924 resultados para L1 norm


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Two Mg-doped GaN films with different doping concentrations were grown by a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition technique. Photoluminescence (PL) experiments were carried out to investigate the optical properties of these films. For highly Mg-doped GaN, the PL spectra at 10 K are composed of a blue luminescence (BL) band at 2.857 eV and two excitonic luminescence lines at 3.342 eV and 3.282 eV, in addition to a L2 phonon replica at 3.212 eV. The intensity of the L1 line decreases monotonously with an increase,in temperature. However, the intensity of the L2 line first slowly increases at first, and then decreases quickly with an increase in temperature. The two lines are attributed to bound excitonic emissions at extended defects. The BL band is most likely due to the transition from deep donor Mg-V-N complex to Mg shallow acceptor. From the temperature dependence of the luminescence peak intensity of the BL band, the activation energy of acceptor Mg was found to be 290 meV. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society.

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FePt nanoparticles with average size of 9 nm were synthesized using a diblock polymer micellar method combined with plasma treatment. To prevent from oxidation under ambient conditions, immediately after plasma treatment, the FePt nanoparticle arrays were in situ transferred into the film-growth chamber where they were covered by an SiO2 overlayer. A nearly complete transformation of L1(0) FePt was achieved for samples annealed at temperatures above 700 A degrees C. The well control on the FePt stoichiometry and avoidance from surface oxidation largely enhanced the coercivity, and a value as high as 10 kOe was obtained in this study. An evaluation of magnetic interactions was made using the so-called isothermal remanence (IRM) and dc-demagnetization (DCD) remanence curves and Kelly-Henkel plots (Delta M measurement). The Delta M measurement reveals that the resultant FePt nanoparticles exhibit a rather weak interparticle dipolar coupling, and the absence of interparticle exchange interaction suggests no significant particle agglomeration occurred during the post-annealing. Additionally, a slight parallel magnetic anisotropy was also observed. The results indicate the micellar method has a high potential in preparing FePt nanoparticle arrays used for ultrahigh density recording media.

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稀疏矩阵向量乘(SpMV)采取压缩行存储格式的算法性能非常差,而寄存器分块算法可以使得数据尽量在靠近处理器的存储层次中访问而提高性能.利用RAM(h)模型进行分析和比较不同算法形式的存储访问复杂度,可以比较两种算法的优劣.通过RAM(h)分析SpMV两种实现形式的存储访问复杂度,同时在奔腾四平台上,测试了7个稀疏矩阵的SpMV性能,并统计了这两种算法中L1,L2,和TLB的缺失率,实验结果与模型分析的数据一致.

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提出了一种新的钟控密钥流生成器,由3个移位寄存器组成:两个被钟控的线性反馈移位寄存器A和B,一个提供钟控信息的非线性反馈移位寄存器C。设A、B和C的长度分别为l1、l2和l3。移位寄存器A和B的钟控信息由从移位寄存器C选取的两个比特串提供,移位的次数分别是两个比特串的汉明重量。研究了该生成器的周期、线性复杂度和k错线性复杂度,分析了这种密钥流生成器的安全性。

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基于有限水资源的农田补充灌溉,以寻求不产生深层渗漏的节水型地面畦灌灌水定额为目标,在陕西省杨陵区中壤土玉米地,开展了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌水均匀度影响的田间试验。通过水流推进、消退过程、土壤水分变化的测定,利用地面灌溉水流运动曲线拟合对畦灌条件下的最佳灌水技术要素组合进行了分析。结果表明:畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌水均匀度具有明显影响,对于试验田块,田面坡度为1.5‰时,入畦单宽流量控制在3~6L/(m.s)范围内,畦宽2~3m,畦长50m左右,可达到较高灌水效率(Ea>80%)和灌水均匀度(DU>80%),并能将灌水定额控制在设计范围之内,实现畦田的小定额灌溉。

