Assessing the possible direct effect of birth weight on childhood blood pressure : a sensitivity analysis.

To estimate the possible direct effect of birth weight on blood pressure, it is conventional to condition on the mediator, current weight. Such conditioning can induce bias. Our aim was to assess the potential biasing effect of U, an unmeasured common cause of current weight and blood pressure, on the estimate of the controlled direct effect of birth weight on blood pressure, with the help of sensitivity analyses. We used data from a school-based study conducted in Switzerland in 2005-2006 (n = 3,762; mean age = 12.3 years). A small negative association was observed between birth weight and systolic blood pressure (linear regression coefficient βbw = -0.3 mmHg/kg, 95% confidence interval: -0.9, 0.3). The association was strengthened upon adjustment for current weight (βbw|C = -1.5 mmHg/kg, 95% confidence interval: -2.1, -0.9). Sensitivity analyses revealed that the negative conditional association was explained by U only if U was relatively strongly associated with blood pressure and if there was a large difference in the prevalence of U between low-birth weight and normal-birth weight children. This weakens the hypothesis that the negative relationship between birth weight and blood pressure arises only from collider-stratification bias induced by conditioning on current weight.

Optimum Enforcement Level for Traffic Weight Operations, HR-138, Appendices, 1968

Appendices for HR-138.

Automated Traffic/Truck Weight Monitoring Equipment (Weigh-in-Motion), HR-282, 1988

This report documents work undertaken in the demonstration of a low-cost Automatic Weight and Classification System (AWACS). An AWACS procurement specification and details of the results of the project are also included. The intent of the project is to support and encourage transferring research knowledge to state and local agencies and manufacturers through field demonstrations. Presently available, Weigh-in-Motion and Classification Systems are typically too expensive to permit the wide deployment necessary to obtain representative vehicle data. Piezo electric technology has been used in the United Kingdom and Europe and is believed to be the basic element in a low-cost AWACS. Low-cost systems have been installed at two sites, one in Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement in Iowa and the other in Asphaltic Cement Concrete (ACC) pavement in Minnesota to provide experience with both types of pavement. The systems provide axle weights, gross vehicle weight, axle spacing, vehicle classification, vehicle speed, vehicle count, and time of arrival. In addition, system self-calibration and a method to predict contact tire pressure is included in the system design. The study has shown that in the PCC pavement, the AWACS is capable of meeting the needs of state and federal highway agencies, producing accuracies comparable to many current commercial WIM devices. This is being achieved at a procurement cost of substantially less than currently available equipment. In the ACC pavement the accuracies were less than those observed in the PCC pavement which is concluded to result from a low pavement rigidity at this site. Further work is needed to assess the AWACS performance at a range of sites in ACC pavements.

Structure of intracellular mature vaccinia virus observed by cryoelectron microscopy.

Intracellular mature vaccinia virus, also called intracellular naked virus, and its core envelope have been observed in their native, unfixed, unstained, hydrated states by cryoelectron microscopy of vitrified samples. The virion appears as a smooth rounded rectangle of ca. 350 by 270 nm. The core seems homogeneous and is surrounded by a 30-nm-thick surface domain delimited by membranes. We show that surface tubules and most likely also the characteristic dumbbell-shaped core with the lateral bodies which are generally observed in negatively stained or conventionally embedded samples are preparation artifacts.

Correlation of the Road Rater and the Dynatest Falling Weight Deflectometer, MLR-91-04, 1991

The Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) has become the "standard" for deflection testing of pavements. Iowa has used a Road Rater since 1976 to obtain deflection information. A correlation between the Road Rater and the FWD was needed if Iowa was going to continue with the Road Rater. Comparative deflection testing was done using a Road Rater Model 400 and a Pynatest 8000 FWD on 26 pavement sections. The SHRP contractor, Braun Intertec Pavement, Inc., provided the FWD testing. The r^2 for the linear correlations ranged from 0.90 to 0.99 for the different pavement types and sensor locations.

Increased fat oxidation in prepubertal obese children: a metabolic defense against further weight gain?

