Abund��ncia e distribui����o sazonal de esp��cies aut��ctones de camar��es pene��deos no canal de abastecimento do sistema primar de aquicultura org��nica (Laguna de Guara��ras, Tibau do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil)

Guara��ras lagoon, located in Tibau do Sul in the eastern littoral of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil), presents a permanent connection to the sea, which guarantees the occurrence of a rich biodiversity, which includes the autochthonous shrimp species Litopenaeus schmitti, Farfantepenaeus subtilis and Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis. In spite of being subject to a strong human intervention in the last decade, mainly related to the installation of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farms, the lagoon is still scarcely studied. The present study aims at characterizing the populations of the three autochthonous penaeid shrimp species inhabiting Guara��ras, taking into consideration their abundance and seasonal distribution in the inflow channel of Primar System of Organic Aquaculture (Tibau do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). Twelve monthly samples were carried out from May 2005 to April 2006 with the aid of a circular cast net in the inflow channel, which is daily supplied with water from Guara��ras. Sampling months were grouped in trimesters according to the total pluviosity, thus comprising four trimesters. Water salinity was monitored twice a week and temperature values registered on a daily basis at noon, during the study period. The daily pluviosity data from the municipality of Tibau do Sul were supplied by Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu��ria do Rio Grande do Norte (EMPARN). Collected shrimp were identified, weighted, measured and sexed. L. schmitti specimens (0.2 g to 17.8 g) were distributed in 1.3 g weight classes intervals. From the eighth sampling month (December 2005) onwards, males were classified into three categories, in accordance with the development of their petasm: (a) rudimentary petasm, (b) partially formed petasm, and (c) completely formed petasm. Among the ecological variables, rainfall showed the greatest dispersion (s.d.=187.74Rainfall and abundance of L. schmitti were negatively correlated (r = -0.85) whereas its abundance and water salinity were positively correlated (r = 0.63). Among 1,144 collected individuals, 1,127 were L. schmitti, 13 were F. subtilis and 4 were F. brasiliensis, which corresponded to 98.51%, 1.14% and 0.35% of the total of collected individuals. L. schmitti occurred in 100 % of all samples. Differently, the presence of F. subtilis and F. brasiliensis was restricted to 33% and 17% of the collected samples, respectively. The present study confirmed the occurrence of L. schmitti, F. brasiliensis and F. subtilis in Guara��ras. However, this lagoon seems to be primarily inhabited by juvenile Litopenaeus schmitti. The population of L. schmitti analysed showed a seasonal pattern of distribution. In general, in the months of high salinity and absence of rain, the number of individuals was higher than in the wet months. Further studies on the reproductive biology and ecology of L. schmitti, F. brasiliensis and F. subtilis may elucidate questions referring to the abundance, period, and phase of occurrence of these shrimp genera in Guara��ras. Finally, the risks associated to the establishment of L. vannamei in the lagoon provide a novel outlet for studies in this biotope

