Evaluation of the impact of natural enemies on Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) populations on commercial Brassica farms

1 Accurate assessment of the impact of natural enemies on pest populations is fundamental to the design of robust integrated pest management programmes. In most situations, diseases, predators and parasitoids act contemporaneously on insect pest populations and the impact of individual natural enemies, or specific groups of natural enemies, is difficult to interpret. These problems are exacerbated in agro-ecosystems that are frequently disrupted by the application of insecticides. 2 A combination of life-table and natural enemy exclusion techniques was utilized to develop a method for the assessment of the impact of endemic natural enemies on Plutella xylostella populations on commercial Brassica farms. 3 At two of the experimental sites, natural enemies had no impact on P. xylostella survival, at two other sites, natural enemy impact was low but, at a fifth site, natural enemies drastically reduced the P. xylostella population. 4 The calculation of marginal death rates and associated k-values allowed the comparison of mortality factors between experimental sites, and indicated that larval disappearance was consistently the most important mortality factor, followed by egg disappearance, larval parasitism and pupal parasitism. The appropriateness of the methods and assumptions made to calculate the marginal death rates are discussed. 5 The technique represents a robust and easily repeatable method for the analysis of the activity of natural enemies of P. xylostella, which could be adapted for the study of other phytophagous pests.

Discrepancy between antennal and behavioural responses for enantiomers of -pinene: electrophysiology and behavior of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera)

The ability of adult cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), to distinguish and respond to enantiomers of alpha-pinene was investigated with electrophysiological and behavioral methods. Electroantennogram recordings using mixtures of the enantiomers at saturating dose levels, and single unit electrophysiology, indicated that the two forms were detected by the same receptor neurons. The relative size of the electroantennogram response was higher for the (-) compared to the (+) form, indicating greater affinity for the (-) form at the level of the dendrites. Behavioral assays investigated the ability of moths to discriminate between, and respond to the (+) and (-) forms of alpha-pinene. Moths with no odor conditioning showed an innate preference for (+)-alpha-pinene. This preference displayed by naive moths was not significantly different from the preferences of moths conditioned on (+)-alpha-pinene. However, we found a significant difference in preference between moths conditioned on the (-) enantiomer compared to naive moths and moths conditioned on (+)-alpha-pinene, showing that learning plays an important role in the behavioral response. Moths are less able to distinguish between enantiomers of alpha-pinene than different odors (e.g., phenylacetaldehyde versus (-)-alpha-pinene) in learning experiments. The relevance of receptor discrimination of enantiomers and learning ability of the moths in host plant choice is discussed.

The Caenorhabditis briggsae genome contains active CbmaT1 and Tcb1 transposons

The maT clade of transposons is a group of transposable elements intermediate in sequence and predicted protein structure to mariner and Tc transposons, with a distribution thus far limited to a few invertebrate species. We present evidence, based on searches of publicly available databases, that the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae has several maT-like transposons, which we have designated as CbmaT elements, dispersed throughout its genome. We also describe two additional transposon sequences that probably share their evolutionary history with the CbmaT transposons. One resembles a fold back variant of a CbmaT element, with long (380-bp) inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) that show a high degree (71%) of identity to CbmaT1. The other, which shares only the 26-bp ITR sequences with one of the CbmaT variants, is present in eight nearly identical copies, but does not have a transposase gene and may therefore be cross mobilised by a CbmaT transposase. Using PCR-based mobility assays, we show that CbmaT1 transposons are capable of excising from the C. briggsae genome. CbmaT1 excised approximately 500 times less frequently than Tcb1 in the reference strain AF16, but both CbmaT1 and Tcb1 excised at extremely high frequencies in the HK105 strain. The HK105 strain also exhibited a high frequency of spontaneous induction of unc-22 mutants, suggesting that it may be a mutator strain of C. briggsae.

