Optical properties of organic superconductor K-(BETS)2FeBr4 /

K-(BETS)2FeBr4 is a quasi-2D charge transfer organic metal with interesting electronic and magnetic properties. It undergoes a transition to an antiferromagnetic (AF) state at ambient pressure at the Neel temperature (T^^) = 2.5 K, as well as to a superconducting (SC) state at 1.1 K [1]. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity shows a small decrease at T;v indicating the resistivity drops as a result of the onset of the ordering of Fe'*''" spins. A sharp drop in the resistivity at 1.1 K is due to its superconducting transition. The temperature dependence of the susceptibility indicates an antiferromagnetic spin structure with the easy axis parallel to the a-axis. The specific heat at zero-field shows a large peak at about 2.4 K, which corresponds to the antiferromagnetic transition temperature (Tat) and no anomaly is observed around the superconducting transition temperature (1.1 K) demonstrating that the magnetically ordered state is not destroyed by the appearance of another phase transition (the superconducting transition) in the 7r-electron layers [1], [2]. This work presents an investigation of how the low frequency electromagnetic response is affected by the antiferromagnetic and superconducting states, as well as the onset of strong correlation. The location of the easy axis of three samples was determined and polarized thermal reflectance measurements of these «-(BETS)2FeBr4 samples oriented with their vertical axis along the a- and c axes were then carried out using a *He refrigerator cryostat and a Martin-Puplett type polarizing interferometer at various temperatures (T = 0.5 K, 1.4 K. 1.9 K, 2.8 K) above and below the superconducting state and/or antiferromagnetic state. Comparison of the SC state to the normal state along the o- and c-axes indicates a rising thermal reflectance at low frequencies (below 10 cm"' ) which may be a manifestation of the superconducting energy gap. A dip-Hke feature is detected at low frequencies (below 15 cm"') in the thermal reflectance plots which probe the antiferromagnetic state along the two axes, and may be due to the opening of a gap in the excitation spectrum as a result of the antiferromagnetism. In another set of experiments, thermal reflectance measurements carried out along the a- and c-axes at higher temperatures (10 K-80 K) show that the reflectivity decreases with increasing temperature to 60 K (the coherence temperature) above which it increases again. Comparison of the thermal reflectance plots along the a- and c-axes at higher temperatures reveals an anisotropy between these two axes. The Hagen-Rubens thermal reflectance plots corresponding to an average over the ac-plane were calculated using experimental hterature resistivity values. Comparison of the Hagen-Rubens plots with the experimental thermal reflectance along the a- and c-axes indicates that both exhibit the general trend of a decrease in thermal reflectance with increasing frequency, however the calculated Hagen-Rubens thermal reflectance at different temperatures is much lower than the experimental curves.

Pigment orientation changes detected by low temperature linear dichroism spectroscopy: cold-hardening transition in phycobilisome-containing organisms

Low temperature (77K) linear dichroism spectroscopy was used to characterize pigment orientation changes accompanying the light state transition in the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. pee 6301, and cold-hardening in winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Puma). Samples were oriented for spectroscopy using the gel squeezing method (Abdourakhmanov et aI., 1979) and brought to 77K in liquid nitrogen. The linear dichroism (LD) spectra of Synechococcus 6301 phycobilisome/thylakoid membrane fragments cross-linked in light state 1 and light state 2 with glutaraldehyde showed differences in both chlorophyll a and phycobilin orientation. A decrease in the relative amplitude of the 681nm chlorophyll a positive LD peak was observed in membrane fragments in state 2. Reorientation of the phycobilisome (PBS) during the transition to state 2 resulted in an increase in core allophycocyanin absorption parallel to the membrane, and a decrease in rod phycocyanin parallel absorption. This result supports the "spillover" and "PBS detachment" models of the light state transition in PBS-containing organisms, but not the "mobile PBS" model. A model was proposed for PBS reorientation upon transition to state 2, consisting of a tilt in the antenna complex with respect to the membrane plane. Linear dichroism spectra of PBS/thylakoid fragments from the red alga, Porphyridium cruentum, grown in green light (containing relatively more PSI) and red light (containing relatively more PSll) were compared to identify chlorophyll a absorption bands associated with each photosystem. Spectra from red light - grown samples had a larger positive LD signal on the short wavelength side of the 686nm chlorophyll a peak than those from green light - grown fragments. These results support the identification of the difference in linear dichroism seen at 681nm in Synechococcus spectra as a reorientation of PSll chromophores. Linear dichroism spectra were taken of thylakoid membranes isolated from winter rye grown at 20°C (non-hardened) and 5°C (cold-hardened). Differences were seen in the orientation of chlorophyll b relative to chlorophyll a. An increase in parallel absorption was identified at the long-wavelength chlorophyll a absorption peak, along with a decrease in parallel absorption from chlorophyll b chromophores. The same changes in relative pigment orientation were seen in the LD of isolated hardened and non-hardened light-harvesting antenna complexes (LHCII). It was concluded that orientational differences in LHCII pigments were responsible for thylakoid LD differences. Changes in pigment orientation, along with differences observed in long-wavelength absorption and in the overall magnitude of LD in hardened and non-hardened complexes, could be explained by the higher LHCII monomer:oligomer ratio in hardened rye (Huner et ai., 1987) if differences in this ratio affect differential light scattering properties, or fluctuation of chromophore orientation in the isolated LHCII sample.