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本论文依据主客体作用原理,从分子工程出发,主要利用各式杯芳烃主体与不同客体分子和金属离子进行组装,研究这类超分子的合成条件及规律,探讨主客体之间的相互影响及其自组装原理。 在第二章中,首先研究了银氨离子可诱导杯[4]芳烃(L1)形成超分子胶囊,接下来的工作中,我们对杯[4]芳烃进行修饰,合成了两种杯芳烃羧酸配体25, 26, 27, 28-tetrakis(carboxy methoxy)-calix[4]arene (L2) 和25, 26, 27, 28-tetrakis(carboxy methoxy)-p-t-butylcalix[4]arene (L3);并分别以六次甲基四胺和三苯基膦为中性配体,构筑了一个由胶囊构筑的三维网络结构和一个四核银的簇合物。 在第三章中,用六次甲基四胺作为中性配体与银离子和对磺酸杯[4]芳烃进行组装,得到了一个纳米孔材料,在该结构中,银与六次甲基四胺形成的配位多聚体作为模板,诱导对磺酸杯芳烃排列形成孔道。由于模板的作用,拉大了杯芳烃之间的距离。 在第四章中,用pnno (pyrazine-N,N’-dioxide)作为客体分子,在稀土离子存在的情况下与杯芳烃进行超分子组装。不同的实验方法分别得到了由超分子胶囊构筑的三维网络结构和A-B-A 的双层结构。稀土Nd与 5,11,17,23- tetrasulfonato- 25,26,27,28-tetra- ethoxycarbonylmethoxyl-calix[4]arene (L4)组装时,得到了一个由氢键连接的层状化合物。 在第五章中,在水溶液条件下,[M(bpdo)22H2O]2+ (M=Zn, Cu; bpdo=2, 2’- bipyridine-N, N’-dioxide )诱导对磺酸基杯[4]芳烃形成超分子胶囊;并且该胶囊通过电荷辅助的π•••π作用与[M(bpdo)3]2+组装成纳米孔材料,气体吸附的测试表明该纳米孔对甲醇有一定气体吸附能力。当用稀土离子代替金属离子时,形成了类似的超分子胶囊和孔状结构。结果表明稀土孔材料比过渡金属孔材料具有更好的热稳定性。进一步研究通过改变配体bpdo为tpdo (tpdo=terpyridine-1, 1’, 1’-trisoxide)得到了一个层状化合物。 在第六章中,将新型的有机配体与丙基焦杯芳烃或甲基间苯二酚杯芳烃进行自组装得到新奇的杯芳烃超分子结构。这些新型的有机配体含有N-O或C=O 官能团的有机分子4,4'-dipyridyl N, N'-dioxide (L5), tetra-2-pyridinyl-N, N', N", N"'-tetraoxide- pyrazine (L6) and 1, 10-phenanthroline-5, 6-dione (L7)。它们是具有特殊的氢键受体和空间构型的有机分子,由于氢键等弱相互作用在形成超分子结构中的重要作用,三种不同的有机配体与杯芳烃自组装得到了三种不同的杯芳烃超分子结构。

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Intervalley GAMMA - X deformation potential constants (IVDP's) have been calculated by first principle pseudopotential method for the III-V zincblende semiconductors AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs and InSb. As a prototype crystal we have also carried out calculations on Si. When comparing the calculated IVDP's of LA phonon for GaP, InP and InAs and LO phonon for AlAs, AlSb, GaAs, GaSb and InSb with a previous calculation by EPM in rigid approximation, good agreements are found. However, our ab initio pseudopotential results of LA phonon for AlAs, AlSb, GaAs, GaSb and InSb and LO phonon for GaP, InP and InAs are about one order of magnitude smaller than those obtained by EPM calculations, which indicate that the electron redistributions upon the phonon deformations may be important in affecting GAMMA - X intervalley shatterings for these phonon modes when the anions are being displaced. In our calculations the phonon modes of LA and LO at X point have been evaluated in frozen phonon approximation. We have obtained, at the same time, the LAX and LOX phonon frequencies for these materials from total energy calculations. The calculated phonon frequencies agree very well with experimental values for these semiconductors.

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Longitudinal zone boundary X phonon frequencies have been calculated by a first principles pseudopotential method for III-V zincblende semiconductors AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs and InSb. The phonon frequencies have been evaluated from total energy calculations in the frozen phonon approximation. The calculated phonon frequencies agree very well with the experimental values.

