First international external quality assessment of molecular diagnostics for Mers-CoV

BACKGROUND: Since the discovery of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, diagnostic protocols were quickly published and deployed globally. OBJECTIVES: We set out to assess the quality of MERS-CoV molecular diagnostics worldwide. STUDY DESIGN: Both sensitivity and specificity were assessed using 12 samples containing different viral loads of MERS-CoV or common coronaviruses (OC43, 229E, NL63, HKU1). RESULTS: The panel was sent to more than 106 participants, of which 99 laboratories from 6 continents returned 189 panel results.Scores ranged from 100% (84 laboratories) to 33% (1 laboratory). 15% of respondents reported quantitative results, 61% semi-quantitative (Ct-values or time to positivity) and 24% reported qualitative results. The major specific technique used was real-time RT-PCR using the WHO recommended targets upE, ORF1a and ORF1b. The evaluation confirmed that RT-PCRs targeting the ORF1b are less sensitive, and therefore not advised for primary diagnostics. CONCLUSIONS: The first external quality assessment MERS-CoV panel gives a good insight in molecular diagnostic techniques and their performances for sensitive and specific detection of MERS-CoV RNA globally. Overall, all laboratories were capable of detecting MERS-CoV with some differences in sensitivity. The observation that 8% of laboratories reported false MERS-CoV positive single assay results shows room for improvement, and the importance of using confirmatory targets.

The Level of Development and the Determinants of Productivity Growth

We examine the effects of technology on productivity growth by disaggregating total output into sectoral components, exploring the roles of investment and technology on productivity growth for countries in different income groups. We find that for low-income countries, investment is the most important determinant of productivity growth. While investment plays an important role in determining productivity growth in middle-income countries, additional effects resulting from technological change also emerge. Investment ceases to have a significant effect on productivity growth in high-income countries.

Atlas of cancer mortality in the United Arab Emirates aided by application of geographic information system methods

The aim of this study was to determine cancer mortality rates for the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and to create an atlas of cancer mortality for the UAE. This atlas is the first of its kind in the Gulf country and the Middle East. Death certificates were reviewed for a period from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 1999 and cancer deaths were identified. Cancer mortality cases were verified by comparing with medical records. Age-adjusted cancer mortality rates were calculated by gender, emirate/medical district and nationality (UAE nationals and overall UAE population). Individual rates for each emirate were compared to the overall rate of the corresponding population for the same cancer site and gender. Age-adjusted rates were mapped using MapInfo software. High rates for liver, lung and stomach cancer were observed in Abu Dhabi, Dubai and the northern emirates, respectively. Rates for UAE nationals were greater compared to the overall UAE population. Several factors were suggested that may account for high rates of specific cancers observed in certain emirates. It is hoped that this atlas will provide leads that will guide further epidemiologic and public health activities aimed at preventing cancer. ^

Ottoman Tax Registers (Tahrir Defterleri)

The Ottoman government obtained current information on the empire's sources of revenue through periodic registers called tahrir defterleri. These documents include detailed information on tax-paying subjects and taxable resources, making it possible to study the economic and social history of the Middle East and Eastern Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Although the use of these documents have been typically limited to the construction of local histories, adopting a more optimistic attitude toward their potential and using appropriate sampling procedures can greatly increase their contribution to historical scholarship. They can be used in comprehensive quantitative studies and in addressing questions of broader historical significance or larger social scientific relevance.

Pregnancy intention, intimate partner violence, and the use of prenatal care in Jordan

Previous research has suggested an association between intimate partner violence and pregnancy intention status, and pregnancy intention status and the use of prenatal care services, however much of these studies have been conducted in high income countries (HIC) rather than low and middle income countries (LMIC). The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between pregnancy intention status and intimate partner violence, and pregnancy intention status and the use of prenatal care among ever-married women in Jordan.^ Data were collected from a nationally representative sample of women interviewed in the 2007 Jordan Demographic and Health Survey. The sample was restricted to ever-married women, 15–49 years of age, who had a live birth within the five years preceding the survey. Multivariate logistic regression analyses was used to determine the relationship between intimate partner violence and pregnancy intention status, and pregnancy intention status and the use of prenatal care services.^ Women who reported a mistimed pregnancy (PORadj 1.96, 95% CI: 1.31–2.95), as well as an unwanted pregnancy (PORadj 1.32, 95% CI: 0.80–2.18) had a higher odds of experiencing lifetime physical and/or sexual abuse compared with women reporting a wanted pregnancy. Women not initiating prenatal care by the end of the first trimester had statistically significant higher odds of reporting both a mistimed (PORadj 2.07, 95% CI: 1.55–2.77) and unwanted pregnancy (PORadj 2.36, 95% CI: 1.68–3.31), compared with women initiating care in the first trimester. Additionally, women not receiving the adequate number of prenatal care visits for their last pregnancy had a higher odds of reporting an unwanted pregnancy (PORadj 2.11, 95% CI: 1.35–3.29) and mistimed pregnancy (POR adj 1.41, 95% CI: 0.96–2.07).^ Reducing intimate partner violence may decrease the prevalence of mistimed or unwanted pregnancies, and reducing both unwanted and mistimed pregnancies may decrease the prevalence of women not receiving timely and adequate prenatal care among women in this population. Further research, particularly in LMIC, is needed regarding the determinants of unintended pregnancy and its association with intimate partner violence as well as with the use of prenatal care services. ^