Aspectos da biologia reprodutiva de Eretmochelys imbricata (testudines, cheloniidae) no litoral sul do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Female hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) nesting along the southeastcoastline of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil (6��13'40"S, 35��03'05"W) were captured and weighed during the four months from January to April 2007, in the course of the annual egglaying season, which extended from 06 rd November 2006 to 30 rd May 2007. In all, 99 weight measurements were performed. On first contact the females exhibited an average post-oviposition weight of 79.1 kg (range 56.2-98.9 kg, SD = 10.9 kg, n = 44 females). Those individuals which were subsequently recaptured showed a mean weight loss of 1.7 kg (range 0.7-4.5 kg, SD = 1.0 kg, n = 39 sets of measurements on 20 females) in the interval between two consecutive post-ovipositions, separated by a maximum time interval of 17 days. In the cases where the female aborted the nesting process, the pre-oviposition weight was measured. The clutch weight, that is to say, the weight loss between consecutive pre-oviposition and post-oviposition measurements (separated by a maximum time interval of 3 days), was found to be 5.2 kg (range 4.3-6.0 kg, SD = 0.9 kg, n = 6 sets of measurements). This value is significantly higher (t-test, p<0.001) than the loss between two consecutive post-oviposition measurements with the same female. The mean recovery in body weight, that is to say, the average gain in weight between successive post-oviposition and pre-oviposition captures of the same individual (separated by a time interval of 12 to 17 days), was found to be 3.0 kg (range 1.9-4.3 kg, SD = 1.0 kg, n = 4 sets of measurements) Although the small sample size makes it unwise to generalise, the recovery in body weight was found to be always significantly lower (t-test, p<0.005) than the clutch weight. This fact is in agreement with the observed weight loss tendency throughout the breeding season for this species. Considering the clutch weight and the internidal recovery in body weight we found that the total weight loss of the adult hawksbill females after three to five nesting events varied from 10.4% (range 8.7-11.9%, SD = 1.6%, n = 3) to 14.1% (range 11.8-15.4%, SD = 1.3%, n = 6) in relation to their initial pre-oviposition weight. If there were no body weight recovery during the internesting interval we estimate that a female that nests three to five times in the course of the season would lose from 19% to 31% of its initial weight. We emphasise that our clutch weight estimate was performed by weighing the females and not by multiplying the number of eggs in the nest by their average unit weight. In this way, our measurements take into account the loss of liquid during the oviposition. Despite the unequivocal evidence of body weight recovery during the internidal interval, it is not clear if the cause of this process is rehydration or feeding

Estimativa populacional e uso do h��bitat do boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) no litoral sul do Rio Grande do Norte

Four areas are known as of frequent usage by Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in the south coast of Rio Grande do Norte state, northeast Brazil: Tabatinga, Pipa, Lagoa de Guara��ras and Baia Formosa. This extension of 40 km of shoreline is under increasing anthropogenic impacts due to continuous development of the coastal areas and vessel traffic. The objective of this study was to investigate aspects of population biology and habitat use of the population of Sotalia guianensis in the south coast of Rio Grande do Norte. It was applied the photo-identification technique and posterior methods of capture-recapture for population estimation (POPAN extension in MARK). The distribution, movement and site fidelity of the dolphins were analyzed trough the geographic information system (GIS) and group characteristics and behavior trough non-parametric statistics. Field work was conducted on board a 10m motor vessel from March 2008 to March 2009. Photo-identification effort was 329h with 113h of direct observation of the dolphins. The population estimatives for each area: Tabatinga: 75 (63-92); Pipa 105 (88-129); Lagoa de Guara��ras: 27 (18-54) e Baia Formosa: 112 (89-129) individuals. Total population estimative was: 223 (192 a 297). High site fidelity was detected for only part of the population (<15%) as low site fidelity and transients individuals were also detected (>20%). It was observed frequent movements between Tabatinga, Lagoa de Guara��ras and Pipa, but not Ba��a Formosa. This suggests a division in two communities along this shore extension: one in Pipa and other in Ba��a Formosa. Group size was small, most groups with up to 10 dolphins. The areas were use intensively, only in Lagoa de Guara��ras dolphins were not seen in all field trips. Lagoa de Guara��ras is an area used by small groups exclusively for foraging. In Tabatinga and Pipa dolphins concentrated close to the shore, in the inner sector of the area and the main activity is also foraging. Significant larger groups were seen in socializing behavior but there was no difference in group size between the inner and external sectors of the area. The presence of calves and juveniles were significant greater in the inner areas of Tabatinga and Pipa, confirming the hypothesis that these beaches are also used for parental care. In Baia Formosa dolphins concentrated in the outer sector and foraging was also predominant. Significant larger groups were seen in the outer sector, mainly engaged in mixed behaviors of travel/foraging, possibly in some kind of group foraging. Calves and juveniles were significant more present in the outer sector where group size was also larger. In general there was no difference in area usage and period of the day. Sotalia guianensis has characteristics that make the species vulnerable to human activities such as small population concentrated in patches of suitable habitats restrict to coastal areas. We hope that this study bring new information for the species and help for the adequate management of the area in order to assure the presence of the dolphins as well as its behavior pattern and gene flow betweencommunities.

