921 resultados para NICARAGUA
Resumo:
Nicaragua avanza hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (odm), pero no podrá alcanzar algunas de las metas en 2015. El análisis de equilibrio general contenido en este documento demuestra que es inviable que el gobierno aumente el gasto para alcanzar esas metas antes de la fecha límite de 2015. Todo incremento del gasto y la financiación públicos tendría que concentrarse en las fases iniciales, lo que entrañaría disyuntivas macroeconómicas perniciosas. Un escenario más realista consiste en retrasar el logro de los objetivos hasta el año 2020. En ese caso, la asignación del gasto público estimularía el crecimiento económico sin ocasionar dificultades macroeconómicas, aunque de todos modos el país seguiría siendo altamente vulnerable ante las conmociones externas.
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Nicaragua is making progress towards the Millennium Development Goals, but is set to miss a number of targets in 2015. This paper’s general equilibrium analysis shows that it is unfeasible for the government to step up spending in order to meet these targets by the 2015 deadline. Any boost to public spending and financing would have to be front-loaded, which would entail pernicious macroeconomic trade-offs. A more realistic scenario would be to postpone meeting the goals until 2020. In that case, the allocation of public spending would spur economic growth without causing macroeconomic hardships, although the country would nevertheless remain highly vulnerable to external shocks.
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La evolución del consumo de energía tiene una estrecha relación con los cambios ocurridos en la actividad económica con la estructura económica como indicadores referentes a condiciones propicias para la implementación de estándares de eficiencia energética. A partir del análisis realizado por el equipo de trabajo en Nicaragua en el marco del programa BIEE (Base de Indicadores de Eficiencia Energética), se realizó un exhaustivo rastreo de indicadores existentes en materia de consumo energético por sectores económicos, así como una depuración de los posibles vacíos que podrían convertirse en futuras oportunidades de inversión en investigación y desarrollo referente al tema de la eficiencia energética. Los resultados que se muestran en el presente informe corresponden a los indicadores que poseen relevancia a escala nacional. Con estos resultados se establece un punto de partida para una actualización constante de indicadores de monitoreo de la eficiencia energética.
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En este trabajo se analiza las interrelaciones entre la migración internacional y el envejecimiento demográfico. Tomando el caso de dos países de América Latina con fuerte presencia de flujos migratorios como Nicaragua y Costa Rica --el primero como país de origen y el segundo como el país de destino de tales flujos--, el trabajo indaga sobre el impacto de la inmigración nicaragüense sobre el envejecimiento demográfico de Costa Rica, así como los efectos de la emigración sobre la propia estructura por edades de la población nicaragüense y el envejecimiento poblacional de Nicaragua.
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La mayor parte de países centroamericanos no recupera los niveles de inversión mostrados previos a la crisis del año 2009. Un factor determinante en la tendencia negativa de la formación bruta de capital en los países centroamericanos ha sido la contracción en la inversión pública. La inversión privada, en general, también ha estado contenida, en el marco de menores expectativas de crecimiento y un menor dinamismo de la inversión extranjera directa. A esta situación escapa Nicaragua y Panamá, donde la inversión privada y extranjera directa aumentaron, mientras que la inversión pública se ha mantenido en niveles elevados.
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Publicación bilingüe (Español e inglés)
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Centroamérica es una de las zonas de mayor conflictividad del planeta. El presente escrito considera las manifestaciones del conflicto violento de dos naciones del istmo, El Salvador y Nicaragua, la primera sumida en una grave crisis humanitaria y la otra sostenida en una violencia de baja intensidad. Nicaragua, no obstante, es junto con Honduras, el país más pobre de la región. La insólita mezcla de pobreza y reducida violencia en un país que colinda con la zona turbulenta de Centroamérica fuerza la búsqueda de esas otras mediaciones que sostienen su estado de relativa tranquilidad. De allí las preguntas que presiden el texto. Frente a un país atormentado, ¿cómo pensar su eventual proceso hacia la paz? Ante una nación en relativa calma, ¿qué aprender para proyectar el tratamiento de la crisis violenta de la región? Desde el telón de fondo de la injusticia y la desigualdad, pues a los dos países les caracteriza la precariedad económica, ¿qué mediaciones desatan la violencia salvadoreña y cuáles posibilitan la tramitación no violenta nicaragüense?
