More Than A Movement: Unpacking Contemporary Anti-Human Trafficking Efforts in Washington, D.C.

Trafficking in persons has attracted seemingly boundless attention over the last two decades and the work aimed at fighting it is best understood when this cause is contextualized against the backdrop of other social forces—economic, social, and cultural—shaping contemporary nonprofit activities. This project argues that the paid and volunteer labor that takes place in metro Washington, D.C., to combat trafficking in persons can be understood as both a movement and an industry. In addition to arguing that anti-trafficking work is part of a nonprofit industrial complex that situates activist and advocacy work firmly inside state and economic institutions, this project is concerned with the ways in which trafficking work and workers conduct their business collectively. As an organizational study, it identifies the key players in the D.C. region focused on this issue and traces their interactions, collaborations, and cooperation. Significantly, this project suggests that despite variations in objectives, methods, priorities, and characterizations of trafficking, thirty organizations in metro D.C. working on this issue “get along” because they are bound by the benign common goal of raising awareness. Awareness, in this context, is best understood as both a cultural anchor facilitating cohesion and as a social currency allowing groups to opt into joint efforts. The dissertation concludes that organizations centralize awareness in their collective activities over more drastic priorities around which consensus would need to be gained. This is a lost opportunity for making sense of the ways that individual bodies—men, women, and children—experience not just trafficking, but the world around them.

Comparação entre técnicas de aferição da temperatura corpórea em micos-estrela cativos (Callithrix penicillata) e sua relação com parâmetros hematológicos, peso corporal e umidade e temperatura do ambiente

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2015.

Comparação entre técnicas de aferição da temperatura corpórea em micos-estrela cativos (Callithrix penicillata) e sua relação com parâmetros hematológicos, peso corporal e umidade e temperatura do ambiente

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2015.

School Development in Urbanizing Areas

Good schools are essential for building thriving urban areas. They are important for preparing the future human resource and directly contribute to social and economic development of a place. They not only act as magnets for prospective residents, but also are necessary for retaining current population. As public infrastructure, schools mirror their neighborhood. “Their location, design and physical condition are important determinants of neighborhood quality, regional growth and change, and quality of life.”2 They impact housing development and utility requirements among many things. Hence, planning for schools along with other infrastructure in an area is essential. Schools are very challenging to plan, especially in urbanizing areas with changing demographic dynamics, where the development market and housing development can shift drastically a number of times. In such places projecting the future school enrollments is very difficult and in case of large population influx, school development can be unable to catch up with population growth which results in overcrowding. Typical is the case of Arlington County VA. In the past two decades the County has changed dramatically from a collection of bedroom communities in Washington DC Metro Region to a thriving urban area. Its metro accessible urban corridors are among most desired locations for development in the region. However, converting single family neighborhoods into high density areas has put a lot of pressure on its school facilities and has resulted in overcrowded schools. Its public school enrollment has grown by 19% from 2009 to 2014.3 While the percentage of population under 5 years age has increased in last 10 years, those in the 5-19 age group have decreased4. Hence, there is more pressure on the elementary school facilities than others in the County. Design-wise, elementary schools, due to their size, can be imagined as a community component. There are a number of strategies that can be used to develop elementary school in urbanizing areas as a part of the neighborhood. Experimenting with space planning and building on partnership and mixed-use opportunities can help produce better designs for new schools in future. This thesis is an attempt to develop elementary school models for urbanizing areas of Arlington County. The school models will be designed keeping in mind the shifting nature of population and resulting student enrollments in these areas. They will also aim to be efficient and sustainable, and lead to the next generation design for elementary school education. The overall purpose of the project is to address barriers to elementary school development in urbanizing areas through creative design and planning strategies. To test above mentioned ideas, the Joint-Use School typology of housing +school design has been identified for elementary school development in urbanizing areas in this thesis project. The development is based on the Arlington Public School’s Program guidelines (catering to 600 students). The site selected for this project is Clarendon West (part of Red Top Cab Properties) in Clarendon, Arlington County VA.

