La odontología basada en la evidencia

Se presenta en este artículo una introducción a los orígenes, conceptos y practica de una nueva corriente del razonamiento médico denominada: «Medicina basada en la evidencia» y por extensión: «Odontología basada en la evidencia». En él se describen sus componentes: la formulación de la pregunta; la búsqueda en la literatura científica de evidencias relevantes que le den respuesta; el análisis crítico de esta literatura; y la aplicación en la práctica clínica de estos hallazgos. La Odontología no es ajena a su creciente influencia en la práctica clínica y en la educación de pre y postgrado.

Aprendiendo de los caciques

Esta ponencia versa sobre la dificultad de investigar un tema tan escurridizo y oculto como son los sistemas políticos informales, las vías que los caciques emplean para suplantar al (imaginado) Estado democrático de Derecho y los medios con los que aglutinan a sus clientelas (pan, palo y símbolos). De todo ello, las conclusiones que se pueden extraer transitan entre dos planos: en primer lugar, desde la metodología, mi objetivo es demostrar que el antropólogo es el investigador social que está en mejor disposición de abordar un objeto de estudio como el caciquismo, gracias sobre todo al método etnológico. Siguiendo a Knight, ello requiere de doscompetencias profesionales de corte geertziano: la capacidad de inmersión y la descripción densa (Knight y Pansters, 2005). Cierta dosis de fortuna y un punto de arrojo también deben entrar en la ecuación. Además, un breve repaso por las aproximaciones teóricas más destacadas (desde la ciencia política, la economía política, la historia, la antropología, etc.) servirán para contextualizar los estudios similares. De esta manera, se va a realizar una revisión crítica y abierta a la posición teórica que sostiene la ausencia de Estado y a la del concepto de intermediación, apuntando hacia la integración y la continuidad de lógicas, discursos y prácticas entre los diversos actores políticos, tanto locales como de fuera de las comunidades.

Cognate peptide-receptor ligand mapping by directed phage display

Background: A rapid phage display method for the elucidation of cognate peptide specific ligand for receptors is described. The approach may be readily integrated into the interface of genomic and proteomic studies to identify biologically relevant ligands.Methods: A gene fragment library from influenza coat protein haemagglutinin (HA) gene was constructed by treating HA cDNA with DNAse I to create 50 ¿ 100 bp fragments. These fragments were cloned into plasmid pORFES IV and in-frame inserts were selected. These in-frame fragment inserts were subsequently cloned into a filamentous phage display vector JC-M13-88 for surface display as fusions to a synthetic copy of gene VIII. Two well characterized antibodies, mAb 12CA5 and pAb 07431, directed against distinct known regions of HA were used to pan the library. Results: Two linear epitopes, HA peptide 112 ¿ 126 and 162¿173, recognized by mAb 12CA5 and pAb 07431, respectively, were identified as the cognate epitopes.Conclusion: This approach is a useful alternative to conventional methods such as screening of overlapping synthetic peptide libraries or gene fragment expression libraries when searching for precise peptide protein interactions, and may be applied to functional proteomics.

Parachlamydia acanthamoebae in domestic cats with and without corneal disease.

Corneal samples of cats with and without corneal diseases were screened with a pan-Chlamydiales PCR and specific PCRs for Parachlamydia, Protochlamydia, Chlamydophila felis, Acanthamoeba and feline herpesviruses (FHV-1). Several corneal samples tested positive for Parachlamydia and related Chlamydiales, indicating cat exposure to these intracellular bacteria.

Acumulación, removilización, absorción postantesis y eficiencia de utilización de nitrógeno en trigo bajo diferentes labranzas y fertilizaciones

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la acumulación, removilización, absorción postantesis y la eficiencia en la utilización de N bajo dos sistemas de labranza (reja y cincel) y diferentes tipos de fertilización, en los cultivares de trigo pan Buck Pronto y Buck Charrúa. Los tratamientos de fertilización fueron: testigo sin el agregado de N, aplicación de 90 kg ha-1 de N como urea a la siembra, aplicación de 90 kg ha-1 de N como nitrato de amonio calcáreo a la siembra y aplicación de N como urea y como nitrato de amonio calcáreo en dosis de 45 kg ha-1 a la siembra más 45 kg ha-1 a fin de macollaje, respectivamente. Se encontraron diferencias en el N acumulado entre sistemas de labranzas; con cincel se acumuló 18 kg ha-¹ más que bajo reja, pero esto no se tradujo en el porcentaje de N contribuido al grano por removilización ni por absorción postantesis. La fertilización aumentó el N acumulado en un promedio de 50 kg ha-1. A su vez provocó un aumento en la contribución al grano del N removilizado, pero no mejoró el aporte del N absorbido postantesis, ni aún en la aplicación en dos momentos. Los cultivares presentaron diferencias en el N acumulado y en el porcentaje aportado al grano por removilización y absorción postantesis. La eficiencia de utilización del N dependió de la labranza y de la fertilización.