The purpose of this study was to measure postabsorptive fat oxidation at rest and to assess the association between fat mass and fat oxidation rate in prepubertal children, who were assigned to two groups: 35 obese children (weight, 44.5 +/- 9.7 kg; fat mass; 31.7 +/- 5.4%) and 37 nonobese children (weight, 30.8 +/- 6.8 kg; fat mass, 17.5 +/- 6.7%). Postabsorptive fat oxidation expressed in absolute value was significantly higher in obese than in nonobese children (31.4 +/- 9.7 mg/min vs 21.9 +/- 10.2 mg/min; p < 0.001) but not when adjusted for fat-free mass by analysis of covariance with fat-free mass as the covariate (28.2 +/- 10.6 mg/min vs 24.9 +/- 10.5 mg/min). In obese children and in the total group, fat mass and fat oxidation were significantly correlated (r = 0.65; p < 0.001). The slope of the relationship indicated that for each 10 kg additional fat mass, resting fat oxidation increased by 18 gm/day. We conclude that obese prepubertal children have a higher postabsorptive rate of fat oxidation than nonobese children. This metabolic process may favor the achievement of a new equilibrium in fat balance, opposing further adipose tissue gain.

Comparação bayesiana de modelos de previsão de diferenças esperadas nas progênies no melhoramento genético de gado Nelore

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise bayesiana de modelos auto-regressivos de ordem p, AR(p), para dados em painel referentes às diferenças esperadas nas progênies (DEP) de touros da raça Nelore publicados de 2000 a 2006. Neste trabalho, adotou-se o modelo AR(2), indicado pela análise prévia da função de autocorrelação parcial. As comparações entre as prioris, realizadas por meio do Fator de Bayes e do Pseudo-Fator de Bayes, indicaram superioridade da priori independente t-Student multivariada - Gama inversa em relação à priori hierárquica Normal multivariada - Gama inversa e a priori de Jeffreys. Os resultados indicam a importância de se dividir os animais em grupos homogêneos de acordo com a acurácia. Constatou-se também que, em média, a eficiência de previsão dos valores de DEP para um ano futuro foi próxima de 80%.

Correlações genéticas e fenotípicas entre características reprodutivas e produtivas de touros da raça Nelore

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar correlações genéticas e fenotípicas de características reprodutivas e ponderais em 579 touros Nelore, em criação extensiva. As características reprodutivas estudadas foram: circunferência escrotal, consistência, volume e forma testiculares, comprimento dos testículos esquerdo e direito, largura dos testículos esquerdo e direito, motilidade e vigor espermáticos, defeitos espermáticos maiores, menores e totais e classificação andrológica por pontos. As características foram analisadas pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita, com algoritmos livres de derivadas, sob modelo animal, com inclusão da matriz de numeradores dos coeficientes de parentesco entre os animais e seus ascendentes. As correlações genéticas entre circunferência escrotal e as características peso corporal, volume testicular, motilidade espermática, vigor espermático, defeitos espermáticos menores, defeitos espermáticos totais e classificação andrológica por pontos foram, respectivamente, 0,72, 0,99, 0,72, 0,60, -0,67, -0,12 e 0,64. As maiores correlações fenotípicas encontradas entre peso e circunferência escrotal, características físicas e morfológicas do sêmen, quando comparadas às correlações entre idade e as mesmas características, são indicativas de que o peso tem maior influência na condição reprodutiva. As correlações genéticas entre classificação andrológica por pontos e as características: peso, circunferência escrotal, volume testicular, defeitos espermáticos maiores e defeitos espermáticos totais foram, respectivamente, 0,19, 0,64, 0,71, -0,47 e -0,58.

Degree of previous cutting in explaining the differences in diameter distributions between mature managed and natural Norway spruce forests

Abstract

Progresso genético e estrutura populacional do rebanho Nelore no Estado da Bahia

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a estrutura populacional e o progresso genético e fenotípico de características de desenvolvimento ponderal, em bovinos da raça Nelore, no Estado da Bahia. Foram utilizadas informações de pedigree de animais nascidos no período de 1955 a 2007, e dados dos pesos ajustados aos 205, 365 e 550 dias de idade, de bovinos nascidos de 1970 a 2006. As estimavas dos coeficientes de herdabilidade foram de moderadas a altas, quanto aos pesos ajustados nas três idades. Os rebanhos apresentaram ganho genético positivo nas três características, porém, de baixa magnitude. A mudança fenotípica no decorrer dos anos foi quase exclusivamente relacionada à melhoria ambiental. O tamanho efetivo da população de Nelore do Estado da Bahia tem sido alto em alguns períodos, o que tem levado a menor incremento de endogamia e maiores ganhos genéticos. O intervalo de geração é alto e sua redução é importante para que se possa alcançar maior ganho genético anual.

Energy gap in the aetiology of body weight gain and obesity: a challenging concept with a complex evaluation and pitfalls.

