Comportamiento y clasificación de riesgo freático : Lavalle, Mendoza, Argentina

A partir de la información obtenida de la red georreferenciada de freatímetros se determinó el comportamiento de la profundidad freática en el Departamento Lavalle y en particular en el Distrito Costa de Araujo. Se agruparon las profundidades freáticas en intervalos 0,5 m desde la superficie hasta los 2,5 m. Se calcularon y analizaron las profundidades medias y mínimas de cada freatímetro para la serie 1983-2002 (19 años) y las medias correspondientes a marzo, junio, septiembre y diciembre. Utilizando el software Arc View se representaron gráfica y numéricamente las superficies de terreno para los diferentes intervalos. Con esta información se confeccionaron tablas de intervalos de profundidad freática y en base a ello se calificó el Riesgo Freático en Bajo, Medio y Alto, asumiendo un valor de profundidad mínima admisible de 1,5 m para prácticas de cultivos perennes. Se presenta la discusión referente a la salinidad de las aguas freáticas y su vinculación con la clorosis en vid. Resultados: el 32 y 41% de las superficies del Distrito Costa y Dpto. Lavalle, respectivamente, tienen el nivel freático medio entre 1,5 y 2,0 m de profundidad, resultando el Riesgo Freático Bajo para el Distrito Costa y Medio para el Dpto. Lavalle; septiembre es el mes más crítico con el 43 y 40% de las superficies del Distrito Costa y Dpto. Lavalle, respectivamente, con niveles freáticos medios entre 1,0 y 1,5 m de profundidad, resultando el Riesgo Freático para dicho mes Bajo para el Distrito Costa y Alto para el Dpto. Lavalle; la Subárea Costa posee las mejores condiciones de profundidad freática y edáfica para la agricultura del Departamento Lavalle; la red principal de colectores es insuficiente para producir el abatimiento general de los niveles freáticos del Departamento Lavalle.

Rock-magnetic proxies from a sediment profile of Aike Lake

The sedimentary archive from Laguna Potrok Aike is the only continuous record reaching back to the last Glacial period in continental southeastern Patagonia. Located in the path of the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds and in the source region of dust deposited in Antarctica during Glacial periods, southern Patagonia is a vantage point to reconstruct past changes in aeolian activity. Here we use high-resolution rock-magnetic and physical grain size data from site 2 of the International Continental scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Potrok Aike maar lake Sediment Archive Drilling prOject (PASADO) in order to develop magnetic proxies of dust and wind intensity at 52°S since 51,200 cal BP. Rock-magnetic analysis indicate the magnetic mineral assemblage is dominated by detrital magnetite. Based on the estimated flux of magnetite to the lake and comparison with distal dust records from the Southern Ocean and Antarctica, kLF is interpreted as a dust indicator in the dust source of southern Patagonia at the millennial time scale, when ferrimagnetic grain size and coercivity influence is minimal. Comparison to physical grain-size data indicates that the median destructive field of isothermal remanent magnetisation (MDFIRM) mostly reflects medium to coarse magnetite bearing silts typically transported by winds for short-term suspension. Comparison with wind-intensity proxies from the Southern Hemisphere during the last Glacial period and with regional records from Patagonia since the last deglaciation including marine, lacustrine and peat bog sediments as well as speleothems reveals similar variability with MDFIRM up to the centennial time scale. MDFIRM is interpreted as a wind-intensity proxy independent of moisture changes for southeastern Patagonia, with stronger winds capable of transporting coarser magnetite bearing silts to the lake.

Analysis of Recent benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the oxygen minimum zone of the Pakistan continental margin

