946 resultados para Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram
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This dissertation focuses on rock thermal conductivity and its correlations with petrographic, textural, and geochemical aspects, especially in granite rocks. It aims at demonstrating the relations of these variables in an attempt to enlighten the behavior of thermal effect on rocks. Results can be useful for several applications, such as understanding and conferring regional thermal flow results, predicting the behavior of thermal effect on rocks based upon macroscopic evaluation (texture and mineralogy), in the building construction field in order to provide more precise information on data refinement on thermal properties emphasizing a rocky material thermal conductivity, and especially in the dimension stone industry in order to open a discussion on the use of these variables as a new technological parameter directly related to thermal comfort. Thermal conductivity data were obtained by using Anter Corporation s QuicklineTM -30 a thermal property measuring equipment. Measurements were conducted at temperatures ranging between 25 to 38 OC in samples with 2cm in length and an area of at least 6cm of diameter. As to petrography data, results demonstrated good correlations with quartz and mafics. Linear correlation between mineralogy and thermal conductivity revealed a positive relation of a quartz percentage increase in relation to a thermal conductivity increase and its decrease with mafic minerals increase. As to feldspates (K-feldspate and plagioclase) they show dispersion. Quartz relation gets more evident when compared to sample sets with >20% and <20%. Sets with more than 20% quartz (sienogranites, monzogranites, granodiorites, etc.), exhibit to a great extent conductivity values which vary from 2,5 W/mK and the set with less than 20% (sienites, monzonites, gabbros, diorites, etc.) have an average thermal conductivity below 2,5 W/mK. As to textures it has been verified that rocks considered thick/porphyry demonstrated in general better correlations when compared to rocks considered thin/medium. In the case of quartz, thick rocks/porphyry showed greater correlation factors when compared to the thin/medium ones. As to feldspates (K-feldspate and plagioclase) again there was dispersion. As to mafics, both thick/porphyry and thin/medium showed negative correlations with correlation factor smaller than those obtained in relation to the quartz. As to rocks related to the Streckeisen s QAP diagram (1976), they tend to fall from alcali-feldspates granites to tonalites, and from sienites to gabbros, diorites, etc. Thermal conductivity data correlation with geochemistry confirmed to a great extent mineralogy results. It has been seen that correlation is linear if there is any. Such behavior could be seen especially with the SiO2. In this case similar correlation can be observed with the quartz, that is, thermal conductivity increases as SiO2 is incremented. Another aspect observed is that basic to intermediate rocks presented values always below 2,5 W/mK, a similar behavior to that observed in rocks with quartz <20%. Acid rocks presented values above 2,5 W/mK, a similar behavior to that observed in rocks with quartz >20% (granites). For all the other cases, correlation factors are always low and present opposite behavior to Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, and TiO2. As to Al2O3, K2O, and Na2O results are not conclusive and are statistically disperse. Thermal property knowledge especially thermal conductivity and its application in the building construction field appeared to be very satisfactory for it involves both technological and thermal comfort aspects, which favored in all cases fast, cheap, and precise results. The relation between thermal conductivity and linear thermal dilatation have also shown satisfactory results especially when it comes to the quartz role as a common, determining phase between the two variables. Thermal conductivity studies together with rocky material density can function as an additional tool for choosing materials when considering structural calculation aspects and thermal comfort, for in the dimension stone case there is a small density variation in relation to a thermal conductivity considerable variation
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OBJETIVO: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, por amostragem de escolares, frequentadores das escolas estaduais de Bauru, São Paulo, com o objetivo de detectar possíveis portadores de tracoma. MÉTODOS: Foram examinadas 1.749 crianças do ensino fundamental, de 6 a 14 anos, durante o ano de 2005. As escolas foram escolhidas por sorteio, de acordo com o número de estudantes e com a localização da escola dentro do setor da cidade (centro, região intermediária e periferia). O diagnóstico dos casos foi clínico, seguindo as normas da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), confirmado laboratorialmente pelo método da imunofluorescência direta para detecção de Chlamydia trachomatis. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de tracoma inflamatório foi de 3,8%, tendo sido diagnosticado tracoma folicular em 3,7% e tracoma intenso em 0,06% das crianças examinadas. As crianças com tracoma moravam principalmente na região intermediária e periférica da cidade, áreas onde o fornecimento de água pode ser descontínuo e o tratamento do esgoto pode estar ausente. Um programa de controle foi desenvolvido e os comunicantes foram diagnosticados e tratados. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de tracoma inflamatório em Bauru - Estado de São Paulo - é de 3,8%. Além da oportunidade de reconhecer e tratar os portadores e contatantes, os autores realçam o fato positivo da mobilização da comunidade bauruense no sentido de prevenir a cegueira pelo tracoma.