Second Welland Canal - Book 3, Survey Map 21 - Village of Port Colborne

Survey map of the Second Welland Canal created by the Welland Canal Company showing the areas in and around Port Colborne. Identified structures associated with the Canal include Lighthouse, Pier Light, Old Lock House, Collector's Office, Harbour Master's House, Canal Boundary, Back Ditch, Reserved Back Ditch, Basin, Light-Keeper's House and Ferry Recess. The surveyors' measurements and notes can be seen in red and black ink and pencil. Local area landmarks and businesses are also identified and include Gordon's Woodyard, Welland Rail Road, Welland Railway Elevator and Proposed Elevator, W.R.R. Flour Shed, Roman Catholic Church, School House, Sandhills, Lake Erie, and the High Water Mark. Streets running parallel to Canal include King St., West St., East St., Queen St., Hamilton St., and the Road Allowance are labelled. Streets running perpendicular to Canal include Kent St., Victoria St., Adelaide St., SugarLoaf St., George St., Alexandrina St., William St., Fort Erie St., Lake Rd., and New Road to Dutch Settlement are also labelled. Property owners and leasers as well as buildings on lots are also idenitified and noted as follows: Adams estate, J. Towhig, J.C. Kerr, Mrs. Hill, S. Cooke, Mrs. Yocum, W.T. Cooke, P. Wintermute, J. Shickluna, William Cooke, J. McChesney, John Beatty, W. Robertson, John Gordon, T. Armstrong, John Harper, George Keefer, Estate of James Black, Thomas Park, N. Higgins, S. Hopkins, and L.G. Cartier. Map of the Village of Port Colborne. Being Lot No. 27 and part of Lot No. 28 in the 1st Con. Township of HUMBERSTONE. Scale 2 Chs. per Inch. land shaded in RED Owned by DEPT. Do. Do. BLUE Sold to the COUNTY of WELLAND

Second Welland Canal - Book 3, Survey Map 13 - Village of Welland - Merrittville and Crowland

Survey map of the Second Welland Canal created by the Welland Canal Company showing the township of Crowland as well as the Village of Welland-Merritville. Identified structures associated with the Canal include Old Canal, old towing path, water way, bridge, culvert, covered drain, drain, and towing path. Surveyor measurements and notes can be seen in red and black ink and pencil. Local area landmarks include E. Seeley's store, W.A. Bald's store, barn, and two ponds. Roads parallel to Canal include the old towing road, towing path, Canal Street, road to Welland_lle, and road to Junction. Roads perpendicular to Canal include Road Allowance between the 5th and 6th Concession, Division Street, Road to Narrows. Properties and property owners are noted as W.A. Bald, E. Seeley, John Price, Eli Mead, Jacob Griffith, John Hellems. Lots noted are: Lots Number 25, 26, 5th Concession.

