Latent Class Analysis of Gambling Activities in a Sample of Young Swiss Men : Association with Gambling Problems, Substance Use Outcomes, Personality Traits and Coping Strategies.

The study aimed to identify different patterns of gambling activities (PGAs) and to investigate how PGAs differed in gambling problems, substance use outcomes, personality traits and coping strategies. A representative sample of 4989 young Swiss males completed a questionnaire assessing seven distinct gambling activities, gambling problems, substance use outcomes, personality traits and coping strategies. PGAs were identified using latent class analysis (LCA). Differences between PGAs in gambling and substance use outcomes, personality traits and coping strategies were tested. LCA identified six different PGAs. With regard to gambling and substance use outcomes, the three most problematic PGAs were extensive gamblers, followed by private gamblers, and electronic lottery and casino gamblers, respectively. By contrast, the three least detrimental PGAs were rare or non-gamblers, lottery only gamblers and casino gamblers. With regard to personality traits, compared with rare or non-gamblers, private and casino gamblers reported higher levels of sensation seeking. Electronic lottery and casino gamblers, private gamblers and extensive gamblers had higher levels of aggression-hostility. Extensive and casino gamblers reported higher levels of sociability, whereas casino gamblers reported lower levels of anxiety-neuroticism. Extensive gamblers used more maladaptive and less adaptive coping strategies than other groups. Results suggest that gambling is not a homogeneous activity since different types of gamblers exist according to the PGA they are engaged in. Extensive gamblers, electronic and casino gamblers and private gamblers may have the most problematic PGAs. Personality traits and coping skills may predispose individuals to PGAs associated with more or less negative outcomes.

A feasability study of the analysis of the economic outcomes of specialized nutrition in obesity and weight management in Switzerland

The increasing prevalence of obesity and its associated complications requires specialized care to improve outcomes and control health care costs. Obesity is associated with numerous serious and costly medical problems requiring specialized care in managing health. The economic burden of obesity includes increased inpatient and outpatient medical expenditures as well as employer-related issues of absenteeism and associate costs. The objectives of this study are: - To describe the health consequences and the economic burden of obesity, - To review the existing treatment - To argue in favor of a specialized nutritional intervention that has shown to improve health and reduce obesity related health care costs. Therefore, expose the possibility of introducing the specialized nutrition in Switzerland and the feasibility of this project considering the medical trends and reimbursement system in Switzerland The benefits and outcomes for the patients will be the significant weight loss which reduces the severity and risk factors for complications and the improved health and quality of life. Weight loss will be a combination of a diet, exercise and behavioral interventions which are the basic recommendations for obesity treatment in addition to the specialized nutritional support. By nutritional support, we mean products that are intended to provide nutritional support in the dietary management of people with specific diseases and conditions when adequate intake of regular foods is compromised. These products are called, Food for special medical purposes FSMP. They are not intended to treat, cure, prevent, mitigate or have a direct impact on disease in a manner similar to drugs or other medical treatments and should be used under medical supervision. They also provide a low cost alternative to surgery. From a health care system perspective, the specialized nutrition will drive its advantage by reducing the utilization of medical services for obesity associated complications like medication, physician's consultations and surgical interventions arriving to a cost effective care for the hospitals, the health care organizations and the third party payers which are the health insurances. [Author, p. 4]

Locally advanced hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: single-institution outcomes in a cohort of patients curatively treated either with or without larynx preservation

Abstract Objective: The present study was aimed at describing a single-institution experience in the curative treatment of patients diagnosed with locally advanced hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Data concerning all patients treated for locally advanced hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma between January 2006 and June 2012 were reviewed. Results: A total of 144 patients were included in the present study. The median follow-up period was 36.6 months. Median survival was 26 months, and 2-year and 5-year overall survival rates were, 51% and 30.5%, respectively. Median recurrence-free survival was 18 months and 2-year and 5-year recurrence-free survival rates were 42.8% and 28.5%, respectively. Conclusion: The outcomes in the present series are in line with the literature.

