974 resultados para Pratiques de lecture


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Ce travail s’appuie sur des données audiovisuelles d’un cours de «français écrit» (i.e. cours d’entraînement à la compréhension et à la production écrite), destiné à des étudiants non francophones, à l’Ecole de langue et de civilisation françaises (ELCF) de l’Université de Genève. Le public observé se caractérise par une grande hétérogénéité culturelle et linguistique. Les objectifs d’apprentissage entre élèves d’une même classe sont également différents: certains ont besoin d’une remise à niveau linguistique pour pouvoir entrer dans une des Facultés de l’université, d’autres pour pouvoir poursuivre des études de français au sein de l’ELCF afin d’obtenir un diplôme de français langue étrangère

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Actuellement, la compréhension en lecture n’est pas souvent enseignée pour elle-même dans les classes genevoises. Comme l’ont observé Soussi et al. (2008), les pratiques se rapprochent davantage de l’évaluation plutôt que de l’enseignement de la compréhension en lecture. Les enseignants proposent fréquemment aux élèves un dispositif couramment appelé «lecture silencieuse»: la lecture d’un texte, suivie d’un questionnaire à remplir, de manière individuelle. Ce dispositif est, selon notre expérience d’élèves et de stagiaires, un outil évaluatif mais qui ne permet pas un enseignement explicite des stratégies de lecture nécessaires pour comprendre un texte

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Cette contribution vise à décrire et comprendre les conditions d’un enseignement de la lecture par la médiation d’une entrée «par effraction» dans un texte de fiction, réticent, combinant divers ordres sémiotiques (verbal et iconique), le caractère réticent du texte n’étant pas forcément dépendant de la combinaison des deux ordres. Cette visée implique de considérer le texte, d’une part, sous l’angle de l’évènement figural de son artéfact (quelles sont ces propriétés qui le rendent résistant à la lecture par rapport aux textes canoniques, identifiés dans les pratiques ordinaires?) et, d’autre part, dans sa combinatoire scripto-visuelle (quelle part les ordres verbal et iconique prennent-ils dans la (re)construction du récit?). Cette description sera conduite du point de vue du travail enseignant, considéré comme un ensemble de tâches, structurées selon une progression, et de manières de faire dans le cours de l’action, articulées aux difficultés des élèves

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The point of departure for these reflections is life, since its protection is the central purpose encouraging the defense of human rights and of public health. Life in the Andes has an exceptional diversity. Particularly in Ecuador, my country, this diversity constitutes a characteristic sign that is expressed in two main forms: natural megadiversity and multiculturalism. Indeed, Ecuador’s small territory synthesizes practically all types of lifezones that exist on Earth, having received the gift of high average rates of solar energy and abundant nutritional sources, which have facilitated the natural reproduction of countless species that show their beautiful vitality in the variety of ecosystems that compose the Andean mountain range, the tropical plains, the Amazon humid forests, and the Galapagos Islands. But besides being a highly biodiverse country, it is also a plurinational and multi-cultural society, in which the activity of human beings, organized into social conglomerates of different historical and cultural backgrounds, have formed more than a dozen nations and peoples. Regrettably this natural and human wealth has not been able to bear its best fruits due to the violent operation of a deep social inequity – unfortunately also one of the highest in the Americas—which conspires against life and is reproduced in national and international inequitable relations. This structural inequity has changed its form throughout the centuries and currently has reached its highest and most perverse level of development.

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Notre article aborde la question du rationnement de l’offre d’eau potable dans la capitale jordanienne Amman. Il étudie la gestion publique-privée du rationnement, ainsi que ses impacts socio-économiques sur les usagers. Si 98 % de la population jordanienne jouit d’un raccordement au réseau d’eau potable, cet accès demeure assujetti à une intermittence en quantité et en qualité. Une situation expliquée par le discours gouvernemental, qui qualifie les villes du pays d’assoiffées, par la rareté hydrique et la croissance démographique. Or, l’étude du cas d’Amman, à travers la délégation, de 1999 à 2006, de la gestion du service au secteur privé, montre que le rationnement de l’offre incombe de façon importante à l’état technique du réseau défaillant, aggravé par les pratiques de connexions illégales et le gaspillage. Cet article met en outre l’accent sur les inégalités dans les usages de l’eau entre pauvres et riches, accrues par le rationnement inadapté aux caractéristiques socio-économiques des ménages. Ainsi, le coût des stratégies alternatives pour un accès adéquat à l’eau devient inabordable pour l’ensemble des familles, confrontées à une tarification progressive dont les effets sont pervers, et met en avant le rôle discriminatoire du revenu.

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In the 12th annual Broadbent Lecture at the Annual Conference Dianne Berry outlined Broadbent’s explicit and implicit influences on psychological science and scientists.

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The development of high throughput techniques ('chip' technology) for measurement of gene expression and gene polymorphisms (genomics), and techniques for measuring global protein expression (proteomics) and metabolite profile (metabolomics) are revolutionising life science research, including research in human nutrition. In particular, the ability to undertake large-scale genotyping and to identify gene polymorphisms that determine risk of chronic disease (candidate genes) could enable definition of an individual's risk at an early age. However, the search for candidate genes has proven to be more complex, and their identification more elusive, than previously thought. This is largely due to the fact that much of the variability in risk results from interactions between the genome and environmental exposures. Whilst the former is now very well defined via the Human Genome Project, the latter (e.g. diet, toxins, physical activity) are poorly characterised, resulting in inability to account for their confounding effects in most large-scale candidate gene studies. The polygenic nature of most chronic diseases offers further complexity, requiring very large studies to disentangle relatively weak impacts of large numbers of potential 'risk' genes. The efficacy of diet as a preventative strategy could also be considerably increased by better information concerning gene polymorphisms that determine variability in responsiveness to specific diet and nutrient changes. Much of the limited available data are based on retrospective genotyping using stored samples from previously conducted intervention trials. Prospective studies are now needed to provide data that can be used as the basis for provision of individualised dietary advice and development of food products that optimise disease prevention. Application of the new technologies in nutrition research offers considerable potential for development of new knowledge and could greatly advance the role of diet as a preventative disease strategy in the 21st century. Given the potential economic and social benefits offered, funding for research in this area needs greater recognition, and a stronger strategic focus, than is presently the case. Application of genomics in human health offers considerable ethical and societal as well as scientific challenges. Economic determinants of health care provision are more likely to resolve such issues than scientific developments or altruistic concerns for human health.

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Nutrigenetics and personalised nutrition are components of the concept that in the future genotyping will be used as a means of defining dietary recommendations to suit the individual. Over the last two decades there has been an explosion of research in this area, with often conflicting findings reported in the literature. Reviews of the literature in the area of apoE genotype and cardiovascular health, apoA5 genotype and postprandial lipaemia and perilipin and adiposity are used to demonstrate the complexities of genotype-phenotype associations and the aetiology of apparent between-study inconsistencies in the significance and size of effects. Furthermore, genetic research currently often takes a very reductionist approach, examining the interactions between individual genotypes and individual disease biomarkers and how they are modified by isolated dietary components or foods. Each individual possesses potentially hundreds of 'at-risk' gene variants and consumes a highly-complex diet. In order for nutrigenetics to become a useful public health tool, there is a great need to use mathematical and bioinformatic tools to develop strategies to examine the combined impact of multiple gene variants on a range of health outcomes and establish how these associations can be modified using combined dietary strategies.