Live (Rose Bengal stained) and dead benthic foraminiferal communities (hard-shelled species only) from the Pakistan continental margin oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) have been studied in order to determine the relation between faunal composition and the oxygenation of bottom waters. During R.R.S. Charles Darwin Cruises 145 and 146 (12 March to May 28 2003), 11 multicores were taken on the continental margin off Karachi, Pakistan. Two transects were sampled, constituting a composite bathymetric profile from 136 m (above the OMZ in spring 2003) down to 1870 m water depth. Cores (surface area 25.5 cm2) were processed as follows: for stations situated above, and in the upper part of the OMZ, sediment slices were taken for the 0-0.5 and 0.5-1 cm intervals, and then in 1 cm intervals down to 10 cm. For the lower part of the OMZ, the second centimetre was also sliced in half-centimetre intervals. Each sample was stored in 10 % borax-buffered formalin for further processing. Onshore, the samples were wet sieved over 63 µm, 150 µm and 300 µm sieves and the residues were stained for one week in ethanol with Rose Bengal. After staining, the residue was washed again. The stained faunas were picked wet in three granulometric fractions (63-150 µm, 150-300 µm and >300 µm), down to 10 cm depth. To gain more insight into the population dynamics we investigated the dead (unstained) foraminifera in the 2-3 cm level for the fractions 150-300 µm and >300 µm. The fractions >300 µm and 150-300 µm show nearly the same faunal distribution and therefore the results are presented here for both fractions combined (i.e. the >150 µm fraction). Live foraminiferal densities show a clear maximum in the first half centimetre of the sediment; only few specimens are found down to 4 cm depth. The faunas exhibit a clear zonation across the Pakistan margin OMZ. Down to 500 m water depth, Uvigerina ex gr. U. semiornata and Bolivina aff. B. dilatata dominate the assemblages. These taxa are largely restricted to the upper cm of the sediment. They are adapted to the very low bottom-water oxygen values (ab. 0.1 ml/l in the OMZ core) and the extremely high input of organic carbon on the upper continental slope. The lower part of the OMZ is characterized by cosmopolitan faunas, containing also some taxa that in other areas have been described in deep infaunal microhabitats.

Vínculos urbano-rurales y construcción de nuevas territorialidades en asentamientos de rango menor

La homogeneización productiva ha trastocado los procesos de construcción territorial induciendo cambios en la naturaleza, intensidad y direccionalidad de los vínculos urbano-rurales en región pampeana. La creación de nuevas articulaciones y/o la redefinición de las interacciones preexistentes involucran dimensiones funcionales, institucionales y espaciales, dando origen a formas específicas de resolución territorial. A partir de enfoques superadores de las aproximaciones sectoriales y dualistas intrínsecas al paradigma de la modernización, que han impregnado la interpretación de procesos de construcción territorial a partir de la oposición "campo-ciudad", se propone la indagación a partir de la convergencia de macroprocesos que trastocan las trayectorias territoriales, al tiempo que renuevan la naturaleza de los vínculos urbano-rurales (avance de la pluriactividad, emergencia de nuevos actores y usos del suelo en los espacios rurales, urbanización difusa). Dentro de esta perspectiva, los asentamientos de rango menor en región pampeana, constituyen ámbitos privilegiados para la exploración de las modalidades que asumen las articulaciones urbano-rurales, en tanto lugares alcanzados por el proceso de homogeneización productiva, mostrando cómo la emergencia de nuevos actores, lógicas y escalas de acción, interpela las aproximaciones tradicionales de análisis de los vínculos urbano-rurales y exige la necesidad de renovar enfoques, regulaciones e instrumentos solidarios con la gestión territorial sustentable

Símbolos y representaciones en el relato de Santa Cruz Pachacuti

El artículo propone analizar la versión brindada por Joan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamaygua sobre la guerra entablada entre incas y chancas. Específicamente, nos detenemos a trabajar los elementos simbólicos operados en esta famosa contienda y consideraremos algunos componentes particulares, como por ejemplo los instrumentos musicales y su función para el análisis y contextualización de dicha guerra

Vínculos urbano-rurales y construcción de nuevas territorialidades en asentamientos de rango menor

La homogeneización productiva ha trastocado los procesos de construcción territorial induciendo cambios en la naturaleza, intensidad y direccionalidad de los vínculos urbano-rurales en región pampeana. La creación de nuevas articulaciones y/o la redefinición de las interacciones preexistentes involucran dimensiones funcionales, institucionales y espaciales, dando origen a formas específicas de resolución territorial. A partir de enfoques superadores de las aproximaciones sectoriales y dualistas intrínsecas al paradigma de la modernización, que han impregnado la interpretación de procesos de construcción territorial a partir de la oposición "campo-ciudad", se propone la indagación a partir de la convergencia de macroprocesos que trastocan las trayectorias territoriales, al tiempo que renuevan la naturaleza de los vínculos urbano-rurales (avance de la pluriactividad, emergencia de nuevos actores y usos del suelo en los espacios rurales, urbanización difusa). Dentro de esta perspectiva, los asentamientos de rango menor en región pampeana, constituyen ámbitos privilegiados para la exploración de las modalidades que asumen las articulaciones urbano-rurales, en tanto lugares alcanzados por el proceso de homogeneización productiva, mostrando cómo la emergencia de nuevos actores, lógicas y escalas de acción, interpela las aproximaciones tradicionales de análisis de los vínculos urbano-rurales y exige la necesidad de renovar enfoques, regulaciones e instrumentos solidarios con la gestión territorial sustentable