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We successfully applied the Green function theory in GW approximation to calculate the quasiparticle energies for semiconductors Si and GaAs. Ab initio pseudopotential method was adopted to generate basis wavefunctions and charge densities for calculating dielectric matrix elements and electron self-energies. To evaluate dynamical effects of screened interaction, GPP model was utilized to extend dieletric matrix elements from static results to finite frequencies. We give a full account of the theoretical background and the technical details for the first principle pseudopotential calculations of quasiparticle energies in semiconductors and insulators. Careful analyses are given for the effective and accurate evaluations of dielectric matrix elements and quasiparticle self-energies by using the symmetry properties of basis wavefunctions and eigenenergies. Good agreements between the calculated excitation energies and fundamental energy gaps and the experimental band structures were achieved.

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This paper presents a wide tuning range CMOS frequency synthesizer for a dual-band GPS receiver,which has been fabricated in a standard 0.18μm RF CMOS process. With a high Q on-chip inductor, the wide-band VCO shows a tuning range from 2 to 3.6GHz to cover 2.45 and 3.14GHz in case of process corner or temperature variation,with a current consumption varying accordingly from 0.8 to 0.4mA,from a 1.8V supply voltage. Measurement results show that the whole frequency synthesizer consumes very low power of 5.6mW working at L1 band with in-band phase noise less than - 82dBc/Hz and out-of-band phase noise about - ll2dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset from a 3. 142GHz carrier. The performance of the frequency synthesizer meets the requirements of GPS applications very well.

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在科学计算中,稀疏矩阵向量乘(SpMV, y=Ax)是一个十分重要的,且经常被大量调用的计算内核,广泛应用在科学计算、信息检索、气象、航天、油藏模拟、天体物理、数据挖掘等科学计算和实际应用中。在实际工程应用中,重复调用稀疏矩阵向量乘内核的次数常常会达到成千上万次。但在现代基于Cache存储层次的计算平台上,稀疏矩阵向量乘的性能很低。如果能够提高稀疏矩阵向量乘的运算速度,整个工程计算的运行效率将会得到很大的改善,计算时间也会大幅度的减少。因此优化稀疏矩阵向量乘的性能成为提高工程效率的关键,在实际应用中有着十分重要的意义。 SpMV的传统算法实现形式运行效率很低,主要原因是浮点计算操作和存储访问操作比率非常低,且稀疏矩阵非零元分布的不规则性使得存储访问模式非常复杂。寄存器分块算法和启发式选择分块算法,通过自适应选择性能最佳的分块大小,然后将稀疏矩阵分成小的稠密分块,所有的非零子块顺序计算,达到重用保存在寄存器中向量x元素的目的,减少存储访问次数和时间,从而提高这一重要内核的性能。我们在Pentium IV、Alpha EV6和AMD Athlon三个平台上,分别测试了十个矩阵下的两种不同算法形式(压缩行存储算法和寄存器分块算法)的性能,平均加速比分别达到1.69、1.90和 1.48。同时也测试了不同次数调用SpMV两种算法所用的时间,发现在实际的迭代算法应用过程中,若想采用启发式-寄存器分块算法达到性能提高的目的,一般情况下,迭代次数需要达到上百次才能有加速效果。 DRAM(h)模型是基于存储层次的并行计算模型,指出算法的复杂性包括计算复杂性和存储访问复杂性,具有近乎相同时间和空间复杂性的同一算法的不同实现形式,会有不同的存储访问复杂度,导致程序实际运行性能的差异;利用DRAM(h)模型进行分析并比较不同算法实现形式的存储访问复杂度,可以判断两种算法形式的优劣,从而为选取性能更高的实现形式提供指导。但利用DRAM(h)模型分析SpMV存储访问复杂度的工作以前没有人做过,并且SpMV的计算性能和存储访问行为跟具体的稀疏矩阵有关,只有到程序运行的时候才能知道。本文中,我们提出模板法和动态统计分析法两种分析SpMV存储访问复杂度的方法。在Pentium IV和Alpha EV6平台上,用RAM(h) 模型分析和计算了稀疏矩阵向量乘两种算法实现形式(即压缩行存储算法和寄存器分块算法)的存储访问复杂度,通过分析和计算在SpMV过程中需要访问的所有数据的存储访问复杂度,可知存储访问行为对整体程序的实际性能有直接影响。我们还在Pentium IV平台上,测试了七个稀疏矩阵的SpMV性能,并统计了两种算法中L1, L2,和TLB的缺失率,实验结果与模型分析的结果一致。

