Oviposition behaviour of Gryon gallardoi (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) on eggs of different ages of Spartocera dentiventris (Hemiptera, Coreidae)

The oviposition behaviour of Gryon gallardoi (Brèthes, 1914) on eggs of Spartocera dentiventris Mendonça Jr. (Berg, 1884) of different ages (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 12 days) was investigated. Groups of 12 eggs of each age were exposed to single females of G. gallardoi, and the oviposition behaviour was recorded under a stereomicroscope for two hours. Ten replicates were used for each age. In order to identify the moment the parasitoid egg was released inside the host, 1-day old eggs of S. dentiventris were exposed to G. gallardoi females, and the oviposition was interrupted at intervals of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160s after ovipositor insertion had initiated. Five behavioural steps were recorded: drumming, ovipositor insertion, marking, walking and resting. The average drumming and ovipositor insertion times increased with the host age (P<0.01). Ovipositor insertion usually occurred next to the longitudinal extremities of the host eggs. Marking took on average 19.5 ± 0.7s, and as walking and resting, was not affected by host age. Self-parasitism behaviour was observed in only 13.8 ± 2.3% of the eggs, being more evident with increasing patch depletion (reduction in non-parasitized eggs in the egg group, P<0.01), again with no variation due to changes in host egg age. For all ages tested, self-parasitized host eggs were less frequently contacted and accepted than non-parasitized ones (P<0.01). The parasitoid egg was released 137.0 ± 3.7s after ovipositor insertion. Spartocera dentiventris egg condition can lead to parasitoid behavioural changes, especially during the process of host choice and discrimination.

Nova espécie de Euschistus (Mitripus) da Argentina e sul do Brasil (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae)

Uma nova espécie de Euschistus Dallas, 1851, E. (M.) irroratus sp. nov. do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil e Misiones, Argentina, é descrita e ilustrada.

Terrestrial isopod diversity in the subtropical neotropics: Itapuã State Park, southern Brazil

We analysed species abundance and composition during one year of sampling at Itapuã State Park, a conservation unit in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Samples were collected monthly from May 2003 to April 2004 along a 4 km forest trail divided in three transects along the slopes of a small hill. Terrestrial isopods were hand searched by three people for 40 minutes at two sampling sites along each transect, summing 240 minutes of sampling effort per transect per month. Six species distributed in six families were found. The collector curve stabilised when half the samples were taken, demonstrating sampling sufficiency: analytical estimates did not predict more species to be found in the trail. Atlantoscia floridana (van Name, 1940) was dominant in all transects. Abundance varied along the year with a summer and a winter peak, but peaks were not consistent among transects. The first part of the trail, used for ecotourism, was less diverse, had less species (4 as compared to 6 in the other transects), and was thus also less similar in composition.

Fauna de aranhas (Arachnida, Araneae) em diferentes estágios do cultivo do arroz irrigado em Cachoeirinha, RS, Brasil

Com a intenção de conhecer a diversidade da araneofauna relacionada à cultura do arroz, foi realizado um inventário deste agroecossistema ainda pouco estudado em sua biodiversidade. Foram realizadas 17 amostragens na Estação Experimental do Arroz (EEA), do Instituto Rio Grandense do Arroz (IRGA), Cachoeirinha, RS (50º58'21"W; 29º55'30"S) entre outubro de 2004 e junho de 2005, em três períodos: antes do arroz ser semeado, durante o desenvolvimento do arroz e após a colheita. As coletas foram efetuadas no período matinal utilizando rede-de-varredura (35 cm de diâmetro), 50 golpes em cada um dos quatro transectos por amostragem. Coletou-se um total de 918 aranhas distribuídas em 14 famílias, com predomínio de Araneidae, Anyphaenidae, Oxyopidae e Tetragnathidae. Entre os indivíduos adultos, foram determinadas 38 morfoespécies, as mais abundantes Alpaida veniliae (Keyserling, 1865), Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826), Ashtabula sp.1 e Tetragnatha aff. jaculator, as quatro juntas com mais de 45% dos espécimes adultos coletados. Dos estimadores de riqueza de espécies utilizados, o que mais se aproximou da riqueza observada foi Chao 1; segundo este, 87,4% das espécies potencialmente presentes foram amostradas. Os resultados demonstraram que tanto abundância como riqueza tiveram a tendência ao crescimento, acompanhando o desenvolvimento da lavoura de arroz. Uma constante colonização no hábitat foi constatada dado o alto número de aranhas jovens encontradas em todos os períodos. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para a correlação entre dados abióticos (temperatura e pluviosidade) com a abundância e a riqueza, exceto pluviosidade vs. riqueza. Entre os grupos funcionais, houve o predomínio das caçadoras emboscadoras, seguido das construtoras de teias orbiculares. A análise de similaridade (ANOSIM) encontrou diferenças significativas entre a fauna dos três períodos avaliados. Assim, a perturbação na forma como o arroz é semeado e colhido altera a estrutura ambiental brutalmente, conduzindo a uma mudança na diversidade de aranhas em termos de riqueza e composição de espécies. Os resultados sugerem a importância de estudos da biodiversidade nos agroecossistemas.