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The first experimental data suggesting that neoplasm development in animals might be influenced by infectious agents were published in the early 1900s. However, conclusive evidence that DNA viruses play a role in the pathogenesis of some human cancers only emerged in the 1950s, when Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was discovered within Burkitt lymphoma cells. Besides EBV, other DNA viruses consistently associated with human cancers are the hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). Although each virus has unique features, it is becoming clearer that all these oncogenic agents target multiple cellular pathways to support malignant transformation and tumor development. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.
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OBJETIVO: estudar o valor da freqüência fundamental e suas variações presentes no choro de dor de recém-nascidos. MÉTODOS: foram gravadas as emissões de 111 recém-nascidos de termo e saudáveis, com idade de 24 a 72 horas durante procedimento da punção venosa periférica. A análise acústica foi realizada por meio dos softwares VOXMETRIA 1.1 com extração do valor da freqüência fundamental e GRAM 5.7 para verificar a ocorrência de variações da freqüência fundamental como quebras, bitonalidade e freqüência hiperaguda. A escala de dor NIPS foi realizada no momento da punção. A análise estatística é descritiva com extração dos valores de média, desvio-padrão e freqüência de ocorrência dos eventos. RESULTADOS: os recém-nascidos apresentaram 100% de suas emissões com variações de freqüência, ou seja, quebras e bitonalidade. A freqüência hiperaguda foi encontrada em 34,2% dos recém-nascidos. CONCLUSÃO: por meio do choro, o recém-nascido comunica sua dor. A emissão de dor do recém-nascido é tensa e estridente, com freqüência fundamental aguda e variações encontradas no traçado espectrográfico, como quebras, bitonalidade e freqüência hiperaguda. Tais características são importantes para chamar a atenção do adulto no pronto atendimento ao recém-nascido e auxiliar na avaliação de dor durante um procedimento.
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A revisão da história do desenvolvimento da educação brasileira ao longo do séc. XX permite-nos observar que grande parte das alternativas implantadas com o intuito de resolver os problemas de democratização, acesso e permanência do aluno em uma escola de qualidade foram suplantadas por políticas de caráter econômico e financeiro que acabavam preterindo os aspectos pedagógicos. Com base nesta constatação, entendemos que a atual proposição de ampliação do Ensino Fundamental de 8 para 9 anos representa uma nova oportunidade para a revisão deste procedimento histórico no âmbito da sociedade brasileira. Tendo em vista que o prazo proposto para adequação de todas as escolas à lei é 2010, realizou-se uma investigação junto a 2 (dois) Núcleos Regionais de Ensino, 8 (oito) Secretarias Municipais de Educação e 12 (doze) escolas vinculadas a estes órgãos, localizadas em diferentes cidades e regiões do estado do Paraná-Brasil, com o objetivo de investigar como a referida proposta chegou às escolas, bem como de que forma as mesmas estão se preparando para este processo. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas junto a representantes dos núcleos e secretarias e também, junto aos diretores e professores das escolas. Pode-se constatar que muito pouco se sabe acerca da proposta de Implantação do Ensino Fundamental de 9 anos e que pairam muitas dúvidas e preocupações sobre se a proposta não consiste somente em mais uma mudança política e estrutural, se não significa, apenas, uma antecipação da alfabetização que poderá prejudicar as crianças. Assim sendo, parece ficar evidente a precocidade da implantação de forma ampla e generalizada, antes que sejam garantidas as condições de preparação das respectivas escolas e professores.