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雌激素是人体内重要的激素之一,具有广泛的生理功能。雌激素缺乏与许多疾病相关,如卵巢功能低下,更年期综合征以及骨质疏松等;雌激素过剩也将导致某些疾病,如乳腺癌、卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌等。目前,如何降低肿瘤组织中的雌激素水平而达到治疗肿瘤的目的,已经得到广泛的研究,但促雌激素生成或调节卵巢功能药物或其相关研究则很少。 本实验室前期的研究发现,瓦山安息香属植物果实中的乙醇提取物具有促雌激素生成作用,通过活性追踪和结构鉴定,确认促E2 生成的主要成分为苯并呋喃类化合物。苯并呋喃类化合物的作用与芳香酶有关,但其确切的作用机理有待证实和深入研究。 为了探讨安息香苯并呋喃类化合物的促雌激素合成的作用机理,拟采用如下的实验方案: 1、细胞学方面,对小鼠3T3-L1 前脂肪细胞、人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、MDA-MB-231 以及人卵巢癌细胞OVCAR-3、OVCAR-4、OVCAR-5、OVCAR-8、IGROV1 等细胞株,采用RT-PCR 和ELISA 方法研究芳香酶Aro基因的表达和雌二醇E2 的生成,芳香酶抑制剂Formestane 作为阳性对照,研究时效曲线和量效曲线,确定安息香苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 的有效浓度和作用时间。 2、RNAi 方面,设计合成了针对人芳香酶Aro基因的3 对RNAi 序列,转染入细胞,芳香酶促进剂Forskolin 和地塞米松、芳香酶抑制剂Formestane 作为阳性对照,采用实时定量PCR 技术,研究RNA 干扰后,安息香苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 对人芳香酶Aro基因表达水平瓦山安息香苯并呋喃促雌激素合成的机理研究的影响。 3、雌激素受体方面,设计一段ERE 的雌激素调控元件,构建重组荧光素酶报告基因载体,瞬时转染人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231,建立针对雌激素受体的报告基因筛选模型,观察安息香苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 对雌激素受体的选择性和亲和力,从受体水平考察安息香苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 促进雌激素生成的药理学机理。 实验结果显示: 1、分化后的小鼠3T3-L1 前脂肪细胞、人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7 、MDA-MB-231 以及人卵巢癌细胞OVCAR-3、OVCAR-4、OVCAR-8 等细胞株具有芳香酶基因的表达。睾酮向雌二醇的转化能够被芳香酶抑制剂Formestane 所阻断,其中OVCAR-3 最适合进行下一步的RNAi研究。 2、RNAi 实验结果显示,设计的3 对RNAi 序列中R2 的干扰效果最强,相应的阴性对照C2 与R2 的表达量相差118 倍(24 小时)和19 倍(48 小时),显示R2/C2 这组序列可用于进一步的RNAi 试验。以R2 干扰OVCAR-3 细胞株,药物作用24、48 小时后,芳香酶抑制剂Formestane 与R2 相对表达量相比分别为0.83 倍和0.04 倍;芳香酶促进剂Forskolin 与R2 相对表达量相比分别为3.61 和1.84 倍;芳香酶促进剂地塞米松与R2 相对表达量相比分别为5.76 倍和3.49倍;苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 与R2 相对表达量相比分别为8.13 倍和4.59 倍。实验证实安息香苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 能够促进因RNAi 而发生基因沉默的人芳香酶Aro表达水平的上调。 3、雌激素受体实验结果显示,构建成功重组pERE-pGL3-promoter 荧光素酶报告基因载体和基于报告基因系统的雌激素受体激动剂或拮抗剂的细胞筛选模型。实验结果表明安息香苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 与雌激素受体ERα和ERβ亲和力选择性之比约为3:1 ,SP25通过与雌激素受体ERα结合作用其受体,刺激芳香酶的表达。 本课题通过RNA 干扰、ELISA、荧光实时定量PCR、报告基因筛选模型等技术手段,从细胞水平、蛋白酶水平和基因表达水平、雌激素受体水平等方面系统地研究了从瓦山安息香属植物果实中提取的苯并呋喃SP25 促进促雌激素生成的机理研究。试验结果显示苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 促雌激素生成的主要作用机制是直接促进芳香酶基因表达水平,以及与雌激素受体a 结合,刺激芳香酶活性。 Estrogen is an important hormone that has versatile physiologicalfunctions. Lack of estrogen will lead to many diseases such as lower ovarianfunction, climacteric syndrome and osteoporosis. Excessive estrogen alsoinduces breast carcinoma, oophoroma and endometrial carcinoma and otherdiseases. To depress the estrogen level in tumor tissue to cure carcinomawas widely studied, but there is only few studies reported on the induction