The Promise of Access: Hope and Inequality in the Information Economy

In 2013, a series of posters began appearing in Washington, DC’s Metro system. Each declared “The internet: Your future depends on it” next to a photo of a middle-aged black Washingtonian, and an advertisement for the municipal government’s digital training resources. This hopeful discourse is familiar but where exactly does it come from? And how are our public institutions reorganized to approach the problem of poverty as a problem of technology? The Clinton administration’s ‘digital divide’ policy program popularized this hopeful discourse about personal computing powering social mobility, positioned internet startups as the ‘right’ side of the divide, and charged institutions of social reproduction such as schools and libraries with closing the gap and upgrading themselves in the image of internet startups. After introducing the development regime that builds this idea into the urban landscape through what I call the ‘political economy of hope’, and tracing the origin of the digital divide frame, this dissertation draws on three years of comparative ethnographic fieldwork in startups, schools, and libraries to explore how this hope is reproduced in daily life, becoming the common sense that drives our understanding of and interaction with economic inequality and reproduces that inequality in turn. I show that the hope in personal computing to power social mobility becomes a method of securing legitimacy and resources for both white émigré technologists and institutions of social reproduction struggling to understand and manage the persistent poverty of the information economy. I track the movement of this common sense between institutions, showing how the political economy of hope transforms them as part of a larger development project. This dissertation models a new, relational direction for digital divide research that grounds the politics of economic inequality with an empirical focus on technologies of poverty management. It demands a conceptual shift that sees the digital divide not as a bug within the information economy, but a feature of it.

The Regulation of Competition and Innovation in the European Union and Spain: Opportunities for the Philippines and the ASEAN

The Philippines are currently facing a process of regional economic integration inside the ASEAN, in some way similar to the process undertaken by Spain and the European Union decades ago. Since January 2016, the ASEAN has become a Common Market, for whose effective achievement Competition and Innovation Law and Policies may play a crucial role. The scope of these pages is to overview the importance of the regulation in these issues and the promotion of competition within the member States throughout the process of regional economic integration. Then, we will consider the role that Competition and Intellectual Property Law and Policies have played in the construction of the European Union, and we will point out some current challenges that are still to be faced. Finally, we will offer some comparative conclusions considering the importance that these norms and policies will have in the construction of the ASEAN as an economic integrated area, and the way the ASEAN might follow the footsteps set by the European Union in its integration process.

Desarrollo de piezas de gran formato en la Ladrillera San Cristóbal y medición de sus impactos ambientales mediante la metodología de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida

En el presente trabajo se pretende evidenciar el proceso de desarrollo de una pieza de arcilla cocida de gran formato en las instalaciones de la planta de Itagüí de la Ladrillera San Cristóbal S.A. y posteriormente analizar, a través de la metodología del Análisis de ciclo de vida, los resultados de la medición de los impactos ambientales al construir un metro cuadrado de muro no estructural empleando dicha pieza -- Y compararlos, finalmente, con los efectos provocados por un ladrillo convencional de medidas nominales (10 cm x 20 cm x 40 cm), el cual se usa con mayor frecuencia en la mampostería no estructural en Antioquia -- El proceso de fabricación de una pieza de cerámica roja comprende las siguientes etapas: extracción minera, preparación de materias primas, moldeo, secado y cocción -- Para el desarrollo de la pieza cerámica se tomaron materias primas de varios de los títulos mineros de la empresa, haciendo siempre énfasis en aquellos que estuvieran más próximos al centro de producción -- Con ellas, se formuló una pasta cerámica que presentó el mejor comportamiento en cada una de las etapas críticas del proceso y condujo a lograr las mejores propiedades cerámicas y mecánicas de la pieza desarrollada -- Inicialmente, la pasta cerámica se acondicionó en los molinos del laboratorio, consecutivamente fue llevada a producción industrial una cantidad de 30 toneladas que procedió con la realización de los lotes en diferentes oportunidades -- La conformación de la pieza se efectuó con un molde “boquilla” que fue planteado con el equipo de diseño de la empresa y el personal de mantenimiento que la fabricó -- Posteriormente, se proyectaron ensayos de secado a diferentes piezas, para lograr simular los valores obtenidos de la pasta cerámica desarrollada a escala de laboratorio -- De esta manera, se pudo secar la pieza en un periodo inferior a las 24 horas, el tiempo aproximado que requiere la línea de producción sin ser afectada en el proceso continuo que funciona los siete días de la semana -- En caso de tener que someter la pieza a secados más extensos, el proyecto se vería perjudicado en su viabilidad -- En el horno se emplearon dos curvas de cocción de las piezas secas, debido a que inicialmente la pasta cerámica desarrollada en el laboratorio fue sometida a temperaturas entre 900 y 1000 grados centígrados -- En este rango se lograron valores de absorción de agua inferiores al 16% y una buena estabilidad del material a la quema, lo cual condujo a una aceptación de los obtenidos en cuanto a resistencia a la compresión de las piezas se refiere -- El Análisis de ciclo de vida realizado para comparar los impactos ambientales de un ladrillo tradicional versus una pieza de gran formato utilizando las metodologías de análisis de los inventarios de ciclo de vida Ecoindicador99, CML2001 Y ReciPe reforzó la hipótesis de que la principal reducción de los impactos de un tipo de ladrillo a otro se encuentra asociada a la etapa de manufactura y uso del producto -- En esa medida, se evidenció que los consumos de materiales y energía de una pieza de gran formato son menores que los de un ladrillo tradicional a lo largo de todo el ciclo de vida