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Este trabalho propõe-se a refletir sobre o conteúdo e as implicações, para a oferta da educação básica, de duas das principais medidas que sustentaram a reforma da educação paulista implantada pelo primeiro governo de Mario Covas (1995-1998). São elas: a reorganização das escolas da rede estadual e a política de municipalização do ensino fundamental mediante a adoção de convênios.
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Introduction and objective: This study investigated the contribution of physical education (PE) classes in elementary school I for the development of basic motor skills of children from two public schools in the same neighborhood of São Paulo city, and if the practice of extreme sports besides the PE classes could differently contribute to the development of those skills. Methods: Nineteen children (9.5 +/- 0.3 years) who had two weekly PE classes composed the control group (CG) and 22 children (9.6 +/- 0.5 years) who had two weekly PE classes and three extreme sports classes composed the experimental group (EG). All children were videotaped while performing locomotor and object control motor skill subtests from the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2). The videos were analyzed and raw scores were obtained according to the quality of the observed movement, and equivalent motor age was also estimated for both subtests. Results: The results indicated that the EG presented higher raw scores compared to CG in the locomotor subtest and both groups presented similar scores in the object control subtest. Moreover, EG presented higher equivalent motor age in the locomotor subtest compared to CG and neither group presented differences between equivalent motor age and chronological age in the object control subtest. Conclusion: Based on these results we conclude that PE classes in elementary school appropriately contributed to the development of basic motor skills, since neither group presented difference between equivalent motor age and chronological age, and that extreme sports classes contributed even more for the development of locomotor skills.
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We introduce a CP trajectory diagram in bi-probability space as a powerful tool for a pictorial representation of the genuine CP and the matter effects in neutrino oscillations. The existence of correlated ambiguity in the B is uncovered. The principles of tuning the beam energy for a determination of CP-violating phase delta and the sign of Deltam(13)(2) given baseline distance are proposed to resolve the ambiguity and to maximize the CP-odd effect. We finally point out, quite contrary to what is usually believed, that the ambiguity may be resolved with similar to 50% chance in the super-JHF experiment despite its relatively short baseline of 300 km. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.
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We study the phase diagram for a dilute Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superfluid Fermi-Fermi mixture (of distinct mass) at zero temperature using energy densities for the superfluid fermions in one (1D), two (2D), and three (3D) dimensions. We also derive the dynamical time-dependent nonlinear Euler-Lagrange equation satisfied by the mixture in one dimension using this energy density. We obtain the linear stability conditions for the mixture in terms of fermion densities of the components and the interspecies Fermi-Fermi interaction. In equilibrium there are two possibilities. The first is that of a uniform mixture of the two components, the second is that of two pure phases of two components without any overlap between them. In addition, a mixed and a pure phase, impossible in 1D and 2D, can be created in 3D. We also obtain the conditions under which the uniform mixture is stable from an energetic consideration. The same conditions are obtained from a modulational instability analysis of the dynamical equations in 1D. Finally, the 1D dynamical equations for the system are solved numerically and by variational approximation (VA) to study the bright solitons of the system for attractive interspecies Fermi-Fermi interaction in 1D. The VA is found to yield good agreement to the numerical result for the density profile and chemical potential of the bright solitons. The bright solitons are demonstrated to be dynamically stable. The experimental realization of these Fermi-Fermi bright solitons seems possible with present setups.