Second Welland Canal - Book 3, Survey Map 14 - Village of Junction and Crowland

Survey map of the Second Welland Canal created by the Welland Canal Company showing the border area of the townships of Crowland and Humberstone, as well as the Village of Junction. Identified structures associated with the Canal include ditches, guard lock, old canal, new towing path, bridge, feeder to Dunnville, covered drain. Surveyor measurements and notes can be seen in red and black ink and pencil. Local area landmarks include James Turf Tavern and possible marshland. Roads parallel to Canal include western Road Allowance, the new towing road, road to Welland and road to Junction. Roads perpendicular to Canal include Road Allowance between the 5th and 6th Concession. Properties and property owners are noted as Thomas. C. Street, James Tuft, and John Hellems. Lots noted are: Lots Number 26, 27, 6th Concession.

Second Welland Canal - Book 3, Survey Map 15 - Village of Junction and Crowland

Survey map of the Second Welland Canal created by the Welland Canal Company showing the border area of the townships of Crowland and Humberstone, as well as the Village of Junction. Identified structures associated with the Canal include ditches, Junction Lock, bridge, feeder to Marshville, and spoil banks. Surveyor measurements and notes can be seen in red and black ink and pencil. Local area landmarks include the Gore between Crowland and Humberstone, pond, creek, H. Hellems Wharf Lot, John Toyne property, School House, Tavern, Barn, and House. Roads parallel to Canal include southern Road Allowance and the Road to Port Colborne. Roads perpendicular to Canal include Road Allowance between the 6th and 7th Concession. Properties and property owners are noted as Thomas Street, John Hellems, James Boyd, John Toyne, and F. Holmes. Lots noted are: Lots Number 25, 26, 27, 7th Concession.

Second Welland Canal - Book 3, Survey Map 16 - Through Humberstone

Survey map of the Second Welland Canal created by the Welland Canal Company showing the border area of the townships of Crowland and Humberstone. Identified structures associated with the Canal include back ditches, towing path and spoil banks. Surveyor measurements and notes can be seen in red and black ink and pencil. Local area landmarks include line between the 7th Concession of Crowland and the Gore, Town Line between the Townhips of Crowland and Humberstone and the Highane and Company Store. Roads parallel to Canal include southern Road Allowance and the Road to Port Colborne. Roads perpendicular to Canal include Road Allowance between the 4th and 5th Concession. Properties and property owners are noted as Thomas Merrit, John Betty, John Brown, Charles French, James McCoppen, and S.D. Woodruff. Lots noted are: Lots Number 22, 23, 24, 5th Concession."Humberstone" - Scale: 4 Chs. per Inch "Gore"

Second Welland Canal - Book 3, Survey Map 17 - Through Humberstone

Survey map of the Second Welland Canal created by the Welland Canal Company showing the area through Humberstone. Identified structures associated with the Canal include Spoil Banks, Towing Path, Back Ditches and Culvert. Surveyor measurements and notes can be seen in red and black ink and pencil. Local area landmarks include Lyons Creek and Big Elm Tree. Roads running parallel to Canal include the south Road Allowance and the Road to Port Colborne. Roads running perpendicular to Canal include Road Allowance between the 3rd and 4th Concessions, Road Allowance between the 4th and 5th Concessions. Properties are noted as Lot No. 28, 4th Concession, Lot No. 27, 4th Concession and Lot No. 26, 4th Concession."Humberstone"

Second Welland Canal - Book 3, Survey Map 18 - Through Humberstone

Survey map of the Second Welland Canal created by the Welland Canal Company showing the area through Humberstone Township. Identified structures associated with the Canal are the north and south back ditches, Towing Path and spoil banks. Surveyor measurements and notes can be seen in red and black ink and pencil. Local area landmarks include Tram Way to Peat Beds. Roads running parallel to Canal are the Road to Port Colborn and the northern Road Allowance. Roads running parallel to Canal are Road Allowance between the 2nd and 3rd Concession, Road Allowance between the 3rd and 4th Concession. Properties and property owners are noted as follows: J. Thompson, J. Sullivan, J. Leady, John Neff and Peter Neff. Other properties include: Lot No. 27, 3rd Concession, Lot No. 26, 3rd Concession and Lot No. 25, 3rd Concession."Humberstone" - Scale 4 Chs. per Inch