Estudo sobre or��amento de atividade do Boto Cinza (Sotalia guianensis) no litoral sul do Rio Grande do Norte

A fundamental analysis on Behavioral Ecology is the construction of Activities Budget, which can be defined as the quantification of the time that each animal uses in activities that are important for its survival and reproduction. Initially developed for theoretical studies about Optimal Foraging, the construction of Activities Budgets has recently being used for analyses in Conservation Biology. However, the measurement of behavior through an adequate methodology that allows the comparison between different samples is a challenge for researchers in the area of Ethology. This problem is even bigger for the students of cetaceans behavior due to the difficulty of visualization of these animals. The present work deals with two aspects of the specialized literature on cetaceans: i) it explores possible variations of results in quantification of behavioral states decurrent of the application of different methods of data collection, and ii) it describes the activity budget of a population of Sotalia guianensis that inhabits coastal waters, south Rio Grande do Norte. The results showed that the use different methods of data collection result in significant differences, but of small scale, in the quantification of the behavioral frequency. The activity budget of Sotalia in the area here analyzed was similar to that described for other populations of this species inhabiting typically estuarine habitats. Tide and day-hour did not influence the dolphin s behavior, however, significant differences were found related to the position of the animals within the area. These results are discussed considering the dietary and behavioral flexibility of the species, contributing to the scientific knowledge and offering information that will be useful in comparative studies and for analyses on the determination of areas for species conservation

Fenologia de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae) no Alto Rio Grande, sul de Minas Gerais

Phenological studies are important to understand the dynamics in forest ecosystems and also to enable adequate management of their native species. In the Cerrado regions of the high Rio Grande river (south of Minas Gerais State), Caryocar brasiliense species is found in highly distinct morphological forms with variable phenology. The aim of this study was to investigate phenological patterns within and between populations of both the tree and shrub forms of the individuals and to determine any correlation with abiotic factors. Thirty-five observations of the phenophases of the vegetative and reproductive stages were recorded ever), two weeks for 18 months. The activity index was analyzed for each stage and further analyzed to see if there were associations with the climate data by using Spearman linear correlation. The species was deciduous but leaf growth became retarded during the dry season, at which point leaf flushing stopped and total leaf fall occurred throughout the rainy season. The flowering and the fruit production occurred in the rainy season. The reproductive phase can be either annual or sub-annual. The activity index showed high synchronism within populations during the first flowering in all populations studied (> 80%). Flowering and mature fruits were highly synchronized according to Spearman correlations. Tree and shrub individuals of C. brasiliense had very similar times for their phenophases. The best period for collecting mature fruits in these regions is between February and March.

Aplica����o das t��cnicas de geoprocessamento na an��lise dos impactos ambientais e na determina����o da vulnerabilidade ambiental no litoral sul do Rio Grande do Norte

P��s-gradua����o em Geoci��ncias e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Abund��ncia e distribui����o sazonal de esp��cies aut��ctones de camar��es pene��deos no canal de abastecimento do sistema primar de aquicultura org��nica (Laguna de Guara��ras, Tibau do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil)