Distinct types of glial cells populate the Drosophila antenna

Background: The development of nervous systems involves reciprocal interactions between neurons and glia. In the Drosophila olfactory system, peripheral glial cells arise from sensory lineages specified by the basic helix- loop- helix transcription factor, Atonal. These glia wrap around the developing olfactory axons early during development and pattern the three distinct fascicles as they exit the antenna. In the moth Manduca sexta, an additional set of central glia migrate to the base of the antennal nerve where axons sort to their glomerular targets. In this work, we have investigated whether similar types of cells exist in the Drosophila antenna. Results: We have used different P( Gal4) lines to drive Green Fluorescent Protein ( GFP) in distinct populations of cells within the Drosophila antenna. Mz317:: GFP, a marker for cell body and perineural glia, labels the majority of peripheral glia. An additional similar to 30 glial cells detected by GH146:: GFP do not derive from any of the sensory lineages and appear to migrate into the antenna from the brain. Their appearance in the third antennal segment is regulated by normal function of the Epidermal Growth Factor receptor and small GTPases. We denote these distinct populations of cells as Mz317- glia and GH146- glia respectively. In the adult, processes of GH146- glial cells ensheath the olfactory receptor neurons directly, while those of the Mz317- glia form a peripheral layer. Ablation of GH146- glia does not result in any significant effects on the patterning of the olfactory receptor axons. Conclusion: We have demonstrated the presence of at least two distinct populations of glial cells within the Drosophila antenna. GH146- glial cells originate in the brain and migrate to the antenna along the newly formed olfactory axons. The number of cells populating the third segment of the antenna is regulated by signaling through the Epidermal Growth Factor receptor. These glia share several features of the sorting zone cells described in Manduca.

Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner): can wheat stubble protect cotton plants against attack?

When investigating strategies for Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) control, it is important to understand oviposition behaviour. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was sown into standing wheat (Triticum astivum L.) stubble in a closed arena to investigate the effect of stubble on H. armigera moth behaviour and oviposition. Infrared cameras were used to track moths and determine whether stubble acted as a physical barrier or provided camouflage to cotton plants, thereby reducing oviposition. Searching activity was observed to peak shortly before dawn (03:00 and 04:00 h) and remained high until just after dawn (4 h window). Moths spent more time resting on cotton plants than spiralling above them, and the least time flying across the arena. While female moths spent more time searching for cotton plants growing in wheat stubble, the difference in oviposition was not significant. As similar numbers of eggs were laid on cotton plants with stubble (3.5/plant SE +/- 0.87) and without stubble (2.5/plant SE +/- 0.91), wheat stubble does not appear to provide camouflage to cotton plants. There was no significant difference in the location of eggs deposited on cotton plants with and without stubble, although more eggs were laid on the tops of cotton leaves in wheat stubble. As the spatial and temporal distribution of eggs laid on the cotton plant is a crucial component of population stability, eggs laid on the upper side of leaves on cotton plants may be more prone to fatalities caused by environmental factors such as wind and rain. Therefore, although stubble did not influence the number of eggs laid, it did affect their distribution on the plant, which may result in increased mortality of eggs on cotton plants sown into standing wheat stubble.

Design of a compact ultra-wideband antenna

A simple method for the design of ultra-wideband antennas in planar format is presented. This method is demonstrated for a high-dielectric-constant substrate material, which allows for a considerable antenna size reduction. Simulations are performed using Ansoft's High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) for antennas assuming Du-Pont951 (epsilon(r) = 7.8) and RT6010LM (epsilon(r) = 10.2) substrates. For the 1-mm-thick DuPont951, the designed antenna with 22 X 28 nun dimensions features a 10-dB return-loss band width front 2.7 GHz to more than 15 GHz. For the 0.64-mm-thick RT6010LM a 20 X 26 nun antenna exhibits a 10-dB return loss bandwidth from 3.1 to 15 GHz. Both antennas feature nearly omnidirectional properties across the whole 10-dB return-loss bandwidth. The validity of the presented UWB antenna design strategy is confirmed by measurements performed on a prototype developed on RT6010LM substrate. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Structure and ultrastructure of the silk glands and spinneret of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

This study provides comprehensive documentation of silk production in the pest moth Helicoverpa armigera from gland secretion to extrusion of silk thread. The structure of the silk glands, accessory structures and extrusion apparatus are reported. The general schema of the paired silk glands follows that found for Lepidoptera. Morphology of the duct, silk press, muscle attachments and spigot are presented as a three-dimensional reconstruction and the cuticular crescent-shaped profile of the silk press is demonstrated in both open and closed forms with attendant muscle blocks, allowing advances in our knowledge of how the silk press functions to regulate the extrusion of silk. Growth of the spigot across instars is documented showing a distinctive developmental pattern for this extrusion device. Its shape and structure are related to use and load-bearing activity. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Oviposition and reproductive performance of a generalist parasitoid (Trichogramma pretiosum) exposed to host species that differ in their physical characteristics