Second Welland Canal - Book 3, Survey Map 19 - Petersburgh and Humberstone

Survey map of the Second Welland Canal created by the Welland Canal Company showing the areas in and around Petersburg and Humberstone. Identified structures associated with the Canal include North and South Back Ditches, Bridge Tender's Building, Towing Path, Old Back Ditch, and Covered Drain. Features of the First Welland Canal are noted in red ink. Surveyor measurements and notes can be seen in red and black ink and pencil. Local area landmarks include bridge, barns, ruins of Stone Mill (burnt), Wesbern (Wabern) Hotel and spoil banks. Roads labelled running parallel to Canal is the south Road Allowance. Roads perpendicular to Canal include Road Allowance between 1st and 2nd Concession, Road to Waterloo Ferry, Road Allowance between 2nd and 3rd Concessions. Properties and property owners/renters are identified as follows: A. Augustine, Captain Duffil, O. Farres, I. Schooley, George Augustine, E. Schooley (Schooly), R. and J. Kilmer (Killmer), J. Urich, J. Thompson (Tompson), M. Reeb, G. Wilson, J. Klee, John Steel, E. Augustine, Furry, J. Jackson, Robert House, R. White, J. Crame, D. Saff, J. Kinnard, J. Schooley, Dickson, C. Erhoff, and G. Rother."Village of Petersburgh" - Scale 2 Chs. per Inch "Humberstone" - Scale 4 Chs. per Inch,

Second Welland Canal - Book 3, Survey Map 20 - Village of Port Colborne

Survey map of the Second Welland Canal created by the Welland Canal Company showing the areas in and around Port Colborne and Grantham Township. Identified structures associated with the Canal include Basin, Guard Lock, Two Lock Tender Houses, Lock House Lot, Collectors Office House, Towing Path, North and South Back Ditches, and land reserved for future improvemnt of basin. Surveyor measurements and notes can be seen in red and black ink as well as pencil. Local area landmarks dentified include Bridge, Rail Road Swing Bridge, Spoil Bank, Water Tank, Frazer Street Railway Station, Buffalo and Lake Huron Rail Road, Welland Rail Road, and land reserved for "Gardens for Lock Tenders". Local businesses identified include A.K Scholfield Store House Lot and Wharf, two stores and a tavern. Roads running parallel to Canal include King St., "present Travel Road", and the Southern Road Allowance. Roads running perpendicular to Canal include Kent St., Charlotte St., Clarence St., Princess St., Elgin St., George St., Frazer St., Alma St., Eastern Road Allowance. Properties and property owners are also identified and include P. White, John Flynn, George McMicking, Charles Carter, William H. Merritt, A.K. Scholfield, F. Gallgher, Ed McCabe, M. Smith, E. Lawder, J. Hanley, J. Harris, P. Gibbons, M. McGoveran, M. Madden, J. Hardison, T. Nihan, D. Gibbons, J. Cross, William Mellanby, Elis Gordon, Jane McCardy, L.G. Carter, T. Greenwood, C. Armstrong, J. McGillivray, T. Schofield, Mrs. Lanue, D. Mc_______, K. Minor, J. Manly and John McRae.

Stakeholders' Perceptions of Culinary Programs in Ontario Community Colleges

The hospitality industry in Canada is growing. With that growth is a demand for qualified workers to fill available positions within all facets of the hospitality industry, one ofthem being cooks. To meet this labour shortage, community colleges offering culinary arts programs are ramping up to meet the needs of industry to produce workplace-ready graduates. Industry, students, and community colleges are but three of the several stakeholders in culinary arts education. The purpose of this research project was to bring together a cross-section of stakeholders in culinary arts education in Ontario and qualitatively examine the stakeholders' perceptions of how culinary arts programs and the current curriculum are taught at community colleges as mandated by the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities (MTCU) in the Culinary Program Standard. A literature review was conducted in support of the research undertaking. Ten stakeholders were interviewed in preliminary and follow-up sessions, after which the data were analyzed using a grounded theory research design. The findings confirmed the existence of a disconnect amongst stakeholders in culinary arts education. Parallel to that was the discovery of the need for balance in several facets of culinary arts education. The discussions, as found in Chapter 5 of this study, addressed the themes of Becoming a Chef, Basics, Entrenchment, Disconnect, and Balance. The 8 recommendations, also found in Chapter 5, which are founded on the research results of this study, will be of interest to stakeholders in culinary education, particularly in the province of Ontario.

