Sahan ohjausjärjestelmä myynti- ja toimitusketjun apuvälineenä sahan kannattavuuden kehittämisessä

Diplomityössä tarkasteltiin sahalaitokselle investoidun tuotannon ohjausjärjestelmän toimivuutta ja käytettävyyttä. Tutkimuksessa vertailtiin aikaisemmin suunnittelun apuna toimineita järjestelmiä uuteen ohjausjärjestelmään. Tavoitteena oli selvittää onko uuden järjestelmän sisäänajo onnistunut niin, että se tuottaisi oikeaa tietoa sahausprosessista. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin myös kuinka sahan uutta ohjausjärjestelmää voitaisiin hyödyntää yrityksen myynti- ja toimitusketjun kannalta parhaiten ja huomioiden erityisesti kannattavuuslaskennallinen näkökulma. Lisäksi pohdittiin integraatiomahdollisuuksia yrityksessä käytössä oleviin muihin suunnittelujärjestelmiin. Tutkimuksen taustalla on sahateollisuuden entisestäänkin kiristynyt tilanne ja toisaalta tarve tulevaisuuden suunnitelmallisuuden parantamiseen. Kilpailussa mukana pysyminen edellyttää sahausprosessista saatavan tietomäärän keräämistä, tallentamista ja ennen kaikkea tiedon parempaa hyväksikäyttöä. Tutkimuksen kohteena ollut sahalaitos vastasi tulevaisuuden tiukentuneisiin olosuhteisiin investoimalla uuteen ohjausjärjestelmään ja uskoi siitä saatavan hyödyn auttavan heitä parantamaan sekä yksittäisten tuotteiden että koko tuotevalikoiman kannattavuutta. Ohjausjärjestelmän toivottiin tuovan todenmukaisempaa ja monipuolisempaa tietoa yrityksen suunnittelutyölle. Sahalaitoksen kannattavuuden parempi seuraaminen ja tuotevalikoiman sekä suunnittelun parempi kohdentaminen helpottuu sähköisen ohjausjärjestelmän avulla huomattavasti. Ohjausjärjestelmän kautta kannattavuuden tunnusluvut saadaan nopeammin myynti- ja toimitusketjun tietoon, poikkeamiin pystytään puuttumaan ajoissa ja yleinen tietoisuus sahausprosessista paranee. Ohjausjärjestelmän avulla mahdollistetaan entistä joustavampi koesahaus ja reklamaatioeriin porautuminen onnistuu niin ikään vaivattomammin. Yksi hyödyllinen integraatiomahdollisuus olisi SAP:n ja uuden ohjausjärjestelmän yhdistäminen, jossa hinta- ja reklamaatiotieto saataisiin yhteneväksi. Kun ohjausjärjestelmä saadaan varmuudella tuottamaan oikeaa tietoa sahausprosessista, on siitä saatava hyöty myynti- ja toimitusketjulle todellinen. Kalliin raaka-aineen entistä tehokkaampi hyödyntäminen, tuotepaletin suunnittelu ja myynnin kohdentaminen kannattavimpiin tuotteisiin, ovat tärkeä osa niitä asioita joihin järjestelmä tuo helpotusta. Tulevaisuudessa ohjausjärjestelmän jatkokehitykseen tulisi kiinnittää erityistä huomiota, jotta voitaisiin taata asiakaslähtöisyys ja kannattava tuoterakenne osana menestyksekästä liiketoimintaa.