The response of generalist egg parasitoids to alternative natural hosts that are present simultaneously is not well known. We investigated the behavior of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in relation to two field hosts Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Spodoptera litura Fabricius, in choice and no choice tests. We quantified the effects of natal host species and post-emergence adult age on the oviposition preference of the parasitoids. H. armigera eggs were consistently preferred over S. litura eggs, regardless of the natal host and adult age. When only S. litura eggs were available as hosts, they were parasitized at statistically similar rates to H. armigera eggs (average of 17 +/- 2.7 vs. 13 +/- 3.0, H. armigera to S. litura). The adult lifespan and lifetime fecundity of T. pretiosum were variable but were affected by natal host species and/or host species to which they were exposed. Mean lifespan and fecundity of parasitoids that had developed in H. armigera eggs and were exposed to H. armigera eggs for oviposition were 13.9 +/- 1.8 days and 98.7 +/- 11.0 adult offspring. By contrast, those that developed in S. litura eggs and were exposed to S. litura eggs for oviposition lived for 7 +/- 0.9 days and produced 53.8 +/- 8.0 adult offspring. The ovigeny index (OI) was significantly lower in the parasitoids exposed to H. armigera eggs than in those exposed to S. litura eggs, regardless of the natal host, indicating that H. armigera eggs sustain the adult parasitoids better than S. litura eggs. These results are used to predict parasitoid behavior in the field when both hosts are available. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The effect of caudal block on functional residual capacity and ventilation homogeneity in healthy children

Caudal block results in a motor blockade that can reduce abdominal wall tension. This could interact with the balance between chest wall and lung recoil pressure and tension of the diaphragm, which determines the static resting volume of the lung. On this rationale, we hypothesised that caudal block causes an increase in functional residual capacity and ventilation distribution in anaesthetised children. Fifty-two healthy children (15-30 kg, 3-8 years of age) undergoing elective surgery with general anaesthesia and caudal block were studied and randomly allocated to two groups: caudal block or control. Following induction of anaesthesia, the first measurement was obtained in the supine position (baseline). All children were then turned to the left lateral position and patients in the caudal block group received a caudal block with bupivacaine. No intervention took place in the control group. After 15 nun in the supine position, the second assessment was performed. Functional residual capacity and parameters of ventilation distribution were calculated by a blinded reviewer. Functional residual capacity was similar at baseline in both groups. In the caudal block group, the capacity increased significantly (p < 0.0001) following caudal block, while in the control group, it remained unchanged. In both groups, parameters of ventilation distribution were consistent with the changes in functional residual capacity. Caudal block resulted in a significant increase in functional residual capacity and improvement in ventilation homogeneity in comparison with the control group. This indicates that caudal block might have a beneficial effect on gas exchange in anaesthetised, spontaneously breathing preschool-aged children with healthy lungs.

Edmund Mach:Meine abenteuerlichen Schriften - Gedichte und Prosa 1965 bis 1996

Den überwiegenden Teil seines, nach eigener Meinung, »verpfuschten« Lebens verbrachte er in der Psychiatrie und in Pflegeheimen: Edmund Mach, geboren 1929 in Wien – schizophrener Anstaltspatient und außergewöhnlicher Dichter. Von Primar Leo Navratil unter seinen Gugginger Patienten entdeckt, lebte er viele Jahre im legendären »Haus der Künstler« auf dem Anstaltsgelände der Niederösterreichischen Landesnervenklinik neben mittlerweile weltbekannten Art-brut-Künstlern wie Johann Hauser oder August Walla. Und er stand zeitlebens im Schatten seines berühmten Autorenkollegen Ernst Herbeck. Nun ist Edmund Mach aber als Verfasser ungewöhnlicher Texte zu entdecken, die mehr sind als poetische Botschaften aus dem Reich des Wahnsinns: nämlich beachtenswerte, anrührende und überzeugende Literatur. In »Meine abenteuerlichen Schriften« hat der Herausgeber Uwe Schütte, ein Experte für psychopathologisches Schreiben, die besten Gedichte und Prosastücke Machs versammelt, darunter auch eine große Zahl von erstmals publizierten Texten aus dem Nachlass. Ein umfangreicher Bildteil und ein einfühlsames Nachwort runden den Band ab. »Ich lebe bis 2078«, hat Edmund Mach einmal fälschlich prophezeit. Er starb jedoch 1996 in einem New Yorker Hotelzimmer.