Clinical consequences of switching from olanzapine to risperidone and vice versa in outpatients with schizophrenia: 36-month results from the worldwide schizophrenia outpatients health outcomes (W-SOHO) study

BACKGROUND: With many atypical antipsychotics now available in the market, it has become a common clinical practice to switch between atypical agents as a means of achieving the best clinical outcomes. This study aimed to examine the impact of switching from olanzapine to risperidone and vice versa on clinical status and tolerability outcomes in outpatients with schizophrenia in a naturalistic setting. METHODS: W-SOHO was a 3-year observational study that involved over 17,000 outpatients with schizophrenia from 37 countries worldwide. The present post hoc study focused on the subgroup of patients who started taking olanzapine at baseline and subsequently made the first switch to risperidone (n=162) and vice versa (n=136). Clinical status was assessed at the visit when the first switch was made (i.e. before switching) and after switching. Logistic regression models examined the impact of medication switch on tolerability outcomes, and linear regression models assessed the association between medication switch and change in the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia (CGI-SCH) overall score or change in weight. In addition, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox-proportional hazards models were used to analyze the time to medication switch as well as time to relapse (symptom worsening as assessed by the CGI-SCH scale or hospitalization). RESULTS: 48% and 39% of patients switching to olanzapine and risperidone, respectively, remained on the medication without further switches (p=0.019). Patients switching to olanzapine were significantly less likely to experience relapse (hazard ratio: 3.43, 95% CI: 1.43, 8.26), extrapyramidal symptoms (odds ratio [OR]: 4.02, 95% CI: 1.49, 10.89) and amenorrhea/galactorrhea (OR: 8.99, 95% CI: 2.30, 35.13). No significant difference in weight change was, however, found between the two groups. While the CGI-SCH overall score improved in both groups after switching, there was a significantly greater change in those who switched to olanzapine (difference of 0.29 points, p=0.013). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that patients who switched from risperidone to olanzapine were likely to experience a more favorable treatment course than those who switched from olanzapine to risperidone. Given the nature of observational study design and small sample size, additional studies are warranted.

Outcomes of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infections among mothers in the Finnish Family HPV Study

To understand the natural history of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV)-infections, more information is needed on their genotype-specific prevalence, acquisition, clearance, persistence and progression. This thesis is part of the prospective Finnish Family HPV study. 329 pregnant women (mean age 25.5 years) were recruited during the third trimester of pregnancy and were followed up for 6 years. The outcomes of cervical HPV infections were evaluated among all the mothers participating in the study. Generalized estimating equation (GEE)-models and Poisson regression were used to estimate the risk factors of type-specific acquisition, clearance, persistence and progression of Species 7 and 9 HPV-genotypes. Independent protective factors against incident infections were higher number of life-time sexual partners, initiation of oral contraceptive use after age 20 years and becoming pregnant during FU. Older age and negative oral HR-HPV DNA status at baseline were associated with increased clearance, whereas higher number of current sexual partners decreased the probability of clearance. Early onset of smoking, practicing oral sex and older age increased the risk of type-specific persistence, while key predictors of CIN/SIL were persistent HR-HPV, abnormal Pap smear and new sexual partners. HPV16, together with multiple-type infections were the most frequent incident genotypes, most likely to remain persistent and least likely to clear. Collectively, LR-HPV types showed shorter incidence and clearance times than HR-HPV types. In multivariate models, different predictors were associated with these main viral outcomes, and there is some tentative evidence to suggest that oral mucosa might play a role in controlling some of these outcomes.

Professional development among educators pursuing a B.Ed. program in special education in Tanzania : a study of motives and perceived outcomes