Population ecology of the multivoltine Neotropical gall midge Eugeniamyia dispar (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)

Our understanding of the population ecology of insect gallers is largely built on examples from temperate zones, but tropical and subtropical gallers may present distinct patterns of abundance and distribution across time. Eugeniamyia dispar Maia, Mendonça & Romanowski, 1996 is a multivoltine Neotropical cecidomyiid that induces spongy leaf galls on Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae). Galls were censused in the urban area of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil on six plants at two sites, for two years, at roughly weekly intervals. Overall 9,694 eggs, galling attempts and galls were counted. New galls continuously appear on developing leaves, but galls with live inducers are absent from June to at least early August. Galls on a same shoot develop synchronically, thus the shoot is probably the unit for oviposition. Given the also synchronic appearance of galls on different plants on a site, it seems midges can disperse and attack close-by plants. Gall cohorts varied in abundance by two orders of magnitude; there were more galls during summer than for spring and autumn, in a wave-like pattern. Host plant leaf production was seasonal, with low production during winter and cyclic production during the rest of the year. Perhaps because of this very variable pattern, gall abundance did not follow leaf production: this galler is not synchronised with its host at least during most of the year. This multivoltine gall inducer with "labile" galls, short development time, partially overlapping generations and low host synchronisation differs from the commonly studied species of the temperate regions providing a subject for ecological comparisons.

Diversity and population characteristics of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Oniscidea) across three forest environments in southern Brazil

Terrestrial isopods are important and dominant component of meso and macrodecomposer soil communities. The present study investigates the diversity and species composition of terrestrial isopods on three forests on the Serra Geral of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The area has two natural formations (Primary Woodland and Secondary Woodland) and one plantation of introduced Pinus. The pitfall traps operated from March 2001 to May 2002, with two summer periods and one winter. There were 14 sampling dates overall. Of the five species found: Alboscia silveirensis Araujo, 1999, Atlantoscia floridana (van Name, 1940), Benthana araucariana Araujo & Lopes, 2003 (Philoscidae), Balloniscus glaber Araujo & Zardo, 1995 (Balloniscidae) and Styloniscus otakensis (Chilton, 1901) (Styloniscidae); only A. floridana is abundant on all environments and B. glaber is nearly exclusive for the native forests. The obtained data made it possible to infer about population characteristics of this species. The Similarity Analysis showed a quantitative difference among the Secondary forest and Pinus plantation, but not a qualitative one. The operational sex ratio (OSR) analysis for A. floridana does not reveal significant differences in male and female proportions among environments. The reproductive period identified in the present study for A. floridana was from spring to autumn in the primary forest and Pinus plantation and during all year for the secondary forest. The OSR analysis for B. glaber reveals no significant differences in abundance between males and females for secondary forest, but the primary forest was a significant difference. The reproductive period for B. glaber extended from summer to autumn (for primary and secondary forest). This is the first record for Brazil of an established terrestrial isopod population in a Pinus sp. plantation area, evidenced by the presence of young, adults and ovigerous females, balanced sex ratio, expected fecundity and reproduction pattern, as compared to populations from native vegetation areas.

Diversity, composition and phenology of araneid orb-weavers (Araneae, Araneidae) associated with riparian forests in southern Brazil

The Araneidae is a speciose family including web-spinning spiders that are very abundant in various terrestrial ecosystems. Several studies demonstrate that changes in vegetation surrounding rivers, streams and brooks affect the associated araneofauna. The aim of this research was to compare differences found in diversity (abundance and richness), composition and phenology of Araneidae spiders sampled in different habitats in four riparian forest catchments in southern Brazil. Samples were taken from riparian forests in four rivers of Rio Grande do Sul State: Piratini, Camaquã, Sinos and Maquiné rivers, each in a different hydrographic basin. Samples were taken twice seasonally on each basin during two years, sampling the araneofauna of the tree-shrub strata with beating tray. Six transects were employed on each basin, two per habitat: edge with grassland, forest interior and river edge. Araneids totalled 20 genera and 65 species. Comparing riparian forests significant differences are found. Spider abundance differed among riparian forests as well as species richness. Overall, Piratini river riparian forest had the higher abundance and richness for Araneidae; the lower values were in Sinos river forest. The stronger degradation and fragmentation of the riparian forests of Sinos river probably influenced the results, with human disturbance gradients associated negatively to web building. We present data on the diversity of these spiders, which were very abundant in the riparian forest interior and very rich in species in the grassland/riparian forest edge. Species composition also differs among the studied habitats (the above plus river/riparian forest edge). For the most abundant species the phenological pattern across the seasons was also analysed.