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A nonvanishing cosmological term in Einstein's equations implies a nonvanishing spacetime curvature even in the absence of any kind of matter. It would, in consequence, affect many of the underlying kinematic tenets of physical theory. The usual commutative spacetime translations of the Poincare group would be replaced by the mixed conformal translations of the de Sitter group, leading to obvious alterations in elementary concepts such as time, energy and momentum. Although negligible at small scales, such modifications may come to have important consequences both in the large and for the inflationary picture of the early Universe. A qualitative discussion is presented, which suggests deep changes in Hamiltonian, Quantum and Statistical Mechanics. In the primeval universe as described by the standard cosmological model, in particular, the equations of state of the matter sources could be quite different from those usually introduced.
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We study the macroscopic quantum tunneling, self-trapping phenomena in two weakly coupled Bose-Einstein condensates with periodically time-varying atomic scattering length.The resonances in the oscillations of the atomic populations are investigated. We consider oscillations in the cases of macroscopic quantum tunneling and the self-trapping regimes. The existence of chaotic oscillations in the relative atomic population due to overlaps between nonlinear resonances is showed. We derive the whisker-type map for the problem and obtain the estimate for the critical amplitude of modulations leading to chaos. The diffusion coefficient for motion in the stochastic layer near separatrix is calculated. The analysis of the oscillations in the rapidly varying case shows the possibility of stabilization of the unstable pi-mode regime. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier B.V. B.V. PACS: 03.75.Fi; 05.30.Jp.
Antiparticle Contribution in the Cross Ladder Diagram for Bethe-Salpeter Equation in the Light-Front
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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In an attempt to optimize a high yield, high efficiency artificial photosynthetic protein we have discovered unique energy and spatial architecture limits which apply to all light-activated photosynthetic systems. We have generated an analytical solution for the time behavior of the core three cofactor charge separation element in photosynthesis, the photosynthetic cofactor triad, and explored the functional consequences of its makeup including its architecture, the reduction potentials of its components, and the absorption energy of the light absorbing primary-donor cofactor. Our primary findings are two: First, that a high efficiency, high yield triad will have an absorption frequency more than twice the reorganization energy of the first electron transfer, and second, that the relative distance of the acceptor and the donor from the primary-donor plays an important role in determining the yields, with the highest efficiency, highest yield architecture having the light absorbing cofactor closest to the acceptor. Surprisingly, despite the increased complexity found in natural solar energy conversion proteins, we find that the construction of this central triad in natural systems matches these predictions. Our analysis thus not only suggests explanations for some aspects of the makeup of natural photosynthetic systems, it also provides specific design criteria necessary to create high efficiency, high yield artificial protein-based triads.
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A crescente degradação do meio ambiente e o reconhecimento, por parte da sociedade contemporânea, da existência de problemas considerados críticos, acentuadamente a questão energética, intensifica a preocupação em incorporar nas atividades de ensino aspectos da relação do ser humano com o ambiente. A necessidade de abordar, durante atividades de ensino de ciências, questões relacionadas com a dimensão valorativa e aspectos da relação entre ciência, tecnologia e sociedade passa a ser reconhecida tanto por educadores de maneira geral quanto por especialistas da área, de maneira particular. O movimento Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS) como um conjunto de propostas para o ensino de ciências é uma conseqüência concreta desta tendência. No caso do Brasil são poucas as pesquisas em ensino de ciências que exploram essa possibilidade e são poucas as experiências em termos de trabalhos em sala de aula que abordam esta questão. Este trabalho, realizado entre maio e novembro de 1996, sistematiza os dados coletados em uma classe de 6ª série do ensino fundamental que teve como tema de estudos o Projeto Pro-Álcool. Foi planejado e desenvolvido um conjunto de atividades, utilizando-se de um número bastante diversificado de procedimentos didáticos. Os resultados de pesquisa indicam que, um trabalho que ofereça aos alunos oportunidades de discussões e reflexões, a partir de procedimentos e material didático diversificado e rico em termos de solicitações e propostas aos alunos, pode promover a incorporação, em sala de aula, de diferentes dimensões relacionadas com a ciência, tecnologia, sociedade e ambiente.