Integrating user experience into early phases of software development

The value and benefits of user experience (UX) are widely recognized in the modern world and UX is seen as an integral part of many fields. This dissertation integrates UX and understanding end users with the early phases of software development. The concept of UX is still unclear, as witnessed by more than twenty-five definitions and ongoing argument about its different aspects and attributes. This missing consensus forms a problem in creating a link between UX and software development: How to take the UX of end users into account when it is unclear for software developers what UX stands for the end users. Furthermore, currently known methods to estimate, evaluate and analyse UX during software development are biased in favor of the phases where something concrete and tangible already exists. It would be beneficial to further elaborate on UX in the beginning phases of software development. Theoretical knowledge from the fields of UX and software development is presented and linked with surveyed and analysed UX attribute information from end users and UX professionals. Composing the surveys around the identified 21 UX attributes is described and the results are analysed in conjunction with end user demographics. Finally the utilization of the gained results is explained with a proof of concept utility, the Wizard of UX, which demonstrates how UX can be integrated into early phases of software development. The process of designing, prototyping and testing this utility is an integral part of this dissertation. The analyses show statistically significant dependencies between appreciation towards UX attributes and surveyed end user demographics. In addition, tests conducted by software developers and industrial UX designer both indicate the benefits and necessity of the prototyped Wizard of UX utility. According to the conducted tests, this utility meets the requirements set for it: It provides a way for software developers to raise their know-how of UX and a possibility to consider the UX of end users with statistical user profiles during the early phases of software development. This dissertation produces new and relevant information for the UX and software development communities by demonstrating that it is possible to integrate UX as a part of the early phases of software development.

Kolme näkökulmaa julkisen suun terveydenhuollon toimintaan – Jyväskylän asukkaiden, päättäjien ja työntekijöiden odotukset, käsitykset ja kokemukset

Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin Jyväskylän asukkaiden, päättäjien ja suun terveydenhuollon työntekijöiden palveluodotuksia sekä niiden toteutumista Jyväskylän julkisessa suun terveydenhuollossa sekä verrattuna ympäristökuntiin. Toiseksi tutkittiin päättäjien ja suun terveydenhuollon työntekijöiden käsityksiä alan työmotivaatioon vaikuttavista tekijöistä Jyväskylässä ja ympäristökunnissa. Kolmas tutkimuskohde oli työhyvinvointi, jota selvitettiin Jyväskylässä ja seitsemässä muussa julkisessa suun terveydenhuollossa sekä Jyväskylän yksityishammaslääkäreiden vastaanotoilla. Tutkimuksen tiedot kerättiin postikyselynä, johon vastasi 1 151 asukasta, 125 päättäjää ja 388 suun terveydenhuollon työntekijää. Tulokset osoittivat, että Jyväskylän julkisen suun terveydenhuollon palvelujen järjestämisessä ei kuultu tarpeeksi kuntalaisia eikä alan ammattilaisia. Palvelut toteutuivat useammin päättäjien kuin asukkaiden ja työntekijöiden odotusten mukaisesti. Asukkaiden odotukset olivat lähempänä työntekijöiden kuin päättäjien odotuksia. Suurimmat erot olivat päättäjien ja alan ammattilaisten välillä. Jyväskylän päättäjät eivät tunteneet tarpeeksi julkisessa suun terveydenhuollossa tehtävän työn vaatimuksia eivätkä sen erityispiirteitä. Jyväskylän ja ympäristökuntien välillä asukkaiden, päättäjien ja alan ammattilaisten odotukset suun terveydenhuollon palveluista erosivat vain vähän. Sen sijaan palveluiden toteutumisessa erot olivat suuremmat. Palvelut toimivat monilta osin paremmin ympäristökunnissa kuin Jyväskylässä. Jyväskylän suun terveydenhuollon työelämän laadussa oli ongelmia ja ne olivat suuremmat kuin verrokkiterveyskeskuksissa ja Jyväskylän yksityishammaslääkäreiden vastaanotoilla. Hyvä fyysinen työympäristö sekä hyvä työajan hallinta olivat voimavaratekijöitä, jotka Jyväskylän suun terveydenhuollossa suojasivat työntekijöitä työn kuormittavuuden haitallisilta vaikutuksilta. Työelämän laadun parantaminen vaatisi erityisesti näiden voimavarojen vahvistamista. Päättäjien tulisi tiedostaa niiden vaikutus työntekijöiden työmotivaatioon ja resursoida julkista suun terveydenhuoltoa riittävästi siellä tehtävän työn vaatimuksiin nähden. Kaiken kaikkiaan suun terveydenhuollon merkitys kuntalaisten hyvinvoinnille ja elämänlaadulle pitäisi paremmin ottaa huomioon Jyväskylän julkisessa terveydenhuollossa resursseja jaettaessa sekä toimintatapoja ja palvelurakenteita uudistettaessa. Tuloksellisuus suun terveydenhuollossa edellyttäisi, että palveluja kehitettäisiin vastaamaan mahdollisimman hyvin sekä kuntalaisten että työelämän tarpeita resurssien antamissa rajoissa. Jyväskylässä tarvittaisiin asukkaiden, päättäjien ja suun terveydenhuollon työntekijöiden välillä jatkuvaa vuoropuhelua ja parempaa tiedon välittymistä. Monipuolisen tiedon perusteella päättäjät pystyisivät palveluja järjestäessään sovittamaan paremmin yhteen eri osapuolten tarpeet ja tavoitteet sekä ratkaisemaan intressiristiriitoja.