Monitoring and failure mechanism interpretation of an unstable slope in Southern Switzerland based on terrestrial laser scanner

We present the application of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for the monitoring and characterization of an active landslide area in Val Canaria (Ticino, Southern Swiss Alps). At catchment scale, the study area is affected by a large Deep Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation (DSGSD) area presenting, in the lower boundary, several retrogressive landslides active since the 1990s. Due to its frequent landslide events this area was periodically monitored by TLS since 2006. Periodic acquisitions provided new information on 3D displacements at the bottom of slope and the detection of centimetre to decimetre level scale changes (e.g. rockfall and pre-failure deformations). In October 2009, a major slope collapse occured at the bottom of the most unstable area. Based on the comparison between TLS data before and after the collapse, we carried out a detailed failure mechanism analysis and volume calculation.

Les savants et les livres : autour d'Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777) et Samuel Auguste Tissot (1728-1797)

Cette thèse décrit de quelle manière les hommes travaillant dans les sciences de la vie durant la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle s'insèrent et jonglent au quotidien dans l'univers de la librairie d'Ancien Régime. Plus précisément dans celui que l'historien du livre Robert Damton a défini le circuit de la communication. Un circuit complexe qui va de l'auteur à l'éditeur, en passant par l'imprimeur, le transporteur, le libraire, le lecteur ou encore par le relieur et le copiste.Marchander le prix d'une page manuscrite avec un éditeur, s'assurer de rester au courant des nouveautés de la librairie, prendre des notes, trouver un bon copiste, juger de la qualité d'un ouvrage ou d'une traduction, se protéger des contrefaçons, se créer un fonds de bibliothèque: voici le quotidien du savant au travail abordé dans cette thèse dont le but est de comprendre de quelle manière fonctionnent les mécanismes d'acquisition, de mise en forme et de mise en circulation du savoir - bref, les coulisses de la communication scientifique. Cela à une période où les hommes de science sont de plus en plus confrontés à un "déluge" de nouvelles publications en toutes langues. La seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle, correspond en fait à celui qu'a été défini par les historiens du livre un "apogée" de l'imprimé scientifique. Caractérisée par un changement dans le milieu de la production imprimée, cette seconde partie du siècle marque une césure, une situation nouvelle à laquelle le savant doit s'adapter afin de ne pas être dépassé par les événements et afin de pouvoir tirer le plus large bénéfice de toutes les formes d'expression et d'intervention qui sont mises à sa disposition. Afin d'analyser les stratégies mises en place par les savants pour gérer la masse de l'information et afin de reconstruire les pratiques ordinaires du travail savant, pratiques qui accompagnent le savoir dans son devenir et sont susceptible de l'influencer, cette thèse s'appuie sur la riche correspondance que le médecin lausannois Samuel Auguste Tissot et son collègue bernois Albrecht von Haller, deux savants et écrivains de renom parmi les plus célèbres des Lumières helvétiques, échangent pendant plus de vingt ans. Ce couple pourrait être défini comme antinomique. Le représentant d'une culture humaniste, formé à l'école iatromécanique de Leyde et insatiable lecteur qu'est Haller et un partisan de la vulgarisation, formé au vitalisme à Montpellier tel que Tissot, d'une génération plus jeune, se sont démontrés avoir une conception parfois différente de ce qu'est un livre de science, en particulier un livre de médecine, de la forme qu'il doit avoir, du prix auquel il doit être vendu ou encore de la langue dans laquelle il doit être écrit. L'un, Haller, médecin de cabinet et professeur à Gôttingen pendant dix-sept ans, l'autre, Tissot, praticien et médecin des pauvres ayant enseigné seulement quatre semestres à Pavie, pratiquent et conçoivent en partie différemment la communication du savoir scientifique et le public de celle-ci. L'étude prend également en compte les lettres échangées avec un réseau d'amis communs, surtout le médecin argovien Johann Georg Zimmermann et le naturaliste genevois Charles Bonnet. Les correspondances des professionnels du livre représentent un autre pan incontournable du corpus documentaire de la thèse. C'est grâce à ces hommes que le texte du savant sort du cabinet et prend sa forme matérielle, voire il acquiert du sens. Des documents tels des essais ou des notes de lecture et les pièces liminaires des livres (préfaces, dédicaces, avis aux lecteurs, notes) se sont aussi révélées être des documents précieux: ils témoignent des pratiques de travail des savants et ils renseignent aussi bien sur les intentions poursuivies par l'auteur que sur les pratiques d'édition, contrefaçon et traduction.Basée sur une démarche micro-historique qui croise l'histoire sociale des sciences et l'histoire sociale du livre à la française, cette thèse s'articule autour de 5 chapitres et un intermède. La disposition des parties suit en quelques sortes les étapes du travail savant: lecture, écriture, mise sous presse, mise en circulation, réception.