Implementation of different policies and plans aiming at providing education for all is a challenge in Tanzania. The need for educators and professionals with relevant knowledge and qualifications in special education is substantial. Teacher education does not equip educators with sufficient knowledge and skills in special education and professional development programs in special education are few in number. Up to 2005 no degree programs in special education at university level were available in Tanzania. The B.Ed. Special Education program offered by the Open University of Tanzania in collaboration with Åbo Akademi University in Finland was one of the efforts aimed at addressing the big national need for teachers and other professionals with degree qualifications in special education. This pilot program offered unique possibilities to study professional development in Tanzania. The research group in this study consisted of the group of students who participated in the degree program 2005-2007. The study is guided by three theoretical perspectives: individual, social and societal. The individual perspective emphasizes psychological factors as motives, motivation, achievement, self-directed behavior and personal growth. Within social perspective, professional development is viewed as situated within the social and cultural context. The third perspective, the societal, focuses on change, reforms, innovations and transformation of school systems and societies. Accordingly, professional development is viewed as an individual, social and societal phenomenon. The overall aim of the study is to explore the participants’ motives for participating in a B.Ed. Special Education program and the perceived outcomes of the program in terms of professional development. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a case study approach was adopted. Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were administered in three waves between January 2007 and February 2009 to the 35 educators participating in the B.Ed. Special Education program. The findings of the study reveal that the participants expressed motives which were related to job performance, knowledge, skills, academic degree and career. Also altruistic motives were expressed by the participants in terms of helping and supporting students with special needs and their communities. The perceived outcomes of the program were in line with the expressed motives. However, the results indicate that the participants also learned new skills, as interaction skills and guidance and counseling skills. Increased self-confidence was also mentioned as an outcome. The participants also got deepened understanding of disability issues. In addition, they learned strategies for creating awareness of persons with disability in the communities. Thus the findings of the study indicate positive outcomes of the program in terms of professional development. The conclusion of the study is that individual, social and societal factors interact when it comes to explaining why Tanzanian educators in special education choose to pursue a degree program in special education. The individual motives, as increased knowledge and better prospects of career development interact with the social and societal motives to help and support vulnerable student groups. The study contributes to increased understanding of the complexity of professional development and of the realities educators meet when educational reforms are implemented in a developing country.

Transfusão intra-uterina em fetos afetados pela doença hemolítica perinatal grave: um estudo descritivo

Objetivo: analisar 54 transfusões intravasculares intra-uterinas (TIVs), ressaltando complicações do procedimento e morbimortalidade perinatal. Material e Métodos: fetos submetidos a TIVs na Clínica Materno-Fetal e Maternidade Carmela Dutra (Florianópolis, SC), entre janeiro de 1992 e agosto de 1997, foram incluídos no estudo. As características das gestantes, dados relativos ao procedimento e ao recém-nascido foram tabulados para análise e apresentados de forma descritiva, utilizando-se percentagem, média, desvio padrão, mediana, variação e risco relativo (RR) com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC) conforme apropriado. Resultados: foram realizadas 50 TIVs e quatro ex-sangüíneo transfusões em 21 fetos. Houve quatro óbitos (20%), três dos quais (75%) ocorridos em fetos hidrópicos. A idade gestacional média quando da primeira transfusão foi de 29,1 semanas. A concentração média de hemoglobina foi de 5,69 mg/dl. A taxa de mortalidade decorrente do procedimento foi de 7,4%. A idade gestacional média ao nascimento foi 33,9 semanas e o peso médio foi 2.437 gramas. Sessenta e cinco por cento dos recém-nascidos receberam ex-sangüíneo transfusão complementar. Conclusão: a taxa de mortalidade por procedimento (7,4%) foi semelhante à relatada na literatura mundial. A taxa de mortalidade perinatal (20%) foi mais elevada do que a relatada na literatura estrangeira, mas inferior à relatada em estudo conduzido no Brasil, no qual a prevalência de fetos hidrópicos foi semelhante.

Complicações da gestação e do parto como fatores de risco de óbito perinatal

Objetivo: avaliar as complicações clínicas da gestação e as complicações do parto como fatores de risco de óbito perinatal. Metodologia - Pacientes: os casos (óbitos perinatais) foram identificados a partir de 3.031 partos assistidos em maternidade de nível terciário (Hospital da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, PMERJ). Após cada caso foram selecionados 3 controles de forma seqüencial. Métodos: o delineamento foi de caso-controle aninhado. Casos (n = 82) foram óbitos perinatais com mínimo de 28 semanas de idade gestacional ou 1.000 g de peso. Controles (n = 246) foram recém-nascidos vivos até uma semana de vida. A variável dependente foi óbito perinatal (28 sem - 7 dias de nascido). Foram variáveis independentes (fatores de risco): idade gestacional, peso do recém-nascido, complicações da gravidez e complicações do parto. A análise foi feita em três etapas: univariada, estratificada e multivariada (regressão logística). Resultados: foi observada uma razão de chances de 4,21 para as complicações da gravidez e de 5,26 para as complicações do parto. O peso do recém-nascido mostrou OR = 0,999 por grama acima de 1.000 g. A idade gestacional mostrou OR = 0,729 por semana acima de 28. Conclusões: as complicações da gravidez e as complicações do parto são fatores de risco para óbito perinatal. A idade gestacional e o peso do recém-nascido comportaram-se como fatores de proteção para o óbito perinatal.