ofestrogen and on the regulation of ovary function. We found that the extracts from seeds of Styrax perkinsiae couldpromote the synthesis of estrogen. The active compounds benzofurans wereidentified. Effect of benzofurans may be related to aromatase, but the mechanism was not clear. To reveal the mechanism of these benzofurans to promote estrogensynthesis, the following protocols were adopted: 1 Cytology: 3T3-L1 preadipocytes,human ovary carcinoma celllines OVCAR-3,OVCAR-4,OVCAR-5,OVCAR-8,IGROV1 andbreast carcinoma cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were usedto determine Aro gene expression and estrogen production withRT-PCR AND ELISA methods. Formestane, an aromataseinhibitor, was used as positive control. And dose-curve,time-curve and the effective concentration of SP25 were also studied. 2 Designed 3 pairs of RNAi for human aromatase gene, andtransfected into cell. Aromatase inducer Forskolin andDexamethasone, and aromatase inhibitor Formestane were usedas positive controls. We studied the change of Aro expressionlevel with SP25 by using real-time PCR after RNA interfering. 3 Estrogen Receptor: We constructed the recombined Luciferasereport vector and establish a screening system for estrogenagonist and antagon. With this system, we studied the affinity ofSP25 and estrogen receptor. Results: 1 Differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes¡¢human ovary carcinomacell lines:OVCAR-3, OVCAR-4, OVCAR-8 and breast carcinomacell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 had detected aromatase geneexpression.And OVCAR-3 is more suitable for further aromatasegene function research. 2 In RNAi assay, R2 has a strong interfering effcet in OVCAR-3 cellline, and ratio of C2 (the negative control) to R2 were 118 times(24 hours) and 19 times (48 hours). This means sucessful inRNA interfering. After R2 acted on OVCAR-3 cell line, the ratiosof formestane to R2 were 0.83 and 0.04 times, 5.76 and 3.49times (Dex), 3.61 and 1.84 times (forskolin) and 8.13 and 4.59times (sp25) after drug treated 24 or 48 hours respectively.These results indicated that SP25 can directly induce aromatasegene up-regulation. 3 We had constructed pERE-pGL3-promoter recombined vectorand the Luciferase report gene screening system. Luciferasereport gene assay showed that sp25 had a higher affinity with strogen receptor alpha than estrogen receptor beta, this indicated that SP25 can act on estrogen receptor and induce aromatase. Our results revealed that the mechanisms of benzofuran to promoteestrogen were the upregulation aromatase gene expression and promotion ofaromatase activity and have partially elective affinity with estrogen receptoralpha.