Sammelsurium zum Thema Mauerfall und Wende:Die heterogenen Beiträge eines von Ute Dettmar und Mareile Oetken herausgegebenen Tagungsbandes erforschen kulturelle Reflexe vom Ende der DDR

Review of: Ute Dettmar / Mareile Oetken (Hg.): Grenzenlos. Mauerfall und Wende in (Kinder- und Jugend-)Literatur und Medien. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2010. Pünktlich zum zwanzigsten Jubiläum der Deutschen Einheit legten Ute Dettmar und Mareile Oetken einen Sammelband vor, dessen Beiträge vielen unterschiedlichen Aspekten des Themas „Mauerfall und Wende“ gewidmet sind und deren Autoren aus unterschiedlichen Fachrichtungen stammen. Beste Voraussetzungen für einen wahrhaft interdisziplinären Band, so könnte man meinen, doch diese Lesererwartung wird leider enttäuscht. Zu unvermittelt stehen die Beiträge dieses Konferenzbandes nebeneinander und befassen sich zu deutlich mit ganz unterschiedlichen Fragestellungen, die sich nur sehr begrenzt gegenseitig befruchten. Die ansonsten sehr anregende Sammlung „Grenzenlos“ leidet unter diesem Manko, das man durch eine sinnvolle Einordnung der Beiträge in den weiteren Kontext hätte mindern können. Der geeignete Ort dafür wäre die Einleitung. Diese allerdings fällt enttäuschend knapp aus und trägt nur wenig dazu bei, die zum Teil willkürlich wirkende Heterogenität der Beiträge zu rechtfertigen und übergreifende Ergebnisse zu formulieren. Obwohl die Gesamtkonzeption von „Grenzenlos“ deshalb kaum überzeugt, bietet das Buch erfreulicherweise eine Vielzahl interessanter Einzelbeiträge, die zu einem Großteil aus der Kinder- und Jugendbuchforschung stammen, der Disziplin, in der auch die beiden Herausgeberinnen tätig sind. Wie hier erneut bewiesen wird, lässt sich dieses Untergebiet nur unscharf von der klassischen Literaturwissenschaft trennen. Es lohnt sich, an Texte, die sich an junge Leser richten, kaum modifizierte philologische Maßstäbe anzulegen, denn viele der hier besprochenen Werke lassen in Bezug auf die Auseinandersetzung mit den politischen Ereignissen ähnliche Tendenzen erkennen, wie sie sich in der zum Vergleich herangezogenen „Erwachsenenliteratur“ und anderen Medien, etwa dem Fernsehfilm, beobachten lassen. Diese Erkenntnis betont Carsten Gansel in seinem überblicksartigen Aufsatz. Er zeigt zunächst Tendenzen in der Auseinandersetzung mit der Mauerfallthematik in der Gegenwartsliteratur auf und illustriert dann, wie stark sich Kinder- und Jugendliteratur zum Thema Deutsche Einheit an denselben Aspekten orientiert und ähnliche Erinnerungsdiskurse abbildet. Abschließend beklagt Gansel zwar die in einigen Texten vorherrschenden Klischees, seine Hauptkritik gilt jedoch der unreflektierten Übernahme dieser stereotypen Darstellungen im Schulunterricht. Wie Gansel zu Recht bemängelt und am Beispiel von Anne C. Voorhoeves Jugendbuch „Lilly unter den Linden“ belegt, werden nicht selten literarische Texte als Grundlage einer Diskussion über die Zustände in der DDR herangezogen, ohne dass die Fiktionalität der Bücher ausreichend betont und ihre Diskursivität klar herausgestellt und thematisiert wird. Mit der Konstruktion von Inhalten des „kommunikativen Gedächtnisses“ (Jan Assmann) setzen sich verständlicherweise noch viele weitere Aufsätze des Bandes auseinander. Eine der Fragen, die dabei aufgeworfen worden, ist natürlich, inwiefern der Osten und der Westen unterschiedliche Erinnerungsdiskurse hervorbringen. In seinem sozialwissenschaftlichen Beitrag, der sich unter den literaturwissenschaftlichen Aufsätzen leider etwas wie ein Fremdkörper ausnimmt, betont Thomas Ahbe, wie stark sich Ostdeutsche von den öffentlichen Repräsentationsformen und der Wendenarrativen im vereinten Deutschland ausgeschlossen fühlen. Dem entspricht auf literarischer Seite der zehn Jahre nach der Wiedervereinigung zu beobachtende Trend der Erinnerungsbücher, mit dem sich verständlicherweise mehrere Beiträge des Bandes auseinandersetzen. Wie exemplarisch am Beispiel von Jana Hensels