higher viability resistance to bending, approaching the matrix and impact resistance, superiority in relation to the polyester resin. Another property that has shown good result compared to other composite has water absorption. Analyzing all the properties set the settings / formulations with higher viability were TA8 and TA10, by combining good processability and higher mechanical strength, with lower loss compared to polyester resin matrix. The composite showed lower mechanical behavior of the resin matrix for all the formulations studied except the impact resistance. The SEM showed a good adhesion between the layers of TPA and polyester resin matrix, without the presence of micro voids in the matrix confirming the efficient manufacturing process of the samples for characterization. The composite proposed proved to be viable for the fabrication of structures with low requests from mechanical stresses, and as demonstrated for the manufacture of solar and wind prototypes, and packaging, shelving, decorative items, crafts and shelves, with good visual appearance.

Obtenção e caracterização de um compósito polimérico de matriz poliéster e reforço/carga de tecido plano de algodão

He was obtained and studied the feasibility of using TPA (Tissue Cotton Plan) screen type, for bagging, with a weight of 207.9 g / m2 in a composite of orthophthalic crystal polyester resin matrix. The process for obtaining the composite was tested against the maximum number of layers that could be used without compromising the processability and manufacturing of CPs in compression mold. Five configurations / formulations were selected and tested at 1, 4, 8, 10 and 12 layers of cotton tissue - TPA. TPA was not subjected to chemical treatment, only by passing a mechanical washing process. The composite in its various configurations / formulations was characterized to determine its physical properties. The properties of the composite were higher viability resistance to bending, approaching the matrix and impact resistance, superiority in relation to the polyester resin. Another property that has shown good result compared to other composite has water absorption. Analyzing all the properties set the settings / formulations with higher viability were TA8 and TA10, by combining good processability and higher mechanical strength, with lower loss compared to polyester resin matrix. The composite showed lower mechanical behavior of the resin matrix for all the formulations studied except the impact resistance. The SEM showed a good adhesion between the layers of TPA and polyester resin matrix, without the presence of micro voids in the matrix confirming the efficient manufacturing process of the samples for characterization. The composite proposed proved to be viable for the fabrication of structures with low requests from mechanical stresses, and as demonstrated for the manufacture of solar and wind prototypes, and packaging, shelving, decorative items, crafts and shelves, with good visual appearance.

Obtenção e caracterização de um compósito de matriz polimérica com carga de resíduos vegetal proveniente do sabugo de milho

The feasibility of using the corn cob to obtain a polymer matrix composite was studied. To obtain the bran, corncob passed the drying process in a solar dryer, and was subsequently triturated in forage and to obtain the different particle sizes, by sieving. Three different grain sizes were used: fine particles (FP) size between 0,10 and 2mm; sized particles (PM) with sizes between 2,10 and 3,35 mm; large particles (PG) sizes between 3,45 and 4,10 mm. Using 20% of residue relative to the resin, the test samples were constructed for characterization of the composite, taking into account thermal and mechanical parameters. The main advantage of the proposed composite is that it has a low density, below the relative resin, about 1.06 kg / m³ for the PG. The composite showed a mechanical behavior less than of the resin to the grain sizes and for all formulations studied. Showed better results for the bending, reaching 25.3 MPa for the PG. The composite also showed be feasible for thermal applications, with thermal conductivity less than 0.21 W / m, ranking as insulation. In terms of homogeneity of the mixture, the most viable grain size is the PF, which also showed improved aesthetics and better processability. This composite can be used to make structures that do not require significant mechanical strength, such as tables, chairs, planks, and solar and wind prototypes, such as ovens and cookers and turbines blades.