Evaluation of an indicator for water yield in a watershed of Alto Rio Grande Region, State of Minas Gerais , Brazil

The Brazilian Law stipulates that water is a limited natural resource doted of economic value, thus it is necessary to develop mechanisms for its adequate management. Actions that encourage the farmers to apply soil conservation practices with the purpose of increase water yield from springs and to promote improvement of its quality, reducing production of sediment transportation, is being encouraged by governments, even with financial compensation for owners. From these assertions, this study aims to quantify the benefits of the conservation actions of the management units and to characterize a Water Yield Indicator (WYI) to support sustainable actions in the watershed of Alto Rio Grande region, in the state of Minas Gerais (MG). To assess the impact of actions it were identified four scenarios of land use and occupation of the watershed from Marcela stream which is located in Alto Rio Grande Region. After analyzing the results, it can be stated that the scenarios simulation has demonstrated important changes in water yield and that the definition of the Water Yield Index from the junction of the erosion potential with the water storage potential, has proved effective, as it integrate quantity and quality of water.

Playing to Learn: Business Simulation Games as Leadership Learning Environments

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate if participation in business simulation gaming sessions can make different leadership styles visible and provide students with experiences beneficial for the development of leadership skills. Particularly, the focus is to describe the development of leadership styles when leading virtual teams in computer-­supported collaborative game settings and to identify the outcomes of using computer simulation games as leadership training tools. To answer to the objectives of the study, three empirical experiments were conducted to explore if participation in business simulation gaming sessions (Study I and II), which integrate face-­to-­face and virtual communication (Study III and IV), can make different leadership styles visible and provide students with experiences beneficial for the development of leadership skills. In the first experiment, a group of multicultural graduate business students (N=41) participated in gaming sessions with a computerized business simulation game (Study III). In the second experiment, a group of graduate students (N=9) participated in the training with a ‘real estate’ computer game (Study I and II). In the third experiment, a business simulation gaming session was organized for graduate students group (N=26) and the participants played the simulation game in virtual teams, which were organizationally and geographically dispersed but connected via technology (Study IV). Each team in all experiments had three to four students and students were between 22 and 25 years old. The business computer games used for the empirical experiments presented an enormous number of complex operations in which a team leader needed to make the final decisions involved in leading the team to win the game. These gaming environments were interactive;; participants interacted by solving the given tasks in the game. Thus, strategy and appropriate leadership were needed to be successful. The training was competition-­based and required implementation of leadership skills. The data of these studies consist of observations, participants’ reflective essays written after the gaming sessions, pre-­ and post-­tests questionnaires and participants’ answers to open-­ ended questions. Participants’ interactions and collaboration were observed when they played the computer games. The transcripts of notes from observations and students dialogs were coded in terms of transactional, transformational, heroic and post-­heroic leadership styles. For the data analysis of the transcribed notes from observations, content analysis and discourse analysis was implemented. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was also utilized in the study to measure transformational and transactional leadership styles;; in addition, quantitative (one-­way repeated measures ANOVA) and qualitative data analyses have been performed. The results of this study indicate that in the business simulation gaming environment, certain leadership characteristics emerged spontaneously. Experiences about leadership varied between the teams and were dependent on the role individual students had in their team. These four studies showed that simulation gaming environment has the potential to be used in higher education to exercise the leadership styles relevant in real-­world work contexts. Further, the study indicated that given debriefing sessions, the simulation game context has much potential to benefit learning. The participants who showed interest in leadership roles were given the opportunity of developing leadership skills in practice. The study also provides evidence of unpredictable situations that participants can experience and learn from during the gaming sessions. The study illustrates the complex nature of experiences from the gaming environments and the need for the team leader and role divisions during the gaming sessions. It could be concluded that the experience of simulation game training illustrated the complexity of real life situations and provided participants with the challenges of virtual leadership experiences and the difficulties of using leadership styles in practice. As a result, the study offers playing computer simulation games in small teams as one way to exercise leadership styles in practice.