Símbolos y representaciones en el relato de Santa Cruz Pachacuti

El artículo propone analizar la versión brindada por Joan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamaygua sobre la guerra entablada entre incas y chancas. Específicamente, nos detenemos a trabajar los elementos simbólicos operados en esta famosa contienda y consideraremos algunos componentes particulares, como por ejemplo los instrumentos musicales y su función para el análisis y contextualización de dicha guerra

Pliocene to Pleistocene planktonic foraminiferal datum levels in the North Pacific

Continuous late Neogene planktonic foraminiferal records have been studied in the deep-sea cores of DSDP Sites 173, 310, and 296 across mid-latitudes of the North Pacific. These three sites have been correlated on the basis of planktonic foraminiferal events and major paleoclimatic/paleoceanographic intervals and tied to diatom, radiolarian, and nannofossil datum levels, and paleomagnetic and isotopic stratigraphy. Ten planktonic foraminiferal datum levels have been recognized within these Pliocene to Pleistocene sections; two of these are recognizable within the Pleistocene and eight within the Pliocene. Six planktonic foraminiferal zones are proposed which combined with the foraminiferal datum levels provide a high resolution biostratigraphic correlation for the mid-latitudes of the North Pacific.

Oligocene magnetostratigraphy for equatorial Pacific ODP Sites

An Oligocene magnetostratigraphy from ODP Sites 1218 and 1219 (Equatorial Pacific) has been obtained by measurements made on u-channel samples, augmented by about 221 discrete samples. U-channel samples were measured at 1 cm intervals and were stepwise demagnetized in alternating fields (AF) up to a maximum peak field of 80 mT. The magnetization directions were determined at 1 cm intervals by principal component analysis of demagnetization steps in the 20 to 60 mT peak field range. A similar treatment was carried out on the discrete samples, which confirmed the results obtained with u-channel measurements. Sites 1218 and 1219 were precisely correlated based on multisensor track, paleontological and shipboard magnetostratigraphic data; this correlation is substantiated by u-channel measurements. Although the magnetostratigraphy obtained from the u-channels is similar to the interpretation deduced from shipboard measurements based on blanket demagnetization at peak AF of 20 mT, the u-channel results are substantially more robust since many interpretative uncertainties are resolved by the stepwise demagnetization and higher stratigraphic resolution. The temporal resolution of u-channel-based magnetic stratigraphy in the Oligocene section of Sites 1218 and 1219 is better than 5 kyr, and it is therefore suitable for detection of brief polarity subchrons. However, in spite of the high resolution, we did not find any reversals corresponding to the numerous cryptochrons identified in this time span by Cande and Kent (1995, doi:10.1029/94JB03098).

Vínculos urbano-rurales y construcción de nuevas territorialidades en asentamientos de rango menor

La homogeneización productiva ha trastocado los procesos de construcción territorial induciendo cambios en la naturaleza, intensidad y direccionalidad de los vínculos urbano-rurales en región pampeana. La creación de nuevas articulaciones y/o la redefinición de las interacciones preexistentes involucran dimensiones funcionales, institucionales y espaciales, dando origen a formas específicas de resolución territorial. A partir de enfoques superadores de las aproximaciones sectoriales y dualistas intrínsecas al paradigma de la modernización, que han impregnado la interpretación de procesos de construcción territorial a partir de la oposición "campo-ciudad", se propone la indagación a partir de la convergencia de macroprocesos que trastocan las trayectorias territoriales, al tiempo que renuevan la naturaleza de los vínculos urbano-rurales (avance de la pluriactividad, emergencia de nuevos actores y usos del suelo en los espacios rurales, urbanización difusa). Dentro de esta perspectiva, los asentamientos de rango menor en región pampeana, constituyen ámbitos privilegiados para la exploración de las modalidades que asumen las articulaciones urbano-rurales, en tanto lugares alcanzados por el proceso de homogeneización productiva, mostrando cómo la emergencia de nuevos actores, lógicas y escalas de acción, interpela las aproximaciones tradicionales de análisis de los vínculos urbano-rurales y exige la necesidad de renovar enfoques, regulaciones e instrumentos solidarios con la gestión territorial sustentable

Símbolos y representaciones en el relato de Santa Cruz Pachacuti

El artículo propone analizar la versión brindada por Joan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamaygua sobre la guerra entablada entre incas y chancas. Específicamente, nos detenemos a trabajar los elementos simbólicos operados en esta famosa contienda y consideraremos algunos componentes particulares, como por ejemplo los instrumentos musicales y su función para el análisis y contextualización de dicha guerra