A regulatory role for the cohesin loader NIPBL in nonhomologous end joining during immunoglobulin class switch recombination.

DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are mainly repaired via homologous recombination (HR) or nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). These breaks pose severe threats to genome integrity but can also be necessary intermediates of normal cellular processes such as immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR). During CSR, DSBs are produced in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and are repaired by the classical NHEJ machinery. By studying B lymphocytes derived from patients with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, we observed a strong correlation between heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the cohesin loading protein NIPBL and a shift toward the use of an alternative, microhomology-based end joining during CSR. Furthermore, the early recruitment of 53BP1 to DSBs was reduced in the NIPBL-deficient patient cells. Association of NIPBL deficiency and impaired NHEJ was also observed in a plasmid-based end-joining assay and a yeast model system. Our results suggest that NIPBL plays an important and evolutionarily conserved role in NHEJ, in addition to its canonical function in sister chromatid cohesion and its recently suggested function in HR.

Plagiarism meets paraphrasing: insights for the new generation in automatic plagiarism detection

Although paraphrasing is the linguistic mechanism underlying many plagiarism cases, little attention has been paid to its analysis in the framework of automatic plagiarism detection. Therefore, state-of-the-art plagiarism detectors find it difficult to detect cases of paraphrase plagiarism. In this article, we analyse the relationship between paraphrasing and plagiarism, paying special attention to which paraphrase phenomena underlie acts of plagiarism and which of them are detected by plagiarism detection systems. With this aim in mind, we created the P4P corpus, a new resource which uses a paraphrase typology to annotate a subset of the PAN-PC-10 corpus for automatic plagiarism detection. The results of the Second International Competition on Plagiarism Detection were analysed in the light of this annotation. The presented experiments show that (i) more complex paraphrase phenomena and a high density of paraphrase mechanisms make plagiarism detection more difficult, (ii) lexical substitutions are the paraphrase mechanisms used the most when plagiarising, and (iii) paraphrase mechanisms tend to shorten the plagiarized text. For the first time, the paraphrase mechanisms behind plagiarism have been analysed, providing critical insights for the improvement of automatic plagiarism detection systems.

The EuroSIDA study: Regional differences in the HIV-1 epidemic and treatment response to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients across Europe--a review of published results.

EuroSIDA is a pan-European observational study that follows 14,265 HIV-infected patients from 31 European countries, Israel and Argentina, of which 2,560 are patients from eastern Europe (EE). The study group has performed several analyses addressing regional differences in the HIV-epidemic across Europe, where all countries were divided into five regions: south, west central, north, east central Europe and EE. Significant regional differences in patients' characteristics and pattern of AIDS diagnoses were documented. More patients from EE were diagnosed with tuberculosis compared to other regions. Significantly fewer HIV-infected patients in EE, who fulfilled the criteria for starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), actually received cART as compared with other regions of Europe. Those, receiving cART in EE had a lower initial virologic response rate irrespectively of the regimen used, although it has improved within years. Besides, treatment failure was more common in this region. Thus, improvements in the clinical management of HIV patients in EE are urgently needed. Strategies include creating scientific collaborations for HIV clinicians as well as teaching clinicians about the most advanced HIV management at clinically oriented courses held in eastern Europe.

Mutations in TNFRSF13B encoding TACI are associated with common variable immunodeficiency in humans.