Fatores Prognósticos para o Óbito Perinatal em Gestações com Diástole Zero ou Reversa na Dopplervelocimetria das Artérias Umbilicais

Objetivos: estudar os fatores prognósticos para o óbito perinatal em gestações com diagnóstico de diástole zero (DZ) ou reversa (DR) na dopplervelocimetria das artérias umbilicais. Métodos: foram analisadas retrospectivamente 204 gestantes com DZ ou DR, sendo realizados os exames de cardiotocografia, perfil biofísico fetal, índice do líquido amniótico e dopplervelocimetria do ducto venoso e das artérias umbilicais, uterinas, aorta e cerebral média. Em 170 casos foi aplicado o modelo de regressão logística para determinar a variável com melhor acurácia na predição do óbito perinatal. Resultados: a mortalidade foi de 28 casos de óbito fetal (13,7%) e 45 de óbito pós-natal (22,1%). Houve correlação significativa entre os óbitos e as variáveis analisadas. A proporção de óbitos no grupo com recém-nascidos de peso inferior a 1.000 g foi de 74,7% e no grupo com idade gestacional inferior a 31 semanas, de 66,3%. Na regressão logística, o peso do recém-nascido foi a melhor variável capaz de predizer o óbito perinatal (p<0,0001), permitindo a elaboração de uma curva de probabilidade de óbito de acordo com esta variável. Conclusões: a DZ ou DR representam um grave comprometimento fetal, cujo risco para óbito perinatal está relacionado principalmente ao peso do RN e à idade gestacional inferior a 31 semanas.

Valor da Taxa de Eritroblastos no Sangue da Veia Umbilical de Recém-Nascidos como Marcador Hematológico da Hipóxia Perinatal

Objetivo: examinar se a taxa de eritroblastos, no sangue da veia umbilical de recém-nascidos, tem relação com a hipoxia perinatal, analisada pelos parâmetros que expressam o equilíbrio ácido-básico (EAB) do sangue funicular. Métodos: de recém-nascidos vivos com pelo menos 37 semanas de gestação, assistidos no Hospital de Alvorada-RS, foram coletadas amostras de sangue da veia umbilical antes da instalação da respiração. Parte do sangue foi coletado em frasco contendo EDTA, determinando-se as séries vermelha e branca. No sangue coletado em seringa com heparina, foram determinados valores do pH, pO2, pCO2 e calculado o EAB. Em lâmina corada pelo corante panótico, procedeu-se à contagem manual do número de eritroblastos. A taxa de eritroblastos foi calculada em relação ao número de leucócitos. Resultados: dos 158 casos que compõem o estudo, em 55 as condições perinatais permitiram considerá-los como isentos de acometimento de processo hipóxico. A média da taxa de eritroblastos foi 3,9%, com o desvio-padrão de 2,8%. Os valores mínimo e máximo foram 0% e 10%, respectivamente. Dentre os 158 casos, a taxa dos eritroblastos foi 5,7%, com desvio-padrão de 5,3%. Os valores mínimo e máximo foram 0% e 28%, respectivamente. A aplicação do teste de Pearson a taxa dos eritroblastos e valores dos parâmetros do EAB mostrou correlação significativa para o pH e pCO2. A elaboração da curva ROC revelou que 5% de eritroblastos e pH de 7,25 representam pontos de corte que contrabalançam a sensibilidade e especificidade (54% e 56%), respectivamente. Dos 23 conceptos com taxa de eritroblastos maior que 10%, 7 (30,4%) estavam acidóticos, 11 (48,7%) eram grandes para a idade gestacional, 3 (13%) eram pequenos para a idade gestacional, 7 (30,4%) tinham anemia e em 3 (13%) não foram constatadas anormalidades. Conclusões: em recém-nascidos de gestações e partos sem complicações, a taxa de eritroblastos ao nascimento foi menor do que 10%. Quando a taxa de eritroblastos foi maior do que 10% houve correlação principalmente com acidemia, distúrbios do crescimento intra-uterino e anemia fetal.