Guara��ras lagoon, located in Tibau do Sul in the eastern littoral of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil), presents a permanent connection to the sea, which guarantees the occurrence of a rich biodiversity, which includes the autochthonous shrimp species Litopenaeus schmitti, Farfantepenaeus subtilis and Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis. In spite of being subject to a strong human intervention in the last decade, mainly related to the installation of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farms, the lagoon is still scarcely studied. The present study aims at characterizing the populations of the three autochthonous penaeid shrimp species inhabiting Guara��ras, taking into consideration their abundance and seasonal distribution in the inflow channel of Primar System of Organic Aquaculture (Tibau do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). Twelve monthly samples were carried out from May 2005 to April 2006 with the aid of a circular cast net in the inflow channel, which is daily supplied with water from Guara��ras. Sampling months were grouped in trimesters according to the total pluviosity, thus comprising four trimesters. Water salinity was monitored twice a week and temperature values registered on a daily basis at noon, during the study period. The daily pluviosity data from the municipality of Tibau do Sul were supplied by Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu��ria do Rio Grande do Norte (EMPARN). Collected shrimp were identified, weighted, measured and sexed. L. schmitti specimens (0.2 g to 17.8 g) were distributed in 1.3 g weight classes intervals. From the eighth sampling month (December 2005) onwards, males were classified into three categories, in accordance with the development of their petasm: (a) rudimentary petasm, (b) partially formed petasm, and (c) completely formed petasm. Among the ecological variables, rainfall showed the greatest dispersion (s.d.=187.74Rainfall and abundance of L. schmitti were negatively correlated (r = -0.85) whereas its abundance and water salinity were positively correlated (r = 0.63). Among 1,144 collected individuals, 1,127 were L. schmitti, 13 were F. subtilis and 4 were F. brasiliensis, which corresponded to 98.51%, 1.14% and 0.35% of the total of collected individuals. L. schmitti occurred in 100 % of all samples. Differently, the presence of F. subtilis and F. brasiliensis was restricted to 33% and 17% of the collected samples, respectively. The present study confirmed the occurrence of L. schmitti, F. brasiliensis and F. subtilis in Guara��ras. However, this lagoon seems to be primarily inhabited by juvenile Litopenaeus schmitti. The population of L. schmitti analysed showed a seasonal pattern of distribution. In general, in the months of high salinity and absence of rain, the number of individuals was higher than in the wet months. Further studies on the reproductive biology and ecology of L. schmitti, F. brasiliensis and F. subtilis may elucidate questions referring to the abundance, period, and phase of occurrence of these shrimp genera in Guara��ras. Finally, the risks associated to the establishment of L. vannamei in the lagoon provide a novel outlet for studies in this biotope

Abund��ncia e distribui����o sazonal de esp��cies aut��ctones de camar��es pene��deos no canal de abastecimento do sistema primar de aquicultura org��nica (Laguna de Guara��ras, Tibau do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil)

Guara��ras lagoon, located in Tibau do Sul in the eastern littoral of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil), presents a permanent connection to the sea, which guarantees the occurrence of a rich biodiversity, which includes the autochthonous shrimp species Litopenaeus schmitti, Farfantepenaeus subtilis and Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis. In spite of being subject to a strong human intervention in the last decade, mainly related to the installation of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farms, the lagoon is still scarcely studied. The present study aims at characterizing the populations of the three autochthonous penaeid shrimp species inhabiting Guara��ras, taking into consideration their abundance and seasonal distribution in the inflow channel of Primar System of Organic Aquaculture (Tibau do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). Twelve monthly samples were carried out from May 2005 to April 2006 with the aid of a circular cast net in the inflow channel, which is daily supplied with water from Guara��ras. Sampling months were grouped in trimesters according to the total pluviosity, thus comprising four trimesters. Water salinity was monitored twice a week and temperature values registered on a daily basis at noon, during the study period. The daily pluviosity data from the municipality of Tibau do Sul were supplied by Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu��ria do Rio Grande do Norte (EMPARN). Collected shrimp were identified, weighted, measured and sexed. L. schmitti specimens (0.2 g to 17.8 g) were distributed in 1.3 g weight classes intervals. From the eighth sampling month (December 2005) onwards, males were classified into three categories, in accordance with the development of their petasm: (a) rudimentary petasm, (b) partially formed petasm, and (c) completely formed petasm. Among the ecological variables, rainfall showed the greatest dispersion (s.d.=187.74Rainfall and abundance of L. schmitti were negatively correlated (r = -0.85) whereas its abundance and water salinity were positively correlated (r = 0.63). Among 1,144 collected individuals, 1,127 were L. schmitti, 13 were F. subtilis and 4 were F. brasiliensis, which corresponded to 98.51%, 1.14% and 0.35% of the total of collected individuals. L. schmitti occurred in 100 % of all samples. Differently, the presence of F. subtilis and F. brasiliensis was restricted to 33% and 17% of the collected samples, respectively. The present study confirmed the occurrence of L. schmitti, F. brasiliensis and F. subtilis in Guara��ras. However, this lagoon seems to be primarily inhabited by juvenile Litopenaeus schmitti. The population of L. schmitti analysed showed a seasonal pattern of distribution. In general, in the months of high salinity and absence of rain, the number of individuals was higher than in the wet months. Further studies on the reproductive biology and ecology of L. schmitti, F. brasiliensis and F. subtilis may elucidate questions referring to the abundance, period, and phase of occurrence of these shrimp genera in Guara��ras. Finally, the risks associated to the establishment of L. vannamei in the lagoon provide a novel outlet for studies in this biotope