The functional interaction of BAFF and APRIL with TNF receptor superfamily members BAFFR, TACI and BCMA is crucial for development and maintenance of humoral immunity in mice and humans. Using a candidate gene approach, we identified homozygous and heterozygous mutations in TNFRSF13B, encoding TACI, in 13 individuals with common variable immunodeficiency. Homozygosity with respect to mutations causing the amino acid substitutions S144X and C104R abrogated APRIL binding and resulted in loss of TACI function, as evidenced by impaired proliferative response to IgM-APRIL costimulation and defective class switch recombination induced by IL-10 and APRIL or BAFF. Family members heterozygous with respect to the C104R mutation and individuals with sporadic common variable immunodeficiency who were heterozygous with respect to the amino acid substitutions A181E, S194X and R202H had humoral immunodeficiency. Although signs of autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation are evident, the human phenotype differs from that of the Tnfrsf13b-/- mouse model.

Intraoperative photodynamic therapy of the chest cavity in malignant pleural mesothelioma bearing rats.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Experimental assessment of anticancer effect, normal tissue damage, and toxicity of intrathoracic mTHPC-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined to surgery in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) bearing rats. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six days after implantation of syngenic malignant mesothelioma cells in the left chest cavity of Fischer rats (n = 21) and 4 days after sensitization (0.1 mg/kg mTHPC), a left-sided pneumonectomy was performed, followed by intraoperative light delivery (652 nm, fluence 20 J/cm(2)), either by spherical illumination of the chest cavity (fluence rate 15 mW/cm(2)) or by focal illumination of a tumor area (fluence rate 150 mW/cm(2)). Controls comprised tumor-bearing untreated animals, tumor-bearing animals undergoing pneumonectomy, and tumor-bearing animals undergoing pneumonectomy and light delivery without sensitization or sensitization without light delivery. No thoracocentesis was performed during follow-up. RESULTS: An invasively growing sarcomatous type of mesothelioma was found in all animals at day 10, without tumor necrosis in control animals. PDT resulted in 0.5-1 mm deep inhomogeneous tumor necrosis after spherical, and in a 1-2 mm deep tumor necrosis after focal illumination. No injury to mediastinal organs was observed, neither after PDT with spherical nor with focal light delivery except focal interstitial lung fibrosis at the mediastinal area of the opposite lung. All animals with pneumonectomy followed by spherical PDT of the entire tumor-bearing chest cavity died within 72 hours whereas all other animals survived. All animals that died presented massive pleural effusion. CONCLUSIONS: PDT following pneumonectomy in mesothelioma bearing rats was technically feasible and allowed to study its effect on tumor and normal tissues. PDT-related tumor necrosis was observed after spherical and focal light delivery, however, pneumonectomy followed by PDT with spherical light delivery to the tumor-bearing chest cavity resulted in fatal complications.

Comment on 'The Molecular Evolutionary Patterns of the Insulin/FOXO Signaling Pathway'

Letter to the Editor on Wang M, Wang Q, Wang Z, Zhang X, Pan Y. The molecular evolutionary patterns of the insulin/FOXO signaling pathway

Development of a duplex real-time PCR for the detection of Rickettsia spp. and typhus group rickettsia in clinical samples.

Molecular diagnosis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may allow earlier diagnosis of rickettsiosis. We developed a duplex real-time PCR that amplifies (1) DNA of any rickettsial species and (2) DNA of both typhus group rickettsia, that is, Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia typhi. Primers and probes were selected to amplify a segment of the 16S rRNA gene of Rickettsia spp. for the pan-rickettsial PCR and the citrate synthase gene (gltA) for the typhus group rickettsia PCR. Analytical sensitivity was 10 copies of control plasmid DNA per reaction. No cross-amplification was observed when testing human DNA and 22 pathogens or skin commensals. Real-time PCR was applied to 16 clinical samples. Rickettsial DNA was detected in the skin biopsies of three patients. In one patient with severe murine typhus, the typhus group PCR was positive in a skin biopsy from a petechial lesion and seroconversion was later documented. The two other patients with negative typhus group PCR suffered from Mediterranean and African spotted fever, respectively; in both cases, skin biopsy was performed on the eschar. Our duplex real-time PCR showed a good analytical sensitivity and specificity, allowing early diagnosis of rickettsiosis among three patients, and recognition of typhus in one of them.