The concept of energy gap(s) is useful for understanding the consequence of a small daily, weekly, or monthly positive energy balance and the inconspicuous shift in weight gain ultimately leading to overweight and obesity. Energy gap is a dynamic concept: an initial positive energy gap incurred via an increase in energy intake (or a decrease in physical activity) is not constant, may fade out with time if the initial conditions are maintained, and depends on the 'efficiency' with which the readjustment of the energy imbalance gap occurs with time. The metabolic response to an energy imbalance gap and the magnitude of the energy gap(s) can be estimated by at least two methods, i.e. i) assessment by longitudinal overfeeding studies, imposing (by design) an initial positive energy imbalance gap; ii) retrospective assessment based on epidemiological surveys, whereby the accumulated endogenous energy storage per unit of time is calculated from the change in body weight and body composition. In order to illustrate the difficulty of accurately assessing an energy gap we have used, as an illustrative example, a recent epidemiological study which tracked changes in total energy intake (estimated by gross food availability) and body weight over 3 decades in the US, combined with total energy expenditure prediction from body weight using doubly labelled water data. At the population level, the study attempted to assess the cause of the energy gap purported to be entirely due to increased food intake. Based on an estimate of change in energy intake judged to be more reliable (i.e. in the same study population) and together with calculations of simple energetic indices, our analysis suggests that conclusions about the fundamental causes of obesity development in a population (excess intake vs. low physical activity or both) is clouded by a high level of uncertainty.

Histórico genético e populacional do rebanho Nelore Puro de Origem no Sertão Nordestino

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o histórico do rebanho Nelore Puro de Origem no Sertão Nordestino por meio da determinação de sua estrutura populacional e da quantificação do progresso genético, fenotípico e ambiental ocorrido em características de desenvolvimento ponderal. Foram utilizadas informações de pedigree de animais nascidos no período de 1964 a 2006 e dados das massas corporais ajustadas aos 205 e 365 dias de idade de bovinos nascidos de 1978 a 2006. O pequeno número de ancestrais explicou a baixa variabilidade genética e os reduzidos valores dos coeficientes de herdabilidade observados para as características de crescimento. O coeficiente de endogamia média e a percentagem de animais endogâmicos na população aumentaram no decorrer das gerações. Contudo, o coeficiente de endogamia médio dos animais endogâmicos diminuiu, o que é indicativo de que os acasalamentos entre parentes próximos estão sendo evitados. O tamanho efetivo da população oscilou de 100 a 200 animais em quase todo o período estudado. Não se constatou ganho genético no período. Contudo, a raça obteve um considerável ganho fenotípico ocasionado por melhorias ambientais.

Prise de poids et contraceptifs à progestatifs seuls: plus d'inquiétude que de preuves scientifiques. [Weight gain and progestin-only contraceptives: more concern than evidence].

Weight gain is a side effect often associated with progestin-only contraceptives. A recently published Cochrane review focuses on this issue that has been addressed in only few studies of good quality. Here we discuss the results of this review in the context of three clinical cases. With progestin-only contraceptives the weight gain is less than often thought, especially after six or twelve months of treatment. Some results are rather reassuring, especially those in obese women and during the post-partum period. This should help improve the compliance of women who fear gaining weight with this type of hormonal contraception.

Genetic polymorphisms related to meat traits in purebred and crossbred Nelore cattle

The objective of this work was to estimate the allelic and genotypic frequencies of CAST/XmnI, a calpastatin gene polymorphism, and CAPN530, a calpain 1 large subunit gene polymorphism, in different beef genetic groups (Nelore and Nelore x Bos taurus), and to investigate associations between these polymorphisms and carcass and meat traits. Three hundred animals - comprising 114 Nelore, 67 Angus x Nelore, 44 Rubia Gallega x Nelore, 41 Canchim, 19 Brangus three-way cross and 15 Braunvieh three-way cross- were genotyped by PCR-RFLP and phenotyped for rib-eye area (REA), back-fat thickness (BT), intramuscular fat (IF), shear force (SF) and myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI). The occurrence of the two alleles of the CAST/XmnI and CAPN530 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a B. indicus breed, which permitted association studies in purebred and crossbred Nelore cattle, was first shown in the present work. No relationship was found between the CAST or CAPN1 SNPs and growth-related traits (REA) or fat deposition (BT and IF), since calpastatin and µ-calpain are not physiologically involved with these traits. Moreover, the association results between genotypes and aged meat tenderness (assessed by SF and MFI) showed that these markers are useless in assisted selection for purebred Nelore and their crosses with B. taurus.