Development of a measuring-control system for energy monitoring in low power

In this thesis a control system for an intelligent low voltage energy grid is presented, focusing on the control system created by using a multi-agent approach which makes it versatile and easy to expand according to the future needs. The control system is capable of forecasting the future energy consumption and decisions making on its own without human interaction when countering problems. The control system is a part of the St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University’s smart grid project that aims to create a smart grid for the university’s own use. The concept of the smart grid is interesting also for the consumers as it brings new possibilities to control own energy consumption and to save money. Smart grids makes it possible to monitor the energy consumption in real-time and to change own habits to save money. The intelligent grid also brings possibilities to integrate the renewable energy sources to the global or the local energy production much better than the current systems. Consumers can also sell their extra power to the global grid if they want.

Viron sähkömarkkinoiden vapautumisen hyödyntäminen ISS-konsernin liiketoiminnassa

Euroopan Unionin tavoitteena on vapauttaa ja yhdentää sähkömarkkinoita. Sähkömarkkinoiden vapautumisella ja yhdentymisellä EU:ssa taataan toimivat sisämarkkinat siirtovarmuudeltaan ja vähennetään energiariippuvuutta kolmansista maista. Sähkömarkkinoiden vapautuminen on toteutunut vaiheittain ja Virossa sähkömarkkinat ovat edelleen osittain säännöstellyt. EU:n lainsäädännön mukaan sähkömarkkinat tuli vapauttaa vuoteen 2007 mennessä, mutta Viro sai siirtymäkauden vuoteen 2013 saakka mm. rakenteellisten ongelmien vuoksi. Imatran Seudun Sähköllä on omistuksessa Virossa toimiva sähköyhtiö, Imatra Elekter AS. Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää Viron sähkömarkkinoiden toimintaa, markkinoiden vapautumisen vaikutuksia ja vapautumisen hyödyntämismahdollisuuksia Imatran Seudun Sähkön liiketoiminnassa. Viron sähkömarkkinat ovat hyvin erikoiset ja kilpailutilanne markkinoiden vapautumisen jälkeen on haastava. Markkinat ovat hyvin keskittyneet yhden osapuolen suuren markkinaosuuden vuoksi ja sähkön tuotanto perustuu lähes yksinomaan yhdellä polttoaineella keskitetysti tuotettuun energiaan. Huolimatta näistä seikoista markkinoilla on paljon myös mahdollisuuksia, joita tässä työssä selvitettiin. Työn tuloksena saatiin muodostettua liiketoimintastrategia energia- ja verkkoliiketoiminnalle. Lisäksi työssä pohdittiin energian tuotantomahdollisuuksia Virossa ja selvitystyö tuotti tulokseksi varteenotettavia energian tuotantomahdollisuuksia.

Integration in project business : mechanisms for integrating customers and the project network during the life-cycle of industrial projects