Les Tribus Dans l´histoire et face aux états. En: Avá, nº 17

Este brevísimo libro de Maurice Godelier, cuyo texto procede de la conferencia inaugural del coloquio internacional The Political Role of Tribes in the Middle East (Ammán, Jordania, Octubre de 2009), ofrece en apenas unas 80 páginas un panorama general de cuestiones de antropología política, con una vertiente de comparación histórica en diversos períodos y lugares, sobre la naturaleza de las sociedades tribales y su relación con las organizaciones estatales.

Varved sediments of the Arabian Sea

The upper Holocene marine section from a kasten core taken from the oxygen minimum zone off Karachi (Pakistan) at water depth 700 m contains continuously laminated sediments with a sedimentation rate of 1.2 mm/yr and a unique record of monsoonal climatic variability covering the past 5000 years. Our chronostratigraphy is based on varve counts verified by conventional and AMS14C dating. Individual hemipelagic varve couplets are about 0.8-1.5 mm thick, with light-colored terrigenous laminae (A) deposited mainly during the winter monsoon alternating with dark-colored laminae (B) rich in marine organic matter, coccoliths, and fish debris that reflect deposition during the high-productivity season of the late summer monsoon (August-October). Precipitation and river runoff appear to control varve thickness and turbidite frequency. We infer that precipitation decreased in the river watershed (indicated by thinning varves) after 3500-4000 yr B.P. This is about the time of increasing aridification in the Near East and Middle East, as documented by decreasing Nile River runoff data and lake-level lowstands between Turkey and northwestern India. This precipitation pattern continued until today with precipitation minima about 2200-1900 yr B.P., 1000 yr B.P., and in the late Middle Ages (700-400 yr B.P.), and precipitation maxima in the intervening periods. As documented by spectral analysis, the thickness of varve couplets responds to the average length of a 250-yr cycle, a 125-yr cycle, the Gleissberg cycle of solar activity (95 yr), and a 56-yr cycle of unknown origin. Higher frequency cycles are also present at 45, 39, 29-31, and 14 yr. The sedimentary gray-value also shows strong variability in the 55-yr band plus a 31-yr cycle. Because high-frequency cyclicity in the ENSO band (ca. 3.5 and 5 yr) is only weakly expressed, our data do not support a straightforward interaction of the Pacific ENSO with the monsoon-driven climate system of the Arabian Sea.

Aerosols over the Arabian Sea

This paper provides an overview of dust transport pathways and concentrations over the Arabian Sea during 1995. Results indicate that the transport and input of dust to the region is complex, being affected by both temporally and spatially important processes. Highest values of dust were found off the Omani coast and in the entrance to the Gulf of Oman. Dust levels were generally lower in summer than the other seasons, although still relatively high compared to other oceanic regions. The Findlater jet, rather than acting as a source of dust from Africa, appears to block the direct transport of dust to the open Arabian Sea from desert dust source regions in the Middle East and Iran/Pakistan. Dust transport aloft, above the jet, rather than at the surface, may be more important during summer. In an opposite pattern to dust, sea salt levels were exceedingly high during the summer monsoon, presumably due to the sustained strong surface winds. The high sea salt aerosols during the summer months may be impacting on the strong aerosol reflectance and absorbance signals over the Arabian Sea that are detected by satellite each year.

Stable isotope analysis of Porites coral core EILAT-1

The environmental interpretation of the 13C/12C variations in the skeletons of massive corals is still a matter of debate. A 19-year seasonal skeletal 13C/12C record of a shallow-water Pontes coral from the northern Red Sea (Gulf of Aqaba) documents interannual events of extraordinarily large plankton blooms, indicated by anomalous 13C depletions in the coral skeleton. These blooms are caused by deep vertical water mass mixing, convectively driven in colder winters, which results in increased supplies of nutrients to the surface waters. The deep vertical mixings can sometimes be driven by the cooling occurring throughout the Middle East after large tropical volcanic eruptions. We therefore have evidence in our coral skeletal 13C/12C record for an indirect volcanic signal of the eruptions of El Chichón (1982) and Mount Pinatubo (1991). Deep mixing induced 13C/12C variations of the dissolved inorganic carbon in the surface waters can be neglected at this location. We therefore suggest that the 13C skeletal depletions can be best explained by changes in the coral's autotrophy-heterotrophy diet, through increased heterotrophic feeding on Zooplankton during the blooms. Increased feeding on 13C-depleted Zooplankton or increased heterotrophy at the expense of autotrophy can both result in a 13C-depleted coral skeleton. However, this suggestion requires more testing. If our conclusions are substantiated, seasonal skeletal 13C/12C records of corals which change from autotrophy under normal conditions to increased heterotrophy during bloom events may be used as indicators of ocean paleoproductivity at interannual resolution, available from no other source.