Estudo de reatores eletroquímicos para remoção de Cu2+ , Zn2+, Fenol e BTEX em água produzida

The production of water has become one of the most important wastes in the petroleum industry, specifically in the up stream segment. The treatment of this kind of effluents is complex and normally requires high costs. In this context, the electrochemical treatment emerges as an alternative methodology for treating the wastewaters. It employs electrochemical reactions to increase the capability and efficiency of the traditional chemical treatments for associated produced water. The use of electrochemical reactors can be effective with small changes in traditional treatments, generally not representing a significant additional surface area for new equipments (due to the high cost of square meter on offshore platforms) and also it can use almost the same equipments, in continuous or batch flow, without others high costs investments. Electrochemical treatment causes low environmental impact, because the process uses electrons as reagent and generates small amount of wastes. In this work, it was studied two types of electrochemical reactors: eletroflocculation and eletroflotation, with the aim of removing of Cu2+, Zn2+, phenol and BTEX mixture of produced water. In eletroflocculation, an electrical potential was applied to an aqueous solution containing NaCl. For this, it was used iron electrodes, which promote the dissolution of metal ions, generating Fe2+ and gases which, in appropriate pH, promote also clotting-flocculation reactions, removing Cu2+ and Zn2+. In eletroflotation, a carbon steel cathode and a DSA type anode (Ti/TiO2-RuO2-SnO2) were used in a NaCl solution. It was applied an electrical current, producing strong oxidant agents as Cl2 and HOCl, increasing the degradation rate of BTEX and phenol. Under different flow rates, the Zn2+ was removed by electrodeposition or by ZnOH formation, due the increasing of pH during the reaction. To better understand the electrochemical process, a statistical protocol factor (22) with central point was conducted to analyze the sensitivity of operating parameters on removing Zn2+ by eletroflotation, confirming that the current density affected the process negatively and the flow rate positively. For economical viability of these two electrochemical treatments, the energy consumption was calculated, taking in account the kWh given by ANEEL. The treatment cost obtained were quite attractive in comparison with the current treatments used in Rio Grande do Norte state. In addition, it could still be reduced for the case of using other alternative energy source such as solar, wind or gas generated directly from the Petrochemical Plant or offshore platforms

Eutrofização do reservatório Engenheiro Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves, no Rio Grande do Norte: implicações para o abastecimento público e para a piscicultura intensiva em tanques-rede