This thesis focuses on integration in project business, i.e. how projectbased companies organize their product and process structures when they deliver industrial solutions to their customers. The customers that invest in these solutions run their businesses in different geographical, political and economical environments, which should be acknowledged by the supplier when providing solutions comprising of larger and more complex scopes than previously supplied to these customers. This means that the suppliers are increasing their supply range by taking over some of the activities in the value chain that have traditionally been handled by the customer. In order to be able to provide the functioning solutions, including more engineering hours, technical equipment and a wider project network, a change is needed in the mindset in order to be able to carry out and take the required responsibility that these new approaches bring. For the supplier it is important to be able to integrate technical products, systems and services, but the supplier also needs to have the capabilities to integrate the cross-functional organizations and departments in the project network, the knowledge and information between and within these organizations and departments, along with inputs from the customer into the product and process structures during the lifecycle of the project under development. Hence, the main objective of this thesis is to explore the challenges of integration that industrial projects meet, and based on that, to suggest a concept of how to manage integration in project business by making use of integration mechanisms. Integration is considered the essential process for accomplishing an industrial project, whereas the accomplishment of the industrial project is considered to be the result of the integration. The thesis consists of an extended summary and four papers, that are based on three studies in which integration mechanisms for value creation in industrial project networks and the management of integration in project business have been explored. The research is based on an inductive approach where in particular the design, commissioning and operations functions of industrial projects have been studied, addressing entire project life-cycles. The studies have been conducted in the shipbuilding and power generation industries where the scopes of supply consist of stand-alone equipment, equipment and engineering, and turnkey solutions. These industrial solutions include demanding efforts in engineering and organization. Addressing the calls for more studies on the evolving value chains of integrated solutions, mechanisms for inter- and intra-organizational integration and subsequent value creation in project networks have been explored. The research results in thirteen integration mechanisms and a typology for integration is proposed. Managing integration consists of integrating the project network (the supplier and the sub-suppliers) and the customer (the customer’s business purpose, operations environment and the end-user) into the project by making use of integration mechanisms. The findings bring new insight into research on industrial project business by proposing integration of technology and engineering related elements with elements related to customer oriented business performance in contemporary project environments. Thirteen mechanisms for combining products and the processes needed to deliver projects are described and categorized according to the impact that they have on the management of knowledge and information. These mechanisms directly relate to the performance of the supplier, and consequently to the functioning of the solution that the project provides. This thesis offers ways to promote integration of knowledge and information during the lifecycle of industrial projects, enhancing the development towards innovative solutions in project business.

Dynamic Ownership in Family Business System – A Portfolio Business Approach

Family businesses are among the longest-lived most prevalent institutions in the world and they are an important source of economic development and growth. Ownership is a key to the business life of the firm and also one main key in family business definition. There is only a little portfolio entrepreneurship or portfolio business research within family business context. The absence of empirical evidence on the long-term relationship between family ownership and portfolio development presents an important gap in the family business literature. This study deals with the family business ownership changes and the development of portfolios in the family business and it is positioned in to the conversation of family business, growth, ownership, management and strategy. This study contributes and expands the existing body of theory on family business and ownership. From the theoretical point of view this study combines insights from the fields of portfolio entrepreneurship, ownership, and family business and integrate them. This crossfertilization produces interesting empirical and theoretical findings that can constitute a basis for solid contributions to the understanding of ownership dynamics and portfolio entrepreneurship in family firms. The research strategy chosen for this study represents longitudinal, qualitative, hermeneutic, and deductive approaches.The empirical part of study is using a case study approach with embedded design, that is, multiple levels of analysis within a single study. The study consists of two cases and it begins with a pilot case which will form a preunderstanding on the phenomenon. Pilot case develops the methodology approach to build in the main case and the main case will deepen the understanding of the phenomenon. This study develops and tests a research method of family business portfolio development focusing on investigating how ownership changes are influencing to the family business structures over time. This study reveals the linkages between dimensions of ownership and how they give rise to portfolio business development within the context of the family business. The empirical results of the study suggest that family business ownership is dynamic and owners are using ownership as a tool for creating business portfolios.

Tuotteen elinkaaren hallintajärjestelmän integraatioiden määrittely

Työssä esitetään millä tavoin integraatioita on mahdollista toteuttaa tuotteen elinkaaren hallintajärjestelmän (PLM) ja muiden yrityksien käytössä olevien järjestelmien kesken. Työssä keskitytään etenkin teollisuusyritysten tärkeimpien (ERP & CAD) järjestelmien integraatioiden selvittämiseen. Integraatiovaihtoehtojen lisäksi selvitetään, missä eri rooleissa järjestelmät voivat toimia PLM-järjestelmän kanssa. Työssä tuodaan esille kertyneitä kokemuksia PLM-toteutusprojektiin osallistumisesta Control Express Finland Oy:ssa kesällä 2013.