Aspectos da biologia reprodutiva de Eretmochelys imbricata (testudines, cheloniidae) no litoral sul do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Female hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) nesting along the southeastcoastline of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil (6��13'40"S, 35��03'05"W) were captured and weighed during the four months from January to April 2007, in the course of the annual egglaying season, which extended from 06 rd November 2006 to 30 rd May 2007. In all, 99 weight measurements were performed. On first contact the females exhibited an average post-oviposition weight of 79.1 kg (range 56.2-98.9 kg, SD = 10.9 kg, n = 44 females). Those individuals which were subsequently recaptured showed a mean weight loss of 1.7 kg (range 0.7-4.5 kg, SD = 1.0 kg, n = 39 sets of measurements on 20 females) in the interval between two consecutive post-ovipositions, separated by a maximum time interval of 17 days. In the cases where the female aborted the nesting process, the pre-oviposition weight was measured. The clutch weight, that is to say, the weight loss between consecutive pre-oviposition and post-oviposition measurements (separated by a maximum time interval of 3 days), was found to be 5.2 kg (range 4.3-6.0 kg, SD = 0.9 kg, n = 6 sets of measurements). This value is significantly higher (t-test, p<0.001) than the loss between two consecutive post-oviposition measurements with the same female. The mean recovery in body weight, that is to say, the average gain in weight between successive post-oviposition and pre-oviposition captures of the same individual (separated by a time interval of 12 to 17 days), was found to be 3.0 kg (range 1.9-4.3 kg, SD = 1.0 kg, n = 4 sets of measurements) Although the small sample size makes it unwise to generalise, the recovery in body weight was found to be always significantly lower (t-test, p<0.005) than the clutch weight. This fact is in agreement with the observed weight loss tendency throughout the breeding season for this species. Considering the clutch weight and the internidal recovery in body weight we found that the total weight loss of the adult hawksbill females after three to five nesting events varied from 10.4% (range 8.7-11.9%, SD = 1.6%, n = 3) to 14.1% (range 11.8-15.4%, SD = 1.3%, n = 6) in relation to their initial pre-oviposition weight. If there were no body weight recovery during the internesting interval we estimate that a female that nests three to five times in the course of the season would lose from 19% to 31% of its initial weight. We emphasise that our clutch weight estimate was performed by weighing the females and not by multiplying the number of eggs in the nest by their average unit weight. In this way, our measurements take into account the loss of liquid during the oviposition. Despite the unequivocal evidence of body weight recovery during the internidal interval, it is not clear if the cause of this process is rehydration or feeding

O ensino m��dio integrado no Instituto Federal de Educa����o, Ci��ncia e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense: perspectivas contra-hegem��nicas num campo em disputas