This study aimed to describe the spatial and temporal patterns of variation in trophic state and its relation with the structure and dynamics of planktonic community of a large reservoir located in semi-arid tropical region of Northeast Brazil. The reservoir Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves is the biggest reservoir of the Rio Grande do Norte State and is responsible for about 53% of all surface water accumulated in the State. The samples of water and plankton were taken monthly in 10 points distributed throughout the longitudinal axis of the reservoir and over a full hydrological cycle. The samples were collected to determine concentrations of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll a and suspended solids (fixed and volatile) and for determining the composition and abundance of phytoplanktonic and zooplanktonic species. During the study period, the reservoir was characterized as eutrophic and there was no trend of increasing the trophic state of the reservoir in the period of drought. The concentrations of total phosphorus and suspended fixed solids decreased towards the dam while the N:P ratios increased in the same direction due to the reduction in the phosphorus concentrations and relative constancy in the nitrogen concentrations. The N:P ratios observed were indicative of greater limitation by phosphorus than by nitrogen. However, as concentrations of both nutrients were high and the water transparency was very low, with secchi depth usually lower than one meter, it seems likely that the planktonic primary production of the reservoir is more limited by the availability of light than the availability of nutrients. High nutrient concentrations coupled with low availability of light may explain the continuing dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria such as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in the plankton of the reservoir.These cyanobacteria are potentially toxic and pose a serious environmental problem because it compromises the water quality for public supply, recreation and fishing when present in high densities as in this study. The mesozooplankton of the reservoir was dominated by the calanoid Notodiaptomus cearensis and the cladoceran Diaphanosoma spinulosum. In general, the structure of zooplankton community seems to be particularly influenced by the spatial variation of cyanobacteria. The results of the regression analyses show that both the chlorophyll a concentrations and the cyanobacteria biovolume were more strongly correlated with the nitrogen than with phosphorus and that the water transparency was more strongly correlated with algal biomass than with other sources of turbidity. The maximum load of phosphorus to attain the maximum permissible concentration of total P in the reservoir was estimated in 63.2 tonnes P/ year. The current external P load to the reservoir is estimated in 324 tonnes P / year and must be severely reduced to improve the water quality for water supply and allow the implementation of aquaculture projects that could contribute to the socio-economic development of the region

Pesky Pests of the Great Lakes State: Is Public Participation Influenced by Geographic Differences?

In Michigan, environmental issues, such as invasive species, are not geographically constrained, affecting citizens throughout the state. Regulations and management plans organized by scientists and officials are intended to address issues statewide, but these policies may not adequately tackle the threat from invasive species as it impacts different parts of the state at different times. Participation and contributions from citizens can offer insight into the impacts and changes non-native species have on the local ecosystem. However, chances to participate and contribute may be influenced by geographic location in the state. To understand if this was the case, this research studied publicly available documents and completed participant observations and semistructured interviews with participants, leaders, and officials included in invasive species management. Between the two study locations, Metro Detroit and the Western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, locational differences had some impact on opportunities to contribute to invasive species management. Population and the differences in the type of advertising used to alert citizens about events influenced access to participation opportunities. This research also revealed that this public policy issue lacks public involvement and contributions. Between the two locations, more involvement opportunities and organizations were present in Metro Detroit. However, it was the organizations themselves and their limited political involvement, and not geographic location, which had a greater impact on citizens' lack of participation in invasive species management.

Impedimentos en la aplicación efectiva de la Ley de Justicia y Paz en materia de DDR y justicia transicional. Estudio de caso: el surgimiento de las Bacrim en Antioquia (2006-2008)

El objetivo de este estudio de caso es demostrar en que medida la incapacidad del Estado influyó en el surgimiento de las Bacrim en el departamento de Antioquia. Para tal fin, se aborda la problemática desde una perspectiva tanto explicativa como analítica, dado que pretende examinar la relación causal entre el fenómeno armado en Antioquia y las causas que llevaron a su surgimiento mediante la aplicación de la Ley de Justicia y Paz, teniendo como punto de partida la incapacidad estatal en tres niveles: en infraestructura económica para el proceso de Desarme, Desmovilización y Reintegración con las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, en administración de justicia para el proceso de justicia transicional y para recuperar el monopolio legítimo de la violencia.

El rol de las redes de apoyo transnacional en la evolución del régimen de trata de personas en la región del mekong, 2004-2015

Con el fin de la unipolaridad no sólo se fortalecieron mecanismos de gobernanza global como los Regímenes Internacionales, sino también se fortalecieron actores no estatales. A pesar de la importancia que tomaron estos dos elementos aún no existe una teoría que explique exhaustivamente la relación que existe entre ellos. Es por lo anterior que, la investigación busca responder de qué manera el rol de las Redes de Apoyo Transnacional ha incidido en la evolución del régimen de tráfico de personas en la Región del Mekong. Asimismo tiene como objetivo comprender las relación entre el Régimen y las Redes de Apoyo Transnacional a través de la formulación de un caso de estudio basado en metodologías cualitativas, específicamente, en el análisis teórico-constructivista y el análisis de contenido de documentos producidos por actores estatales y no estatales.