Obtenção e caracterização de um compósito de matriz polimérica com carga de resíduos vegetal proveniente do sabugo de milho

The feasibility of using the corn cob to obtain a polymer matrix composite was studied. To obtain the bran, corncob passed the drying process in a solar dryer, and was subsequently triturated in forage and to obtain the different particle sizes, by sieving. Three different grain sizes were used: fine particles (FP) size between 0,10 and 2mm; sized particles (PM) with sizes between 2,10 and 3,35 mm; large particles (PG) sizes between 3,45 and 4,10 mm. Using 20% of residue relative to the resin, the test samples were constructed for characterization of the composite, taking into account thermal and mechanical parameters. The main advantage of the proposed composite is that it has a low density, below the relative resin, about 1.06 kg / m³ for the PG. The composite showed a mechanical behavior less than of the resin to the grain sizes and for all formulations studied. Showed better results for the bending, reaching 25.3 MPa for the PG. The composite also showed be feasible for thermal applications, with thermal conductivity less than 0.21 W / m, ranking as insulation. In terms of homogeneity of the mixture, the most viable grain size is the PF, which also showed improved aesthetics and better processability. This composite can be used to make structures that do not require significant mechanical strength, such as tables, chairs, planks, and solar and wind prototypes, such as ovens and cookers and turbines blades.

Obtenção e caracterização de um compósito de matriz polimérica com carga de bucha vegetal luffa cylindrica

Composite materials arise from the need for lighter materials and with bigger mechanical and thermal resistance. The difficulties of discard, recycling or reuse are currently environmental concerns and, therefore, they are study object of much researches. In this perspective the feasibility of using loofahs (Luffa Cylindrica) for obtainment of a polymeric matrix composite was studied. Six formulations, with 4, 5 and 6 treated layers and untreated, were tested. The loofahs were treated in boiling water to remove lignins, waxes and impurities present in the fibers. After that, they were dried in a direct exposure solar dryer. For the characterization of the composite, thermal (thermal conductivity, thermal capacity, thermal diffusivity and thermal resistivity), mechanical (tensile and bending resistance) and physicochemical (SEM, XRD, density, absorption and degradation) properties were determined. The proposed composite has as advantage the low fiber density, which is around 0.66 g/cm³ (almost half of the polyester resin matrix), resulting in an average composite density of around 1.17g/cm³, 6.0 % lower in relation to the matrix. The treatment carried out in the loofahs increased the mechanical strength of the composite and decreased the humidity absorption. The composite showed lower mechanical behavior than the matrix for all the formulations. The composite also demonstrated itself to be feasible for thermal applications, with a value of thermal conductivity of less than 0.159 W/m.K, ranking it as a good thermal insulator. For all formulations/settings a low adherence between fibers and matrix occurred, with the presence of cracks, showing the fragility due to low impregnation of the fiber by the matrix. This composite can be used to manufacture structures that do not require significant mechanical strength, such as solar prototypes, as ovens and stoves.

Obtenção e caracterização de um compósito de matriz polimérica com carga de bucha vegetal luffa cylindrica

Composite materials arise from the need for lighter materials and with bigger mechanical and thermal resistance. The difficulties of discard, recycling or reuse are currently environmental concerns and, therefore, they are study object of much researches. In this perspective the feasibility of using loofahs (Luffa Cylindrica) for obtainment of a polymeric matrix composite was studied. Six formulations, with 4, 5 and 6 treated layers and untreated, were tested. The loofahs were treated in boiling water to remove lignins, waxes and impurities present in the fibers. After that, they were dried in a direct exposure solar dryer. For the characterization of the composite, thermal (thermal conductivity, thermal capacity, thermal diffusivity and thermal resistivity), mechanical (tensile and bending resistance) and physicochemical (SEM, XRD, density, absorption and degradation) properties were determined. The proposed composite has as advantage the low fiber density, which is around 0.66 g/cm³ (almost half of the polyester resin matrix), resulting in an average composite density of around 1.17g/cm³, 6.0 % lower in relation to the matrix. The treatment carried out in the loofahs increased the mechanical strength of the composite and decreased the humidity absorption. The composite showed lower mechanical behavior than the matrix for all the formulations. The composite also demonstrated itself to be feasible for thermal applications, with a value of thermal conductivity of less than 0.159 W/m.K, ranking it as a good thermal insulator. For all formulations/settings a low adherence between fibers and matrix occurred, with the presence of cracks, showing the fragility due to low impregnation of the fiber by the matrix. This composite can be used to manufacture structures that do not require significant mechanical strength, such as solar prototypes, as ovens and stoves.