Integration of Electronic Commerce and Enterprise Systems

The necessity of EC (Electronic Commerce) and enterprise systems integration is perceived from the integrated nature of enterprise systems. The proven benefits of EC to provide competitive advantages to the organizations force enterprises to adopt and integrate EC with their enterprise systems. Integration is a complex task to facilitate seamless flow of information and data between different systems within and across enterprises. Different systems have different platforms, thus to integrate systems with different platforms and infrastructures, integration technologies, such as middleware, SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture), ESB (Enterprise Service Bus), JCA (J2EE Connector Architecture), and B2B (Business-to-Business) integration standards are required. Huge software vendors, such as Oracle, IBM, Microsoft, and SAP suggest various solutions to address EC and enterprise systems integration problems. There are limited numbers of literature about the integration of EC and enterprise systems in detail. Most of the studies in this area have focused on the factors which influence the adoption of EC by enterprise or other studies provide limited information about a specific platform or integration methodology in general. Therefore, this thesis is conducted to cover the technical details of EC and enterprise systems integration and covers both the adoption factors and integration solutions. In this study, many literature was reviewed and different solutions were investigated. Different enterprise integration approaches as well as most popular integration technologies were investigated. Moreover, various methodologies of integrating EC and enterprise systems were studied in detail and different solutions were examined. In this study, the influential factors to adopt EC in enterprises were studied based on previous literature and categorized to technical, social, managerial, financial, and human resource factors. Moreover, integration technologies were categorized based on three levels of integration, which are data, application, and process. In addition, different integration approaches were identified and categorized based on their communication and platform. Also, different EC integration solutions were investigated and categorized based on the identified integration approaches. By considering different aspects of integration, this study is a great asset to the architectures, developers, and system integrators in order to integrate and adopt EC with enterprise systems.

Modelling flexible asset management in industrial maintenance companies and networks

The tightening competition and increasing dynamism have created an emerging need for flexible asset management. This means that the changes of market demand should be responded to with adjustments in the amount of assets tied to the balance sheets of companies. On the other hand, industrial maintenance has recently experienced drastic changes, which have led to an increase in the number of maintenance networks (consisting of customer companies that buy maintenance services, as well as various supplier companies) and inter-organizational partnerships. However, the research on maintenance networks has not followed the changes in the industry. Instead, there is a growing need for new ways of collaboration between partnering companies to enhance the competitiveness of the whole maintenance network. In addition, it is more and more common for companies to pursue lean operations in their businesses. This thesis shows how flexible asset management can increase the profitability of maintenance companies and networks under dynamic operating conditions, and how the additional value can then be shared between the network partners. Firstly, I have conducted a systematic literature review to identify what kind of requirements for asset management models are set by the increasing dynamism. Then I have responded to these requirements by constructing an analytical model for flexible asset management, linking asset management to the profitability and financial state of a company. The thesis uses the model to show how flexible asset management can increase profitability in maintenance companies and networks, and how the created value can be shared in the networks to reach a win-win situation. The research indicates that the existing models for asset management are heterogeneous by nature due to the various definitions of ‘asset management’. I conclude that there is a need for practical asset management models which address assets comprehensively with an inter-organizational, strategic view. The comprehensive perspective, taking all kinds of asset types into account, is needed to integrate the research on asset management with the strategic management of companies and networks. I will show that maintenance companies can improve their profitability by increasing the flexibility of their assets. In maintenance networks, reorganizing the ownership of the assets among the different network partners can create additional value. Finally, I will introduce flexible asset management contracts for maintenance networks. These contracts address the value sharing related to reorganizing the ownership of assets according to the principles of win-win situations.

Importance of considering food waste in the development of sustainable food packaging systems