El rol de los actores subnacionales en la construcción de la política exterior de Japón. Estudio de caso: La disputa territorial por las islas Senkaku/Diaoyu entre Japón y China (2001-2014)

El presente estudio de caso tiene como objetivo analizar la influencia de la gobernación de Tokio en la formulación de la política exterior de Japón durante la disputa territorial por las islas Senkaku/Diaoyu. Para ello, se identifican los puntos más relevantes de la política exterior de seguridad de Japón después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Se hace un énfasis en la política bilateral de seguridad sino-japonesa, con el fin de ubicar el conflicto territorial por las islas Senkaku/Diaoyu como un punto importante en la agenda internacional de seguridad de ambos países. Se estudia y analiza el concepto de paradiplomacia; articulado, a su vez, por los conceptos de identidad y rol en política exterior de la perspectiva teórica del Constructivismo de las Relaciones Internacionales, para así analizar la influencia de Tokio en el manejo de la política exterior de Japón en el marco del conflicto territorial por las islas Senkaku/Diaoyu.

Efeitos do relevo e da proximidade do mar na evapotranspiração de referência no Perímetro de Rega do Roxo

O conhecimento da evapotranspiração de referência (ET0) é essencial para um adequado planeamento da rega. O seu cálculo requer dados climáticos não raras vezes insuficientes em quantidade ou com cobertura inadequada nas áreas sob estudo. O sistema de informação geográfico SAGA disponibiliza um conjunto de algoritmos que foram usados no cálculo da ET0 (a partir da fórmula de Hargreaves aplicada a um modelo digital do terreno com células de 25x25 m), no Perímetro de Rega do Roxo (8250 ha), distribuído pelos concelhos de Aljustrel, Ferreira do Alentejo e Santiago do Cacém. As estações meteorológicas da Barragem do Roxo (a leste do perímetro) e de Alvalade do Sado (a oeste) foram usadas como referência. As diferenças entre as ET0 mensais obtidas no perí- metro atingiram apenas 3 mm numa parte considerável do ano, mas foram superiores a 6 mm em Dezembro, reflectindo,em qualquer caso, as pequenas variações da topografia e do relevo, influentes factores climáticos no Alentejo. A duplicação de valores de ET0 decorrente do uso de duas estações meteorológicas revelou a influência da proximidade do mar na distribuição da ET0. O “factor oásis” resultante das superfícies aquáticas presentes no perímetro de rega não foi considerado, pelo que os resultados obtidos deverão ser corrigidos através de alterações nos algoritmos que permitam tê-lo em conta.

Efeitos do relevo e da proximidade do mar na evapotranspiração de referência no Perímetro de Rega do Roxo,

O conhecimento da evapotranspiração de referência (ET0) é essencial para um adequado planeamento da rega. O seu cálculo requer dados climáticos não raras vezes insuficientes em quantidade ou com cobertura inadequada nas áreas sob estudo. O sistema de informação geográfico SAGA disponibiliza um conjunto de algoritmos que foram usados no cálculo da ET0 (a partir da fórmula de Hargreaves aplicada a um modelo digital do terreno com células de 25x25 m), no Perímetro de Rega do Roxo (8250 ha), distribuído pelos concelhos de Aljustrel, Ferreira do Alentejo e Santiago do Cacém. As estações meteorológicas da Barragem do Roxo (a leste do perímetro) e de Alvalade do Sado (a oeste) foram usadas como referência. As diferenças entre as ET0 mensais obtidas no perí- metro atingiram apenas 3 mm numa parte considerável do ano, mas foram superiores a 6 mm em Dezembro, reflectindo,em qualquer caso, as pequenas variações da topografia e do relevo, influentes factores climáticos no Alentejo. A duplicação de valores de ET0 decorrente do uso de duas estações meteorológicas revelou a influência da proximidade do mar na distribuição da ET0. O “factor oásis” resultante das superfícies aquáticas presentes no perímetro de rega não foi considerado, pelo que os resultados obtidos deverão ser corrigidos através de alterações nos algoritmos que permitam tê-lo em conta.