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Scholars have investigated witness to distant suffering (WTDS) almost entirely in visual media. This study examines it in print. This form of reporting will be examined in two publications of the religious left as contrasted with the New York Times. The thesis is that, more than any technology, WTDS consists of the journalist’s moral commitment and narrative skills and the audience’s analytical resources and trust. In the religious journals, liberation theology provides the moral commitment, the writers and editors the narrative skills and trust and the special vision of the newly empowered poor the analytical foundation. In bearing witness to those who have suffered state or guerilla terrorism in El Salvador and Nicaragua during the 1980s, we will investigate a distinction between “worthy” and “unworthy victims.” This last issue has a special ethical and political significance. Media witnessing to the suffering of strangers can help them become known, and so “worthy.” It can help them, and their plight and cause, become better recognized. This is the power of the media.
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Sustainable yields from water wells in hard-rock aquifers are achieved when the well bore intersects fracture networks. Fracture networks are often not readily discernable at the surface. Lineament analysis using remotely sensed satellite imagery has been employed to identify surface expressions of fracturing, and a variety of image-analysis techniques have been successfully applied in “ideal” settings. An ideal setting for lineament detection is where the influences of human development, vegetation, and climatic situations are minimal and hydrogeological conditions and geologic structure are known. There is not yet a well-accepted protocol for mapping lineaments nor have different approaches been compared in non-ideal settings. A new approach for image-processing/synthesis was developed to identify successful satellite imagery types for lineament analysis in non-ideal terrain. Four satellite sensors (ASTER, Landsat7 ETM+, QuickBird, RADARSAT-1) and a digital elevation model were evaluated for lineament analysis in Boaco, Nicaragua, where the landscape is subject to varied vegetative cover, a plethora of anthropogenic features, and frequent cloud cover that limit the availability of optical satellite data. A variety of digital image processing techniques were employed and lineament interpretations were performed to obtain 12 complementary image products that were evaluated subjectively to identify lineaments. The 12 lineament interpretations were synthesized to create a raster image of lineament zone coincidence that shows the level of agreement among the 12 interpretations. A composite lineament interpretation was made using the coincidence raster to restrict lineament observations to areas where multiple interpretations (at least 4) agree. Nine of the 11 previously mapped faults were identified from the coincidence raster. An additional 26 lineaments were identified from the coincidence raster, and the locations of 10 were confirmed by field observation. Four manual pumping tests suggest that well productivity is higher for wells proximal to lineament features. Interpretations from RADARSAT-1 products were superior to interpretations from other sensor products, suggesting that quality lineament interpretation in this region requires anthropogenic features to be minimized and topographic expressions to be maximized. The approach developed in this study has the potential to improve siting wells in non-ideal regions.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Nicaragua is highly endemic for hepatitis A. We aimed to provide an estimate of the change in the age-specific risk of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection based on serological data from cross-sectional and longitudinal samples collected in León, Nicaragua, in 1995/96 (n = 979) and 2003 (n = 494). METHODS The observed age-specific prevalence of anti-HAV antibodies was correlated to the age-specific risk of infection by calculating the probability of freedom from infection at a specific age. RESULTS The proportion of seropositive children aged 1.5 to 6 years was 42% in 2003 compared to 67% in 1995/96. Estimated annual risk of infection for a 3-year old child was 30% (95% CI: 27.0%, 33.1%) in 1995 and 15.5% (95% CI: 12.4%, 19.0%) in 2003. There was good agreement between estimates based on cross-sectional and longitudinal data. The age-specific geometric mean of the quantified anti-HAV antibody levels assessed in 2003 was highest at age 4 and decreased steadily up to age 40. CONCLUSIONS The substantially lower risk of HAV infection in 2003 than in 1995 for young children indicates a beginning transition from high to intermediate endemicity in León, Nicaragua. Consecutive age-stratified serosurveys are useful to assess changes in risk of infection following public health interventions. The decreasing age-specific GMC of anti-HAV antibodies during adulthood in a country with endemic HAV indirectly suggests that ongoing HAV exposure in the community has marginal boosting effect on antibody levels once protective immunity has been established by natural infection.