Bone speed of sound in overweight and normal-weight girls and adolescents

Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity in the general population has been steadily increasing. Obesity is a major issue in scientific research because it is associated with many health problems, one of which is bone quality. In adult females, adiposity is associated with increased bone mineral density, suggesting that there is a protective effect of fat on bone. However, the association between adiposity and bone strength during childhood is not clear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare bone strength, as reflected by speed of sound (SOS), of overweight and obese girls and adolescents with normal-weight age-matched controls. Data from 75 females included normal-weight girls (G-NW; body fat:::; 25%; n = 21), overweight and obese girls (GOW; body fat ~ 28%; n = 19), normal-weight adolescents (A-NW, body fat:::; 25%; n = 13) and overweight and obese adolescents (A-OW; body fat ~ 28%; n = 22). Nutrition was assessed with a 24-hour recall questionnaire and habitual physical activity was measured for one week using accelerometry. Using quantitative ultrasound (QUS; Sunlight Omnisense™), bone SOS was measured at the distal radius and mid-tibia. No differences were found between groups in daily total energy, calcium or vitamin D intake. However, all groups were below the recommended daily calcium intake of 1300 mg (Osteoporosis Canada, 2008). Adolescents were significantly less active than girls (14.7 ± 0.6 vs. 6.3 ± 0.6% active for G and A, respectively). OW accumulated significantly less minutes of moderate-to-very vigorous physical activity per day (MVPA) than NW in both age groups (114 ± 6 vs. 57 ± 5 min/day for NW and OW, i respectively). Girls had significantly lower radial SOS (3794 ± 87 vs. 3964 ± 64 mls for G-NW and A-NW, respectively), and tibial SOS (3678 ± 86 vs. 3878 ± 52 mls for G-NW and A-NW, respectively) than adolescents. Radial SOS was similar in the two adiposity groups within each age group. However, tibial SOS was lower in the two overweight groups (3601 ± 75 mls vs. 3739 ± 134 mls for G-OW and A-OW, respectively) compared with the age-matched normal-weight controls. Body fat percentage negatively correlated with tibial SOS in the study sample as a whole (r = -0.30). However, when split into groups, percent bo~y fat correlated with tibial SOS only in the A-OW group (r = -0.53). MVPA correlated with tibial SOS (r = 0.40), once age was partialed out. In conclusion, in contrast withthe higher bone strength characteristic of obese adult women, overweight and obese girls and adolescents are characterized by low tibial bone strength, as assessed with QUS. The differences between adiposity groups in tibial SOS may be at least partially due to the reduced weight-bearing physical activity levels in the overweight girls and adolescents. However, other factors, such as hormonal influences associated with high body fat may also playa role in reducing bone strength in overweight girls. Further research is required to reveal the mechanisms causing low bone strength in overweight and obese children and adolescents.

Fitness to stand trial : how discourses of rationality, reasonableness and culpability inform the law and psychiatry to create standards of normal

The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate the importance of the concepts of rationality, reasonableness, culpability and autonomy that inform and support our conception of both the person and the punishable subject. A critical discourse analysis tracing these concepts through both the law and psychological tools used to evaluate the fitness of a person reveals that these concepts and their implied values are inconsistently applied to the mentally disordered who come into conflict with the law. I argue that the result of this inconsistency compromises a person's autonomy which is a contradiction to this concept as a foundational principle of the law. Ultimately, this thesis does not provide a solution to be employed in policy making, but its analysis leaves open possibilities for further exploration into the ways legal and social justice can be reconciled.

Back to School, Back to Normal? Exploring the Lived Experiences of Childhood Cancer Survivors and their Families Throughout the School Re-Entry Process

This study investigated parent and child perspectives of childhood cancer survivors' return to school. Four specific areas were examined including cognitive and academic concerns, social issues, perceived support, and the impact on siblings. Participants consisted of parents and childhood cancer survivors who were recruited through a regional parent support group. Data was collected during a focus group and interviews. Using a descriptive content analysis, results indicated that participants generally received the necessary resources, however issues such as consistency and having to advocate in order to attain these resources served as barriers for the families.

Evaluación del efecto adipogénico de las hormonas recombinantes del crecimiento normal y variante de primates

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Genética) UANL

Factores que influyen en la elecciòn profesional de los alumnos del Centro Regional de Educaciòn Normal Dr. Gonzalo Aguirre Beltràn de Tuxpan, Veracruz por Marìa Isabel Mendoza Flores

Tesis (Maestrìa en Trabajo Social) U. A. N. L.

Análisis del discurso de docentes de la Escuela Normal Superior Profr. Moises Sáenz Garza ideología y poder

[Tesis] ( Maestría en Letras Españolas ) U.A.N.L.

Código de enseñanza primaria normal de la provincia de Buenos Aires ; proyecto redactado por F.A. Berra

UANL

Ofrenda de las alumnas de la Escuela Normal Católica de Señoritasa la Madre Sma. de la Luz, en la fiesta solemne de la coronación de suinsígne imagen

UANL

Reglamento para la Escuela Normal de Profesores de Instrucción Primaria en la ciudad de México.

UANL

Conferencias científicas de las alumnas de la Escuela Normal para profesoras en el período del 6 de junio al 25 de Julio de 1896

UANL

Conferencias científicas de las alumnas de la Escuela Normal para Profesoras en el período del 3 de junio al 29 de julio de 1899

UANL

Conferencias científicas de las alumnas de la Escuela Normal para Profesoras en el período del 6 de Junio al 25 de Julio de 1903

UANL

Conferencias cientificas de las alumnas de la Escuela Normal para Profesoras en el periodo del 6 de Junio al 25 de Julio de 1891

UANL

Conferencias científicas de las alumnas de la Escuela Normal para profesoras en el periodo del 3 de junio al 29 de julio de 1893

UANL

Elementos de histología normal y de técnica micrográfica para uso de estudiantes

UANL