Geochemical composition of gabbroic rocks from ODP Hole 179-1105A, southwest Indian Ridge

Oxide-free olivine gabbro and gabbro, and oxide olivine gabbro and gabbro make up the bulk of the gabbroic suite recovered from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 179 Hole 1105A, which lies 1.2 km away from Hole 735B on the eastern transverse ridge of the Atlantis II Fracture Zone, Southwest Indian Ridge. The rocks recovered during Leg 179 show striking similarities to rocks recovered from the uppermost 500 m of Hole 735B during ODP Leg 118. The rocks of the Atlantis platform were likely unroofed as part of the footwall block of a large detachment fault on the inside corner of the intersection of the Southwest Indian Ridge and the Atlantis II Transform at ~11.5 Ma. We analyzed the lithologic, geochemical, and structural stratigraphy of the section. Downhole lithologic variation allowed division of the core into 141 lithologic intervals and 4 main units subdivided on the basis of predominance of oxide gabbroic vs. oxide-free gabbroic rocks. Detailed analyses of whole-rock chemistry, mineral chemistry, microstructure, and modes of 147 samples are presented and clearly show that the gabbroic rocks are of cumulate origin. These studies also indicate that geochemistry results correlate well with downhole magnetic susceptibility and Formation MicroScanner (FMS) resistivity measurements and images. FMS images show rocks with a well-layered structure and significant numbers of mappable layer contacts or compositional contrasts. Downhole cryptic mineral and whole-rock chemical variations depict both "normal" and inverse fine-scale variations on a scale of 10 m to <2 m with significant compositional variation over a short distance within the 143-m section sampled. A Mg# shift in whole-rock or Fo contents of olivine of as much as 20-30 units over a few meters of section is not atypical of the extreme variation in downhole plots. The products of the earliest stages of basaltic differentiation are not represented by any cumulates, as the maximum Fo content was Fo78. Similarly, the extent of fractionation represented by the gabbroic rocks and scarce granophyres in the section is much greater than that represented in the Atlantis II basalts. The abundance of oxide gabbros is similar to that in Hole 735B, Unit IV, which is tentatively correlated as a similar unit or facies with the oxide gabbroic units of Hole 1105A. Oxide phases are generally present in the most fractionated gabbroic rocks and lacking in more primitive gabbroic rocks, and there is a definite progression of oxide abundance as, for example, the Mg# of clinopyroxene falls below 73-75. Coprecipitation of oxide at such early Mg#s cannot be modeled by perfect fractional crystallization. In situ boundary layer fractionation may offer a more plausible explanation for the complex juxtaposition of oxide- and nonoxide-bearing more primitive gabbroic rocks. The geochemical signal may, in part, be disrupted by the presence of mylonitic shear zones, which strike east-west and dip both to the south and north, but predominantly to the south away from the northern rift valley where they formed. Downhole deformation textures indicate increasing average strain and crystal-plastic deformation in units that contain oxides. Oxide-rich zones may represent zones of rheologic weakness in the cumulate section along which mylonitic and foliated gabbroic shear zones nucleate in the solid state at high temperature, or the oxide may be a symptom of former melt-rich zones and hypersolidus flow, as predicted during study of Hole 735B.

Sediment wave layer summary in ODP Site 172-1062

Abyssal mud waves (or fine-grained sediment waves) are often cited as evidence for deep current activity because subbottom profiles show that the wave form has migrated with time. The migration history of a fine-grained sediment wave on the Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge (ODP Site 1062) has been studied through the analysis of multiple ODP holes spaced across the wave. Additional information about wave migration patterns comes from 3.5-kHz records and watergun seismic profiles. These data suggest that wave migration has varied during the last not, vert, similar ~10 Myr, although the only sediments sampled are younger than 4.8 Ma. Seismic profiles suggest wave migration was initiated about 8-10 Ma, and wave migration was pronounced from about 5 Ma to about 1 Ma (with an episode of wave reorganization about 4.5 Ma). Analysis of ODP cores suggests that migration rates have been somewhat lower and more variable during the last 1 Myr. Intervals of no wave migration are observed for several time intervals and appear to characterize deglaciations, especially during the last 500 kyr. Comparisons between seismic profiles and the core record show that most of the seismic horizons correlate closely with time horizons, and thus that the seismic profiles give a reasonable representation of sediment wave migration. Models suggest that wave migration is more pronounced during periods of higher bottom current flow and less pronounced during periods of lower current flow. Thus the migration record is consistent with generally higher bottom flow speeds at this site prior to 1 Ma and lower bottom flow speeds after 1 Ma. The Mid-Pleistocene Transition from a dominant climatic periodicity of 40 kyr to a dominant climatic periodicity of 100 kyr starts at about this time, suggesting an overall reduction in bottom flow speed at this site coincident with changing climate patterns. These changes in flow speed could be related to changes in the depth of the Western Boundary Undercurrent as well as to changes in the speed of thermohaline circulation.

Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera of the Kerguelen Plateau

An almost complete Upper Cretaceous sedimentary sequence recently recovered on the Kerguelen Plateau (southern Indian Ocean) during ODP Leg 183 was analysed for planktonic foraminifera in order to refine and integrate the zonal schemes previously proposed for the Southern Ocean area. Detailed biostratigraphic analysis carried out on holes 1135A, 1136A and 1138A (poleward of 50°S palaeolatitude during Late Cretaceous time) has allowed recognition of low and mid-high latitude bioevents, useful for correlation across latitudes, in addition to known Austral bioevents. The low latitude biozonation can be applied to Turonian sediments, because of the occurrence of Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica, which marks the boundary between Whiteinella archaeocretacea and Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica zones. The base of the Whiteinella archeocretacea Zone falls within the uppermost Cenomanian-Turonian black shale level in Hole 1138A. The stratigraphic interval from upper Turonian to uppermost Santonian can be resolved using bioevents recognized in the mid-high latitude sections. They are, in stratigraphic order: the last occurrence of Falsotruncana maslakovae in the Coniacian, the first occurrence of Heterohelix papula at the Coniacian/Santonian boundary, the extinction of the marginotruncanids in the late Santonian, and the first occurrence of Globigerinelloides impensus in the latest (?) Santonian. The remainder of the Late Cretaceous fits rather well in the Austral zonal scheme, except that Globigerinelloides impensus exhibits a stratigraphic range in agreement with its record at the mid-high latitude sections and extends further downwards than previously recorded at southern sites. Therefore, despite the poor recovery in certain intervals and the presence of several hiatuses of local and regional importance as revealed by correlation among holes, a more detailed zonal scheme has been obtained (mainly for the less resolved Turonian-Santonian interval). Remarks on some species often overlooked in literature are also provided.

Late Quaternary benthic foraminiferal record of the Bounty Trough, east of New Zealand

The Bounty Trough, east of New Zealand, lies along the southeastern edge of the present-day Subtropical Front (STF), and is a major conduit via the Bounty Channel, for terrigenous sediment supply from the uplifted Southern Alps to the abyssal Bounty Fan. Census data on 65 benthic foraminiferal faunas (>63 µm) from upper bathyal (ODP 1119), lower bathyal (DSDP 594) and abyssal (ODP 1122) sequences, test and refine existing models for the paleoceanographic and sedimentary history of the trough through the last 150 ka (marine isotope stages, MIS 6-1). Cluster analysis allows recognition of six species groups, whose distribution patterns coincide with bathymetry, the climate cycles and displaced turbidite beds. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis and comparisons with modern faunal patterns suggest that the groups are most strongly influenced by food supply (organic carbon flux), and to a lesser extent by bottom water oxygen and factors relating to sediment type. Major faunal changes at upper bathyal depths (1119) probably resulted from cycles of counter-intuitive seaward-landward migrations of the Southland Front (SF) (north-south sector of the STF). Benthic foraminiferal changes suggest that lower nutrient, cool Subantarctic Surface Water (SAW) was overhead in warm intervals, and higher nutrient-bearing, warm neritic Subtropical Surface Water (STW) was overhead in cold intervals. At lower bathyal depths (594), foraminiferal changes indicate increased glacial productivity and lowered bottom oxygen, attributed to increased upwelling and inflow of cold, nutrient-rich, Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and shallowing of the oxygen-minimum zone (upper Circum Polar Deep Water, CPDW). The observed cyclical benthic foraminiferal changes are not a result of associations migrating up and down the slope, as glacial faunas (dominated by Globocassidulina canalisuturata and Eilohedra levicula at upper and lower bathyal depths, respectively) are markedly different from those currently living in the Bounty Trough. On the abyssal Bounty Fan (1122), faunal changes correlate most strongly with grain size, and are attributed to varying amounts of mixing of displaced and in-situ faunas. Most of the displaced foraminifera in turbiditic sand beds are sourced from mid-outer shelf depths at the head of the Bounty Channel. Turbidity currents were more prevalent during, but not restricted to, glacial intervals.