Determining rotational direction of rotation structures using prolate shaped grains within till

Micromorphology is used to analyze a wide range of sediments. Many microstructures have, as yet, not been analyzed. Rotation structures are the least understood of microstructures: their origin and development forms the basis of this thesis. Direction of rotational movement helps understand formative deformational and depositional processes. Twenty-eight rotation structures were analyzed through two methods of data extraction: (a) angle of grain rotation measured from Nikon NIS software, and (b) visual analyses of grain orientation, neighbouring grainstacks, lineations, and obstructions. Data indicates antithetic rotation is promoted by lubrication, accounting for 79% of counter-clockwise rotation structures while 21 % had clockwise rotation. Rotation structures are formed due to velocity gradients in sediment. Subglacial sediments are sheared due to overlying ice mass stresses. The grains in the sediment are differentially deformed. Research suggests rotation structures are formed under ductile conditions under low shear, low water content, and grain numbers inducing grain-to-grain interaction.

Étude des voies d’apprêtement des antigènes viraux menant à la présentation antigénique par les CMH de classe I

Le contrôle immunitaire des infections virales est effectué, en grande partie, par les lymphocytes T CD8+ cytotoxiques. Pour y parvenir, les lymphocytes T CD8+ doivent être en mesure de reconnaître les cellules infectées et de les éliminer. Cette reconnaissance des cellules infectées s’effectue par l’interaction du récepteur T (TCR) des lymphocytes T CD8+ et des peptides viraux associés au complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité (CMH) de classe I à la surface des cellules hôtes. Cette interaction constitue l’élément déclencheur permettant l’élimination de la cellule infectée. On comprend donc toute l’importance des mécanismes cellulaires menant à la génération des peptides antigéniques à partir des protéines virales produites au cours d’une infection. La vision traditionnelle de cet apprêtement protéique menant à la présentation d’antigènes par les molécules du CMH propose deux voies cataboliques distinctes. En effet, il est largement admis que les antigènes endogènes sont apprêtés par la voie dite ‘‘classique’’ de présentation antigénique par les CMH de classe I. Cette voie implique la dégradation des antigènes intracellulaires par le protéasome dans le cytoplasme, le transport des peptides résultant de cette dégradation à l’intérieur du réticulum endoplasmique, leur chargement sur les molécules du CMH de classe I et finalement le transport des complexes peptide-CMH à la surface de la cellule où ils pourront activer les lymphocytes T CD8+. Dans la seconde voie impliquant des antigènes exogènes, le dogme veut que ceux-ci soient apprêtés par les protéases du compartiment endovacuolaire. Les peptides ainsi générés sont directement chargés sur les molécules de CMH de classe II à l’intérieur de ce compartiment. Par la suite, des mécanismes de recyclage vésiculaire assurent le transport des complexes peptide-CMH de classe II à la surface de la cellule afin de stimuler les lymphocytes T CD4+. Cependant, cette stricte ségrégation des voies d’apprêtement antigénique a été durement éprouvée par la capacité des cellules présentatrices d’antigènes à effectuer l’apprêtement d’antigènes exogènes et permettre leur présentation sur des molécules de CMH de classe I. De plus, l’identification récente de peptides d’origine intracellulaire associés à des molécules de CMH de classe II a clairement indiqué la présence d’interactions entre les deux voies d’apprêtement antigénique permettant de transgresser le dogme préalablement établi. L’objectif du travail présenté ici était de caractériser les voies d’apprêtement antigénique menant à la présentation d’antigènes viraux par les molécules du CMH de classe I lors d’une infection par le virus de l’Herpès simplex de type I (HSV-1). Dans les résultats rapportés ici, nous décrivons une nouvelle voie d’apprêtement antigénique résultant de la formation d’autophagosomes dans les cellules infectées. Cette nouvelle voie permet le transfert d’antigènes viraux vers un compartiment vacuolaire dégradatif dans la phase tardive de l’infection par le virus HSV-1. Cette mise en branle d’une seconde voie d’apprêtement antigénique permet d’augmenter le niveau de présentation de la glycoprotéine B (gB) virale utilisée comme modèle dans cette étude. De plus, nos résultats décrivent la formation d’une nouvelle forme d’autophagosomes dérivés de l’enveloppe nucléaire en réponse à l’infection par le virus HSV-1. Ces nouveaux autophagosomes permettent le transfert d’antigènes viraux vers un compartiment vacuolaire lytique, action également assurée par les autophagosomes dits classiques. Dans la deuxième partie du travail présenté ici, nous utilisons l’infection par le virus HSV-1 et la production de la gB qui en résulte pour étudier le trafic membranaire permettant le transfert de la gB vers un compartiment vacuolaire dégradatif. Nos résultats mettent en valeur l’importance du réticulum endoplasmique, et des compartiments autophagiques qui en dérivent, dans ces mécanismes de transfert antigénique permettant d’amplifier la présentation antigénique de la protéine virale gB sur des CMH de classe I via une voie vacuolaire. L’ensemble de nos résultats démontrent également une étroite collaboration entre la voie classique de présentation antigénique par les CMH de classe I et la voie vacuolaire soulignant, encore une fois, la présence d’interaction entre les deux voies.