Bestseller „Zonenkinder“ gezeigt wird, schrieb hier aber nicht nur der Osten gegen den Westen an, der mit Florian Illies’ „Generation Golf“ längst ein stilbildendendes Vorbild für das Genre geschaffen hatte. Vielmehr meldete sich zugleich auch eine ostdeutsche Generation zu Wort, die anders als ihre an Kontinuität gewöhnten gleichaltrigen Pendants im Westen und anders als ihre in den entschwundenen Bezugsgrößen der DDR verhafteten Eltern mit einem Empfinden der doppelten Entwurzelung zu kämpfen hatte und um eine feste Identität rang. Das bei Hensel zentral artikulierte Konzept eines verschwundenen Landes im Osten und der damit verbundenen Illegitimierung von Erinnerungs- und Identitätsbildungsprozessen ist jedoch nicht nicht auf die Generation der Zonenkinder beschränkt. Wie Jens Thiele eindrucksvoll belegt, zeigt sich beispielsweise in den Bilderbüchern des ostdeutschen Illustrators Klaus Ensikat erst in den nach der Wende entstandenen Zeichnungen das Lokalkolorit der DDR in den 1970er- und 1980er-Jahren. Wo zuvor leere Hintergründe vorherrschten, wird nun ein zeitgeschichtlicher Kontext abgebildet, der sich in seiner Vieldeutigkeit zwar nicht auf eine verspätete DDR-Darstellung reduzieren lässt, der aber einen Beitrag leistet zu den kulturellen Reflexen dieses verschwundenen Staates. Den Abschluss von „Grenzenlos“ bilden drei aufschlussreiche Aufsätze, die sich der Außenperspektive auf die Geschehnisse in Deutschland und der potenziell daraus resultierenden anderen Wahrnehmung der Nation widmen. Aus britischer, niederländischer und polnischer Sicht stellen sich Mauerfall und Wende anders dar und geben in manchen Fällen Anlass zu einem revidierten Heteroimage der Deutschen. Gestützt auf imagologische Konzepte untersucht Emer O’Sullivan, ob und wie sich die Repräsentation der Deutschen in der britischen Literatur, insbesondere in Kinder- und Jugendbüchern, seit der Einheit verändert hat. Sie gelangt zu dem ernüchternden Schluss, dass die neuere deutsche Geschichte auf die Briten entschieden weniger Faszination ausübt als die in der Literatur und anderen Medien immer wieder dargestellten Weltkriege. Einer weiterhin anwachsenden Anzahl von Büchern für Kinder und Jugendliche, die sich mit Themen wie den deutschen Luftangriffen auf London oder dem Schicksal deutscher Juden (besonders den Erlebnissen der nach Großbritannien geretteten Passagiere der Kindertransporte) beschäftigen, steht eine verschwindend kleine Menge an literarischen oder kinematografischen Auseinandersetzungen mit den Ereignissen von 1989 und ihren Folgen gegenüber. Wer sich in Großbritannien etwas auskennt, den mag dieser Befund nicht erstaunen. Umso interessanter und ermutigender ist es, aus den Aufsätzen von Kirsten Waterstraat und Jacek Rzeszotnik zu erfahren, dass sich das Deutschlandbild in den Niederlanden und in Polen durchaus im Wandel befindet – wenngleich auch dort einige lang tradierte Stereotype keine Ablösung erfahren haben und beispielsweise die spekulative Literatur der polnischen alternate history-Romane weiterhin vorzugsweise das Nazireich in den Vordergrund stellt. Insgesamt ergibt sich bei der Lektüre dieses Bandes ein facettenreiches Bild des Forschungsstandes. So fragmentiert die Anordnung der Beiträge ist, so reichhaltig präsentieren sich die Ergebnisse dieser heterogenen Studien. Es wird deutlich, dass die Kinder- und Jugendliteratur im In- wie im Ausland sich der Mauerfall-Thematik zwar schon mit reichhaltigen Ergebnissen zugewandt hat. Eine differenzierte, von Stereotypen freie Darstellung des Themas, wie auch ein junges Publikum sie zu Recht erwarten kann, ist aber bisher eher selten. Auch eine stärkere Auseinandersetzung mit der gegenwärtigen Lebenswelt im vereinten Deutschland, die der soziopolitischen Entwicklung vom Mauerfall bis heute mehr Aufmerksamkeit schenkt, wird von mehreren der in hier vertretenen Wissenschaftler angemahnt und stellt sicher nicht nur aus der Perspektive dieses Bandes ein Desiderat dar.