Una cuestión de patrones y clientes. Acerca de la organización social y el poder político en la antigua palestina

Durante las últimas tres décadas, los métodos de la investigación histórica de las sociedades de la antigua Palestina han experimentado un considerable progreso desde los días en que la Biblia era tomada como fuente primaria y principal de reconstrucción histórica. Las nuevas perspectivas privilegian el aporte de múltiples disciplinas sociales, entre otras, la antropología, la sociología, la etnografía. En la presente comunicación hacemos uso de la información del registro etnográfico contemporáneo junto con perspectivas de la teoría antropológica para tratar de resolver la cuestión de la organización social de Palestina en la antigüedad así como de la práctica del poder político en las sociedades "tribales" de Medio Oriente. La integración de esta información junto con el análisis de fuentes históricas antiguas nos indica que las relaciones de parentesco y, fundamentalmente, las de patronazgo fueron las prácticas sociopolíticas dominantes en estas sociedades. Como resultado, el predominio de estas prácticas constituyó un obstáculo considerable para la aparición de una práctica estatal indígena en esta región. En consecuencia, una aceptación de la primacía analítica del concepto de "sociedades de patronazgo" por sobre el de "sociedades estatales" o "sociedades de clase" nos puede conducir a un mejor entendimiento de la dinámica sociopolítica en la antigua Palestina.

Una cuestión de patrones y clientes. Acerca de la organización social y el poder político en la antigua palestina

Durante las últimas tres décadas, los métodos de la investigación histórica de las sociedades de la antigua Palestina han experimentado un considerable progreso desde los días en que la Biblia era tomada como fuente primaria y principal de reconstrucción histórica. Las nuevas perspectivas privilegian el aporte de múltiples disciplinas sociales, entre otras, la antropología, la sociología, la etnografía. En la presente comunicación hacemos uso de la información del registro etnográfico contemporáneo junto con perspectivas de la teoría antropológica para tratar de resolver la cuestión de la organización social de Palestina en la antigüedad así como de la práctica del poder político en las sociedades "tribales" de Medio Oriente. La integración de esta información junto con el análisis de fuentes históricas antiguas nos indica que las relaciones de parentesco y, fundamentalmente, las de patronazgo fueron las prácticas sociopolíticas dominantes en estas sociedades. Como resultado, el predominio de estas prácticas constituyó un obstáculo considerable para la aparición de una práctica estatal indígena en esta región. En consecuencia, una aceptación de la primacía analítica del concepto de "sociedades de patronazgo" por sobre el de "sociedades estatales" o "sociedades de clase" nos puede conducir a un mejor entendimiento de la dinámica sociopolítica en la antigua Palestina.

Dust flux in the Arabian Sea

Eolian grain size and flux were measured on samples from 11 Arabian Sea sediment traps deployed 200-1250 km offshore. The timing of increased grain size is coincident with the onset of strong summer monsoon winds and dust storm activity over the Arabian Peninsula and Middle East. Data spanning a full annual cycle show that eolian grain size is highly correlated with barometric pressure (r=-0.91) and wind speed (r=0.84), enabling calibration of the downcore record in terms of these primary meteorological variables. Eolian flux is highly correlated with organic carbon flux (r=0.80); both increase 6-8 weeks after the grain size increase and summer monsoon onset. This lag, and the low correlation between eolian grain size and eolian flux (r=0.36), likely result from the differential sinking rates of large and small dust particles in the surface waters as well as biological scavenging associated with monsoon-induced productivity.

Una cuestión de patrones y clientes. Acerca de la organización social y el poder político en la antigua palestina

Durante las últimas tres décadas, los métodos de la investigación histórica de las sociedades de la antigua Palestina han experimentado un considerable progreso desde los días en que la Biblia era tomada como fuente primaria y principal de reconstrucción histórica. Las nuevas perspectivas privilegian el aporte de múltiples disciplinas sociales, entre otras, la antropología, la sociología, la etnografía. En la presente comunicación hacemos uso de la información del registro etnográfico contemporáneo junto con perspectivas de la teoría antropológica para tratar de resolver la cuestión de la organización social de Palestina en la antigüedad así como de la práctica del poder político en las sociedades "tribales" de Medio Oriente. La integración de esta información junto con el análisis de fuentes históricas antiguas nos indica que las relaciones de parentesco y, fundamentalmente, las de patronazgo fueron las prácticas sociopolíticas dominantes en estas sociedades. Como resultado, el predominio de estas prácticas constituyó un obstáculo considerable para la aparición de una práctica estatal indígena en esta región. En consecuencia, una aceptación de la primacía analítica del concepto de "sociedades de patronazgo" por sobre el de "sociedades estatales" o "sociedades de clase" nos puede conducir a un mejor entendimiento de la dinámica sociopolítica en la antigua Palestina.