The relationship between fructose consumption and risk of obesity in two Aboriginal populations

Résumé La prédominance de l'obésité qui touche les enfants et les adultes a augmenté dans le monde entier ces dernières décennies. Les différentes études épidémiologiques ont prouvé que l'obésité est devenue une préoccupation profonde de santé aux États-Unis et au Canada. Il a été montré que l'obésité a beaucoup d’effets sur la santé ainsi il serait important de trouver différentes causes pour le gain de poids. Il est clair que l'obésité soit la condition de multiples facteurs et implique des éléments génétiques et environnementaux. Nous nous concentrons sur les facteurs diététiques et particulièrement le fructose où sa consommation a parallèlement augmenté avec l'augmentation du taux d'obésité. La forme principale du fructose est le sirop de maïs à haute teneur en fructose (HFCS) qui est employé en tant qu'édulcorant primordial dans la plupart des boissons et nourritures en Amérique du Nord. Il a été suggéré que la prise du fructose serait probablement un facteur qui contribue à l’augmentation de la prédominance de l'obésité. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer s'il y a un rapport entre la consommation du fructose et le risque d'obésité. Nous avons travaillé sur deux bases de données des nations Cree et Inuit. Nous avons eu un groupe de 522 adultes Cree, (263 femmes et 259 hommes) dans deux groupes d'âge : les personnes entre 20 et 40 ans, et les personnes de 40 à 60 ans. Nous les avons classés par catégorie en quatre groupes d'indice de masse corporelle (IMC). L'outil de collecte de données était un rappel de 24 heures. En revanche, pour la base de données d'Inuit nous avons eu 550 adultes (301 femmes et 249 hommes) dans deux groupes d'âge semblables à ceux du Cree et avec 3 catégories d’indice de masse corporelle. Les données dans la base d'Inuit ont été recueillies au moyen de deux rappels de 24 heures. Nous avons extrait la quantité de fructose par 100 grammes de nourriture consommés par ces deux populations et nous avons créé des données de composition en nourriture pour les deux. Nous avons pu également déterminer les sources principales du fructose pour ces populations. Aucun rapport entre la consommation du fructose et l’augmentation de l’indice de masse corporelle parmi les adultes de Cree et d'Inuit n’a été détecté. Nous avons considéré l’apport énergétique comme facteur confondant potentiel et après ajustement, nous avons constaté que l'indice de masse corporelle a été associé à l’apport énergétique total et non pas à la consommation du fructose. Puisque dans les études qui ont trouvé une association entre la consommation de fructose et l’obésité, le niveau de la consommation de fructose était supérieure à 50 grammes par jour et comme dans cette étude ce niveau était inférieur à cette limite (entre 20.6 et 45.4 g/jour), nous proposons que des effets negatifs du fructose sur la masse corporelle pourraient être testés dans des populations à plus haute consommation. Les essais cliniques randomisés et éventuelles études cohortes avec différents niveaux de consommation de fructose suivis à long terme pourraient aussi être utiles. Mots clés : fructose, sirop de maïs à haute teneur en fructose (HFCS), obésité et poids excessif