Alterações fisiológicas do sistema nervoso central de rã pelas toxinas de Cl. perfringens, Cl. oedematiens e Cl. septicum

The authors carried on experiences in order to confirm the neurotoxic theory of gas gangrene explained by Pacheco & Costa, uning preparations of isolated cord-posterior train of Leptodactylus ocellatus as described by OZORIO DE ALMEIDA & Cols. Frogs were intoxicated 3 days before the test with parcially purified toxins of Cl. perfringens, Cl. oedematiens and Cl. septicum. The intoxication produced a shortening of spinal reflexes duration time of such preparations, showing a typical alteration of the reflex activity of the spinal cord.

Ação de um antibiótico do alho sôbre brucelas, "in vitro"

Os autores verificaram pelo método de diluição em placas de agar triptose e em caldo triptose, que a garlicina, antibiótico extraido do alho (Allium sativum), é bastante ativa sôbre brucelas. Em duas séries de experiências, 10 e 35 amostras de brucelas foram totalmente inibidas, nas concentrações de 0.03 UG/ml e 0.1 UG/ml de meio, respectivamente, utilizando-se duas amostras diferentes de garlicina. Essas concentrações correspondiam, respectivamente, a 0.25y/ml e 500y/ml. A disparidade dos resultados deve-se ao fato de que a atividade da garlicina, em relação ao pêso, varía de partida para partida. Três amostras de brucelas foram totalmente inibidas em seu desenvolvimento com 0.01 UG/ml, ou sejam, aproximadamente, 0.075y/ml de meio.

Colesteatomas dos plexos coróides dos eqüídeos: observação de 14 casos

O autor faz considerações sobre os colesteatomas dos plexos coróides dos ventrículos laterais do cérebro e da base do cerebelo dos eqüídeos, examinando alguns aspectos da etiologia dessas colesteatose, baseado na literatura e em suas observações pessoais. Descreve, pela primeira vez no Brasil, casos de colesteatomas em eqüídeos, em número de 14, num total de 38 solípedes examinados (38,8%). Constatou a presença da lesão em muar, fato ainda não registrado na literatura.

The use of triphenyltetrazolium chloride in the study of dehydrogenase activity of Brucellae

Experiments for the investigation of dehydrogenase activity of washed cells of a strains of Br. abortus and another of Br. suis in presence of different single added substrates are reported. The activity was measured as the amount of formazan produced by the reduction of 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolum chloride acting as a hydrogen ions acceptor, at pH 7.0. In a general manner the dehydrogenase activity of Br. suis was much more intense than that of Br. abortus (fig. 5). In the conditions of the experiments Br. abortus oxidized L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucose, glycerol, D-xylose, DL-alanine, D-fructose, and D-sorbitol. Brucella suis oxidized D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-glucose, D-galactose, DL-alanine, sodium acetate, maltose, glycine, D-fructose, and D-sorbitol. Glycerol was oxidized by Br. abortus but its oxidation by Br. suir was very slight. Sodium acetate and maltose were intensely oxidized by Br. suir but not by Br. abortus. The sites of more intense enzymatic acitivity were seen as small red colored round granules located in one pole of the cells.

Microscopia eletrônica de granulações em Proteus vulgaris tratado como Cloreto de Trifeniltetrazólio

Zonas citoplasmáticas de atividade redutora de TTC foram evidenciadas em células de Proteus vulgaris examinadas ao microscópio eletrõnico. As experiências foram realizadas em vários intervalos de tempo, sendo a reação, em alguns casos, estabilizada por meio de formol. Verificou-se que as granulações de formazana podiam ser removidas no interior do corpo bacteriano por meio de tratamento com acetona. O bombardeamento pelos eléctrons, quando os germes não tinham sido fixados com formol, determinou a saída das granulações do interior dos bacilos, deixando vestígios de sua presença (rompimento das membranas celulares nos pontos onde estavam localizados). A fixação com formol evitava a saída dos grânulos. O acúmulo dos cristais de formazana, internamente, nos pólos ou ao longo do corpo bacteriano, provoca sérias alterações morfológicas.

The vertical dispersión of Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzi in a forest in southern Brazil suggests that human cases of malaria of simian origin might be expected

By staining females of Anopheles cruzi with fluorescent coloured powders in a forest in the State of Santa Catarina, we showed that they move from canopy to ground and vice-versa to feed. This suggests that in areas where this mosquito is a vector of human and simian malarias sporadic infections of man with monkey plasmodia might be expected.