Avaliação ultra-sonográfica da hidrocefalia fetal: associação com mortalidade perinatal

Objetivo: avaliar os parâmetros ultra-sonográficos associados ao incremento da mortalidade perinatal em casos de hidrocefalia fetal. Métodos: foram avaliados 45 casos de hidrocefalia acompanhados entre janeiro/1996 e dezembro/1999. A hidrocefalia foi diagnosticada quando a relação entre a mensuração dos ventrículos laterais e os hemisférios cerebrais correspondentes foi superior a 0,35 ou quando a medida do átrio dos ventrículos laterais foi superior a 10 mm. Em todos os exames definiu-se o tipo, gravidade, simetria, evolução e época do diagnóstico da hidrocefalia. As pacientes foram submetidas a ultra-som morfológico na busca de outras alterações anatômicas. O índice de líquido amniótico e os óbitos fetais foram registrados. Os principais achados ultra-sonográficos foram correlacionados à mortalidade perinatal. Utilizaram-se, para análise estatística, o teste do chi² e o teste exato de Fisher. O valor de p<0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: nos casos analisados houve 20 óbitos (44,4%), sendo 6 intra-útero e 14 neonatais. O diagnóstico da hidrocefalia foi efetuado, em média, na 29ª semana. Não evidenciamos associação entre a mortalidade perinatal e as alterações do volume de líquido amniótico, a época de diagnóstico, simetria e tipo de hidrocefalia e a presença de outras anomalias intra ou extracranianas. Por outro lado, a gravidade da doença associou-se significativamente com a morte perinatal (p<0,0001). Conclusão: entre todos os parâmetros ultra-sonográficos analisados, apenas a gravidade da hidrocefalia apresentou associação estatística com a morte perinatal.

Morbidade Materna e Morbimortalidade Perinatal Associada à Infecção Ascendente na Rotura Prematura das Membranas

Objetivo: avaliar as repercussões da infecção ascendente sobre a mãe, o feto e o recém-nascido (RN) nos casos de rotura prematura das membranas (RPM). Métodos: estudo prospectivo, avaliando 50 gestantes portadoras de RPM e seus RN. A corioamnionite clínica foi rastreada por meio de critérios clínicos (curva térmica, dor abdominal à palpação e/ou amolecimento uterino, odor e características da secreção vaginal) e subsidiários (leucograma e proteína C reativa). Por sua vez, a corioamnionite histológica foi avaliada com estudo macroscópico e microscópico da placenta, membranas e cordão umbilical. No estudo microscópico, utilizou-se a microscopia óptica com coloração pela hematoxilina-eosina. Os RN foram avaliados pela mensuração do peso e índice de Apgar no 1o e 5o minuto. O leucograma e a cultura do material colhido do ouvido e aspirado gástrico complementaram o estudo. Para análise estatística foram utilizados os testes exato de Fisher e t de Student, com nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: a taxa de corioamnionite clínica foi de 29,4% (15/50), ao passo que a de corioamnionite histológica foi de 40% (20/50). Todos os casos de corioamnionite clínica apresentaram período de latência (PL) superior a 24 horas. Os RN apresentaram sinais de infecção em 31,4% (16/51), todos com PL maior que 24 horas. Os principais microrganismos isolados do conduto auditivo e aspirado gástrico dos RN foram: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, cocos Gram positivos e Streptococcus agalactiae - Grupo B de Lancefield (SGB). Os RN infectados apresentaram menor escore de Apgar no 1o e 5o minuto, peso ao nascer inferior e maior morbidade e mortalidade perinatal quando comparados com os RN não infectados. Conclusões: baseados na análise dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo, foi possível concluir que o período de latência prolongado aumenta a chance de infecção ascendente, que, por sua vez, proporciona maior probabilidade de parto prematuro, aumentando portanto a morbidade materna (corioamnionite clínica), bem como a morbidade e mortalidade perinatal.