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本实验工作是在中国原子能科学研究院的HI-13串列加速器国家实验室第二测量厅原子物理实验平台上完成。本工作采用能量为20-50MeV的高电荷态O5+离子去轰击Au, 测量了不同能量下Au的L1、Lα、Lβ、Lγ的X射线谱,计算了不同能量下各条X射线的产生截面,并与ECPSSR理论计算结果进行了比较。实验结果表明σ(Ll)/σ(Lα) 和σ(Lγ)/σ(Lα)与ECPSSR理论计算结果符合比较好,而对于σ(Lβ)/σ(Lα),在较低能区实验值略高于理论值。在中国科学院近代物理研究所320kV高电荷态离子实验研究平台上测量了Xeq+ (q=17-29)入射Al、Ti和Ni等表面诱发的可见光和红外光。通过对靶原子光谱线的研究,实验发现,随着入射离子的电荷态增高,原子和离子的各种光谱线可得到有效地激发。低速高电荷态离子入射金属固体表面,靶原子的特征谱线的激发强度,与入射离子的电荷态q密切相关。qc的实验测量值和理论计算值符合的较好

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1.黑麂和费氏麂卫星DNA的克隆、序列分析和染色体定位 麂属动物在很短的时间内经历了快速的物种辐射,并且种间染色体数目存在巨大差异,是研究动物核型进化和物种起源的理想模型。近二十年来的分子细胞遗传学研究已基本上证实染色体串联融合(端粒-着丝粒融合)是麂属动物核型演化的主要染色体重排方式。尽管染色体串联融合的分子机制仍不清楚,但研究提示着丝粒区域的卫星DNA可能介导染色体的非同源重组。因此,着丝粒卫星DNA的克隆、分析序列以及染色体定位研究不仅有助于阐明麂属染色体核型演化规律,还可能揭示染色体串联融合的分子机制。迄今为止,上述研究工作已经在赤麂、小麂和小麂台湾亚种开展过。但是,尚无有关黑麂、费氏麂和贡山麂卫星 DNA 克隆、序列分析以及染色体定位研究的报道。 在本研究中,我成功地克隆了黑麂的卫星DNA I、II和IV,分别命名为BMC5、BM700和BM1.1k,并且从费氏麂中克隆了卫星DNA II,命名为FM700。对这些卫星DNA克隆进行序列分析,并将这些克隆探针分别与黑麂、费氏麂、贡山麂和小麂的染色体杂交。研究结果表明: 1)黑麂的卫星DNA I(BMC5)与小麂卫星DNA I(C5)序列高度相似,并且在小麂、黑麂、费氏麂和贡山麂染色体上的大部分串联融合位点处均有分布,因此卫星DNA I可能代表着染色体发生串联融合后保存下来,来源于麂属动物祖先染色体着丝粒的一种卫星DNA。卫星DNA I在这四种麂属动物染色体上的分布也表明黑麂、费氏麂和贡山麂与赤麂的核型演化过程相似,很可能从一个2n = 70的共同祖先通过一系列的串联易位进化而来。 2) 将卫星DNA II(BM700和FM700)克隆探针分别杂交到黑麂和费氏麂的染色体上,只检测到几对间隔分布的信号。这提示在核型进化过程中不同卫星DNA间可能发生了广泛的重组,从而导致卫星DNA II大量丢失。大部分重组断裂位点可能位于卫星DNA I 与卫星DNA II之间,或者在卫星DNA II 区域内。 2.六带犰狳重复序列家族的克隆、序列分析和染色体定位 六带犰狳属于犰狳科、贫齿目,是六带犰狳属中唯一的一个代表物种。系统发育研究认为贫齿目与非洲兽总目是有胎盘哺乳动物中最原始的两个类群。C显带结果揭示六带犰狳30%的基因组是由组成性异染色质构成的,并且C带分布的位置也较复杂,提示在六带犰狳基因组中存在多种重复序列元件。 为了研究六带犰狳异染色质的组成,我从六带犰狳的基因组中克隆了七种位点特异性的重复序列。根据测序结果以及它们在染色体上的分布,将这些重复序列分为五个重复序列家族。其中AMD-EcoRI 837与AMD-BglII 811的序列相似,都是由大小约116 bp的单位组成,分布在大多数染色体的着丝粒区域,同时在一些染色体臂也有分布。AMD-EcoRI 832,AMD-EcoRI 836和AMD-EcoRI 934是特定染色体的重复序列,并且都分布于着丝粒区域。另外,AMD-BglII 634,AMD-EcoRI 731两个克隆都属于长散在分布重复序列(L1),倾向于分布在G带阳性、富含AT碱基的区域,并且这两种重复序列在染色体上的定位与C带阳性的非着丝粒的异染色质区域很相似。本研究提供了六带犰狳异染色质区域的部分基因组信息,并且这些重复序列家族也可以用于研究六带犰狳及其近缘物种的系统发育关系。

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Sphere NH4Y1.9Eu0.1F7 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method at 180 degrees C for 10 h. SEM and TEM images show the particles are spheres and have lots of hollows in them. The mean particle size is about 60 nm. The shape and size of the particles can be controlled by changing temperature and time of reactants. The luminescent property of the sample indicates that strong emission peaks of the Eu3+ ions are located at about 589 and 612 mm.