The Ghana National Service Scheme: Perceptions of former educational personnel, students and guardians

The purpose of this inquiry was to investigate the perceptions of former service personnel, students and their parents about the organizational effectiveness of the Ghana National Service Scheme (GNSS). The inquiry addressed the following questions: How do the participants perceive the effectiveness of the national service program on the Ghanaian society? What are the perceptions of school administrators who worked with service personnel, parents and students vis-à-vis the over all impact of the GNSS on the educational system? What are the perceptions of former service personnel, students and their parents in regard to the impact of the GNSS on them? ^ The GNSS is a part within the ministry of education, which is also part in the Ghanaian social structure. Hence, a systems theory approach which asks, “How and why a system as a whole functions as it does” (Patton, 1990), was utilized in the study. Methodologies included purposive sampling; interviews; participant observation, and follow-up interviews. The study was conducted over a six-moth period. ^ A cross-sectional survey design was used to generate data. The survey was followed up with an ethnographic study where in-depth, face-to-face interviews were conducted together with observations. The results were described and interpreted. ^ The summary of findings concludes that perceptional determinants of the effectiveness of the GNSS were biased by the age and zone of origin but not gender. This partially agrees with Marenin's (1990) except for gender. A significant difference was detected between the responses of those who were officials of the National service Secretariat and of former service personnel. The administrators defended the status quo and demonstrated their deeper knowledge about the scheme. The former personnel and parents freely criticized the program when necessary and did not seem to know much about the GNSS. Respondents mostly stressed the need for the secretariat to focus on the following areas: (1) involvement in the agricultural sector of the economy, (2) involvement in rural mass, civic and health education, (3) adequacy of remuneration and personnel welfare, and (4) ensuring posting of personnel to areas of their expertise. Recommendation for further research concluded the study. ^

The role of splicing factors and small nuclear RNAs in spliceosomal formation

Protein coding genes are comprised of protein-coding exons and non-protein-coding introns. The process of splicing involves removal of the introns and joining of the exons to form a mature messenger RNA, which subsequently undergoes translation into polypeptide. The spliceosome is a large, RNA/protein assembly of five small nuclear RNAs as well as over 300 proteins, which catalyzes intron removal and exon ligation. The selection of specific exons for inclusion in the mature messenger RNA is spatiotemporally regulated and results in production of an enormous diversity of polypeptides from a single gene locus. This phenomenon, known as alternative splicing, is regulated, in part, by protein splicing factors, which target the spliceosome to exon/intron boundaries. The first part of my dissertation (Chapters II and III) focuses on the discovery and characterization of the 45 kilodalton FK506 binding protein (FKBP45), which I discovered in the silk moth, Bombyx mori, as a U1 small nuclear RNA binding protein. This protein family binds the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin and contains peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, which converts polypeptides from cis to trans about a proline residue. This is the first time that an FKBP has been identified in the spliceosome. The second section of my dissertation (Chapters IV, V, VI and VII) is an investigation of the potential role of small nuclear RNA sequence variants in the control of splicing. I identified 46 copies of small nuclear RNAs in the 6X whole genome shotgun of the Bombyx mori p50T strain. These variants may play a role in differential binding of specific proteins that mediate alternative splicing. Along these lines, further investigation of U2 snRNA sequence variants in Bombyx mori demonstrated that some U2 snRNAs preferentially assemble into high molecular weight spliceosomal complexes over others. Expression of snRNA variants may represent another mechanism by which the cell is able to fine tune the splicing process.