O presente trabalho tem como tema as disputas que ocorrem no interior de uma institui����o (IFSul) da Rede Federal de Educa����o Profissional, Cient��fica e Tecnol��gica a respeito da pertin��ncia e da concep����o dos cursos t��cnicos integrados. Para tanto, discute as transforma����es que ocorrem no mundo do trabalho e suas especificidades no Brasil, bem como as implica����es das novas rela����es de produ����o sobre as necessidades de forma����o humana. Aproxima as propostas de Gramsci para a escola unit��ria da realidade educacional brasileira e da proposta que se constr��i como travessia para uma educa����o integral ou omnilateral o ensino m��dio integrado , al��m de apontar os espa��os de contradi����o existentes na institui����o estudada e que permitem avan��os em dire����o �� politecnia ou educa����o tecnol��gica. Utilizou-se da ampla bibliografia j�� existente para as formula����es referentes ��s transforma����es no mundo do trabalho; �� situa����o social, pol��tica e econ��mica brasileira; ��s op����es ontol��gico-hist��ricas, filos��ficas e epistemol��gicas que constroem a proposta de ensino m��dio integrado. Para as an��lises das disputas no interior do instituto, utilizou-se de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e de um m��todo de an��lise inspirado na metodologia da an��lise textual discursiva. Foram entrevistados 20 professores/gestores de tr��s campi do IFSul, escolhidos por terem sido criados em diferentes momentos hist��ricos. Tais professores ocupam os cargos de respons��veis pelo ensino do campus ou de coordenadores de cursos t��cnicos integrados ou de ��reas do conhecimento do ensino m��dio. Foram escolhidos por catalizarem as opini��es de seus pares nos processos decis��rios que se referem �� oferta e ao curr��culo dos cursos. Na execu����o da an��lise, este trabalho utilizou-se das ferramentas do materialismo hist��rico e dial��tico. Partiu da an��lise mais geral das disputas de rumos, baseadas em projetos societ��rios diferenciados, no interior do IFSul. Ao mesmo tempo, procurou ambientar o leitor com a institui����o e o processo investigativo percorrido pelo autor. Em um segundo momento buscou aprofundar a an��lise, estudando as mudan��as que ocorrem no mundo a partir da crise que se inicia na d��cada de 1970 e que trouxe grandes transforma����es nos processos produtivos, al��m da financeiriza����o dos mercados. Seguindo este processo de ida ��s categorias mais abstratas que organizam o todo social, manifestou as dificuldades hist��ricas do modelo desenvolvimentista que se aplica no Brasil e apresentou as novas necessidades formativas na vis��o hegem��nica e na vis��o dos trabalhadores, ao propor reformas educacionais que apontem numa perspectiva revolucion��ria. Assim, voltando ao concreto pensado, aprofundou algumas discuss��es a respeito da concep����o de ensino m��dio integrado. Mesmo partindo do pressuposto de que a debilidade da formula����o burguesa para a educa����o que se articula com o trabalho dificulta a formula����o de um discurso contra-hegem��nico, por parte da classe trabalhadora, este trabalho verificou as potencialidades de rupturas existentes neste processo hist��rico que vivemos. A concep����o de politecnia se caracteriza como uma possibilidade de supera����o da polival��ncia perseguida pelo discurso educacional hegem��nico. Tal supera����o, tarefa nas m��os da classe trabalhadora, poder�� contribuir para a supera����o do capitalismo dependente brasileiro, resultado ins��lito das limita����es revolucion��rias de nossa burguesia

Determina����o de c��dmio e chumbo em peixes da esp��cie geophagus brasiliensis, no rio Para��ba do Sul, entre os munic��pios de Barra Mansa e Pinheiral