Meeting the needs of both present and future generations forms the foundation of sustainable development. Concern about food demand is increasing alongside the continuously growing population. In the pursuit of food security preventing food waste is one solution avoiding the negative environmental impacts that result from producing food unnecessarily. Packages offer one answer to preventing food waste, as they 1) preserve and protect food, 2) introduce the user to the correct way to handle and use the food and package and 3) allow the user to consume the food in its entirety. This thesis aims to enhance the sustainability of food packages by giving special emphasis to preventing food waste. The focus of this thesis is to assist the packaging designer in being able to take into account the requirements for the sustainability of food packages and to be able to integrate these requirements into the product development process. In addition, life cycle methods that can be used as a tool in the packaging design process or in assessing the sustainability of finished food-packaging combinations are evaluated. The methods of life cycle costing (LCC) and life cycle working environment (LCWE) are briefly discussed. The method of life cycle assessment (LCA) is examined more thoroughly through the lens of the literature review of food-package LCA case studies published in the 21st century in three relevant journals. Based on this review and on experiences learned from conducting LCAs, recommendations are given as to how the LCA practitioner should conduct a food packaging study to make most of the results. Two case studies are presented in this thesis. The first case study relates the results of a life cycle assessment conducted for three food items (cold cut (ham), sliced dark bread (rye) and Soygurt drink) and the alternative packaging options of each. Results of this study show that the packaging constitutes only 1–12 % of the total environmental impacts of the food-packaging combination. The greatest effect is derived from the food itself and the wasted food. Even just a small percentage of wasted food causes more environmental impacts than does the packaging. The second case study presents the results of LCC and LCWE analysis done for fruit and vegetable transport packages. In this thesis, the specific results of the study itself are not the focus, but rather the study methods and scope are analysed based on how these complement the sustainability assessment of food packages. This thesis presents reasons why prevention of food waste should be more thoroughly taken into account in food packaging design. In addition, the task of the packaging designer is facilitated by the requirements of sustainable food packaging, by the methods and step-by-step guidance on how to integrate sustainability issues into the design process, and by the recommendations on how to assess the sustainability of food packages. The intention of this thesis is to express the issues that are important in the field of the food packaging industry. Having recognised and implemented these issues, businesses can better manage the risks that could follow from neglecting these sustainability aspects.

Integration of Torrefaction with Steam Power Plant

Torrefaction is one of the pretreatment technologies to enhance the fuel characteristics of biomass. The efficient and continuous operation of a torrefaction reactor, in the commercial scale, demands a secure biomass supply, in addition to adequate source of heat. Biorefinery plants or biomass-fuelled steam power plants have the potential to integrate with the torrefaction reactor to exchange heat and mass, using available infrastructure and energy sources. The technical feasibility of this integration is examined in this study. A new model for the torrefaction process is introduced and verified by the available experimental data. The torrefaction model is then integrated in different steam power plants to simulate possible mass and energy exchange between the reactor and the plants. The performance of the integrated plant is investigated for different configurations and the results are compared.

Scalable algorithms for height field illumination

Global illumination algorithms are at the center of realistic image synthesis and account for non-trivial light transport and occlusion within scenes, such as indirect illumination, ambient occlusion, and environment lighting. Their computationally most difficult part is determining light source visibility at each visible scene point. Height fields, on the other hand, constitute an important special case of geometry and are mainly used to describe certain types of objects such as terrains and to map detailed geometry onto object surfaces. The geometry of an entire scene can also be approximated by treating the distance values of its camera projection as a screen-space height field. In order to shadow height fields from environment lights a horizon map is usually used to occlude incident light. We reduce the per-receiver time complexity of generating the horizon map on N N height fields from O(N) of the previous work to O(1) by using an algorithm that incrementally traverses the height field and reuses the information already gathered along the path of traversal. We also propose an accurate method to integrate the incident light within the limits given by the horizon map. Indirect illumination in height fields requires information about which other points are visible to each height field point. We present an algorithm to determine this intervisibility in a time complexity that matches the space complexity of the produced visibility information, which is in contrast to previous methods which scale in the height field size. As a result the amount of computation is reduced by two orders of magnitude in common use cases. Screen-space ambient obscurance methods approximate ambient obscurance from the depth bu er geometry and have been widely adopted by contemporary real-time applications. They work by sampling the screen-space geometry around each receiver point but have been previously limited to near- field effects because sampling a large radius quickly exceeds the render time budget. We present an algorithm that reduces the quadratic per-pixel complexity of previous methods to a linear complexity by line sweeping over the depth bu er and maintaining an internal representation of the processed geometry from which occluders can be efficiently queried. Another algorithm is presented to determine ambient obscurance from the entire depth bu er at each screen pixel. The algorithm scans the depth bu er in a quick pre-pass and locates important features in it, which are then used to evaluate the ambient obscurance integral accurately. We also propose an evaluation of the integral such that results within a few percent of the ray traced screen-space reference are obtained at real-time render times.