Pollination, Herbivory, and Habitat Fragmentation: Their Effects on the Reproductive Fitness of Angadenia berteroi, a Native Perennial Plant of the South Florida Pine Rocklands

Angadenia berteroi is a tropical perennial subshrub of the pine rocklands with large yellow flowers that set very few fruits. My dissertation seeks to elucidate the factors that affect the reproductive fitness of Angadenia berteroi a native species of the south Florida pine rocklands. I provide novel information on the pollination biology of this native species. I also assess the effects of herbivory on growth and the reproductive success of A. berteroi. Finally, I elucidate how habitat fragmentation and quality are correlated with reproductive fitness of this native perennial plant. Using a novel experimental approach, I determined the most effective pollinator group. I used nylon fishing line of widths corresponding to proboscis diameter of the major groups of visitors to examine pollen removal and deposition. In the field, I estimated visitation frequency and efficacy of each pollinator type. Using potted plants, I exposed flowers to single visit from different types of pollinators to measure fruit set. I performed artificial defoliation with scissors on plants growing in the greenhouse to assess the effects of defoliation before flowering as well as during flowering. Additionally, I used structural equation modelling (SEM) to elucidate how A. berteroi reproductive fitness was affected by habitat fragmentation and quality. My experiments provide evidence that Angadenia berteroi is specialized for bee pollination; though butterflies, skippers and others also visit its flowers, A. berteroi is exclusively pollinated by two native bees of the South Florida pine rocklands . This research also demonstrated that herbivory by the oleander moth may have direct and indirect effects on Angadenia berteroi growth and reproductive success. The SEM results suggested that habitat quality (litter depth and subcanopy cover) may favor reproduction in native species of the South Florida pine rocklands that are properly maintained by periodic fires and exotic control. Insights from this threatened and charismatic species may provide impetus to properly manage remaining pine rocklands in South Florida for this and other endemic understory species.

The Role of Splicing Factors and Small Nuclear RNAS in Spliceosomal Formation

Protein coding genes are comprised of protein-coding exons and non-protein-coding introns. The process of splicing involves removal of the introns and joining of the exons to form a mature messenger RNA, which subsequently undergoes translation into polypeptide. The spliceosome is a large, RNA/protein assembly of five small nuclear RNAs as well as over 300 proteins, which catalyzes intron removal and exon ligation. The selection of specific exons for inclusion in the mature messenger RNA is spatio-temporally regulated and results in production of an enormous diversity of polypeptides from a single gene locus. This phenomenon, known as alternative splicing, is regulated, in part, by protein splicing factors, which target the spliceosome to exon/intron boundaries. The first part of my dissertation (Chapters II and III) focuses on the discovery and characterization of the 45 kilodalton FK506 binding protein (FKBP45), which I discovered in the silk moth, Bombyx mori, as a U1 small nuclear RNA binding protein. This protein family binds the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin and contains peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, which converts polypeptides from cis to trans about a proline residue. This is the first time that an FKBP has been identified in the spliceosome. The second section of my dissertation (Chapters IV, V, VI and VII) is an investigation of the potential role of small nuclear RNA sequence variants in the control of splicing. I identified 46 copies of small nuclear RNAs in the 6X whole genome shotgun of the Bombyx mori p50T strain. These variants may play a role in differential binding of specific proteins that mediate alternative splicing. Along these lines, further investigation of U2 snRNA sequence variants in Bombyx mori demonstrated that some U2 snRNAs preferentially assemble into high molecular weight spliceosomal complexes over others. Expression of snRNA variants may represent another mechanism by which the cell is able to fine tune the splicing process.