Sabendo que os peixes s��o bioacumuladores de contaminantes do ambiente aqu��tico e com isso representam riscos para seus consumidores, podendo ampliar tal poluentes para a cadeia tr��fica, este estudo tem por objetivo determinar os n��veis de c��dmio e chumbo presentes na esp��cie de peixe Acar�� (Geophagus brasiliensis), tradicional do consumo da popula����o ribeirinha, devido a grande quantidade de indiv��duos na regi��o industrial do Sul Fluminense, no rio Para��ba do Sul, do estado do Rio Janeiro, al��m de comparar as faixas de concentra����o destes elementos-tra��o com dados estabelecidos pela ANVISA, utilizando estes peixes como bioindicadores das regi��es estudadas. Os peixes foram capturados ao longo do rio Para��ba do Sul, nos munic��pios de Pinheiral, Barra Mansa e Volta Redonda. A identifica����o e quantifica����o dos metaisforam realizados, por um sistema de pr��-concentra����o, baseado na adsor����o de metais por uma resina quelante (chelex100) acoplada em linhacom um espectr��metro de absor����o at��mica com chama (FAAS). O m��todo de pr��-concentra����o permitiu a detec����o de c��dmio em n��veis maiores que ao limite de detec����o do FAAS e quando comparados com os valores estabelecidos pela ANVISA, indicou que o peixe estaria impr��prio para o consumo humano. Nas an��lises de pr��-concentra����o para chumbo, n��o houve sinal expressivo a ser comparado, apresentando somente sinais de ru��do do equipamento. O c��dmio e o chumbo foram escolhidos para an��lise uma vez que s��o regulamentados como contaminantes inorg��nicos pela ANVISA e n��o foi encontrado na literatura nenhum dado sobre esses metais em Geophagus brasiliensis

Population structure of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes) from rio Grande basin (Brazil), an area fragmented by dams

1. Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae, Characiformes) is a migratory species of great economic importance both in fisheries and aquaculture that is found throughout the Jacui, Paraiba do Sul, Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay river basins in South America. Earlier population studies of P. lineatus in the rio Grande basin (Parana basin) indicated the existence of a single population; however, the range of this species has been fragmented by the construction of several dams. Such dams modified the environmental conditions and could have constrained the reproductive migration of P. lineatus, possibly leading to changes in the population genetic structure. 2. In order to evaluate how genetic diversity is allocated in the rio Grande basin, 141 specimens of P. lineatus from eight collection sites were analysed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) with 15 restriction enzymes. 3. Forty-six haplotypes were detected, and 70% of them are restricted. The mean genetic variability indexes (h = 0.7721 and pi = 1.6%) were similar to those found in natural populations with a large effective size. Fst and Exact Test values indicated a lack of structuring among the samples, and the model of isolation by distance was tested and rejected. 4. The haplotype network indicated that this population of P. lineatus has been maintained as a single variable stock with some differences in the genetic composition (haplotypes) between samples. Indications of population expansion were detected, and this finding was supported by neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analyses. 5. The present study focused on regions between dams to serve as a parameter for further evaluations of genetic variability and the putative impact of dams and repopulation programmes in natural populations of P. lineatus. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Zoneamento da vegeta����o e sua rela����o com metais pesados na mina Volta Grande, Lavras do Sul, RS

O conhecimento da vegeta����o em regi��es de ocorr��ncias minerais de cobre e ouro torna-se de grande import��ncia para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias limpas na reabilita����o de ��reas degradadas pela minera����o (fitorremedia����o) e na bioprospec����o mineral no Estado. Buscou-se verificar a rela����o entre a organiza����o espacial e fitossociol��gica das unidades e subunidades de vegeta����o na mina Volta Grande, Lavras do Sul, RS e a presen��a de cobre nas mineraliza����es. Com base em Ecologia de Paisagem, realizou-se investiga����es fitossociol��gicas, avalia����o do conte��do de cobre em ra��zes e folhas de Axonopus affinis, Eugenia uniflora, Heterothalamus alienus, Saccharum angustifolium, Schizachyrium microstachyum e Schinus lentiscifolius e o zoneamento da vegeta����o com sobreposi����o ao mapa de estruturas mineralizadas conhecidas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, sugere-se que a distribui����o das unidades e subunidades de vegeta����o (unidade de vegeta����o Eugenia uniflora ��� Scutia buxifolia, com subunidades Eugenia uniflora ��� Cupania vernalis e Eugenia uniflora ��� Allophylus edulis; unidade de vegeta����o Schinus lentiscifolius ��� Heterothalamus alienus; unidade de vegeta����o Eryngium horridum ��� Saccharum angustifolium, com subunidade Eryngium horridum ��� Piptochaetium montevidense e unidade de vegeta����o Axonopus affinis ��� Paspalum pumilum) pode estar relacionada �� posi����o geomorfol��gica, �� declividade, �� umidade do solo e ao manejo para o uso do gado A unidade de vegeta����o Schinus lentiscifolius ��� Heterothalamus alienus parece estar relacionada ��s ocorr��ncias de mineraliza����es (fil��es) de cobre e ouro, sendo necess��ria uma compara����o com outras ��reas mineralizadas e n��o-mineralizadas no Estado para utilizar esse dado em prospec����o mineral. A esp��cie Axonopus affinis possui em suas ra��zes um conte��do de cobre muito maior do que o considerado normal em plantas, sendo indicada para estudos mais detalhados quanto a sua aplicabilidade na reabilita����o de ��reas degradadas pela minera����o no Rio Grande do Sul.

Difus��o s��cio-geogr��fica do portugu��s em contato com o italiano no sul do Brasil

A Regi��o Sul do Brasil, do ponto de vista da diversidade ling����stica, caracteriza-se, entre diversos outros aspectos, pelo contato do portugu��s com as l��nguas dos imigrantes europeus que colonizaram a regi��o desde o s��culo XIX. Monol��ng��es no in��cio, esses imigrantes tornaram-se bil��ng��es ao adquirir o portugu��s ao longo dos anos e, atualmente, a tend��ncia �� serem monol��ng��es em portugu��s. Em tal contexto, os italianos assumem posi����o de destaque, n��o s�� pelo n��mero de falantes, mas tamb��m pelas ��reas ocupadas e pela influ��ncia no contexto ling����stico, sociocultural e econ��mico. O portugu��s falado nas regi��es em que ocorre o contato com o italiano assumiu tra��os espec��ficos que refletem a constitui����o social e ��tnica dessas ��reas, distinguindo-se, assim, do portugu��s falado em outras regi��es e da variedadepadr��o subjacente. Considerando esse cen��rio, o objetivo deste estudo �� explicitar a din��mica de difus��o do portugu��s no espa��o pluridimensional de contato com o italiano, mais especificamente em oito pontos (munic��pios) do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina. A linha te��rica da pesquisa segue a perspectiva da dialetologia pluridimensional e relacional, a qual busca constituir uma ci��ncia da varia����o ling����stica que corrija as defici��ncias da geoling����stica tradicional e acrescente �� socioling����stica uma import��ncia maior ao valor do espa��o no debate sobre a varia����o: ���o conceito das interrela����es no espa��o���, segundo Harald Thun. Os dados foram coletados atrav��s de trinta e duas entrevistas, nos estilos conversa semidirigida, resposta a question��rio e leitura, nas quais foram controladas dimens��es sociais e geogr��ficas, visando a verificar a pron��ncia vari��vel do ditongo nasal t��nico [A)w)], do [r] forte, da vogal [a] seguida de consoante nasal, do al��amento das vogais ��tonas finais [e] e [o], da africa����o de [t] e [d] diante de [i], da realiza����o das fricativas [S] e [Z]. Os resultados, demonstrados atrav��s de tabelas estat��sticas e de mapas pluridimensionais, evidenciam que a difus��o dos tra��os associados ao portugu��s varia no modo e na intensidade. No plano diat��pico, ocorre difus��o mais intensa em Orleans (SC) e Caxias do Sul (RS), ao passo que a maior resist��ncia �� inova����o ling����stica foi detectada em Rodeio (SC) e Sananduva (RS). Na perspectiva diassocial, o uso de variantes sem interfer��ncia do italiano �� liderado, sucessivamente, pelos falantes urbanos, pelos mais jovens e mais escolarizados.