Arquitectura Metabolista "petite": las raíces francesas de las cápsulas móviles de Ekuan

This article explores the mobile small scale of Metabolism by defining its petite architecture, and recognizing its French roots. Kenji Ekuan was the first Metabolist to build petite capsules, hybrid objects of house, machine, and furniture. The experimental approach to form and materials in the mountain shelters designed by Charlotte Perriand, as well as their sensuality, make these capsules –designed for leisure use– characteristic representatives of petite architecture. Perriand was a paradigmatic transnational character linking France at the end of 1930’s with Japan at the end of 1950’s. Paralleling those earlier eras, the current global financial crisis demands once more that architecture turn its attention to industrial and technological development. Petite capsules, as affordable commodities with the implicit symbolic value of shelter, will make possible the independence of the contemporary nomad.

Entornos de ayuda a la vida independiente de personas mayores sobre servicios de redes de próxima generación

El progresivo envejecimiento de la población está produciendo una elevada demanda de servicios socio‐asistenciales por parte de las personas mayores para mantener su vida independiente y el consiguiente “envejecimiento activo”. La iniciativa Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) promueve el “envejecimiento activo” a través de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC) y es en ella donde se centrará el trabajo de esta tesis doctoral. Una característica fundamental de los servicios AAL es su adaptación y personalización a las características y preferencias del usuario y su contexto. Así, el paradigma “context awareness” presenta una gran relevancia en la provisión de servicios AAL y en el soporte a la vida independiente de las personas mayores. Concretamente, la utilización de ontologías permite crear modelos de usuarios y contexto que pueden ser utilizadas para los mecanismos de razonamiento incluidos en los servicios context‐aware. Por otra parte, los usuarios actualmente precisan acceder a un conjunto de servicios desde cualquier red de acceso y desde cualquier dispositivo. Las redes de próxima generación (Next Generation Networks‐NGN) lo hacen posible pues ofrecen una convergencia dispositivo‐red‐servicio. La tecnología IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) es una arquitectura que implementa el paradigma NGN y ofrece una serie de servicios de red genéricos llamados servicios habilitadores o enablers que pueden ser reutilizados en cualquier aplicación, soportando mecanismos de interoperabilidad entre aplicaciones y permitiendo un desarrollo robusto, rápido y sencillo. Además, los servicios enablers permiten mecanismos de gestión de la información de usuario para realizar una provisión adaptada del servicio en función de la información del estado del usuario. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral se centra en establecer un marco de convergencia entre estos dos campos diseñando y desarrollando un conjunto de servicios enablers soportados en una arquitectura IMS implementada para soportar la provisión de aplicaciones AAL bajo el paradigma context‐awareness y la triple convergencia reddispositivo‐ servicio cubriendo así las necesidades y requisitos de las personas mayores. Entre las aportaciones de la presente tesis se destaca la realización de un modelo de plataforma servicios AAL, denominado Residencia Virtual Asistiva, para su provisión en el domicilio de la persona mayor, así como la propuesta de implementación de sus servicios a través de servicios enablers. Por otra parte se define una ontología destinada a modelar servicios AAL así como sus usuarios (personas mayores) para lograr una provisión personalizada y adaptada de servicios AAL. Esta ontología se ha implementado a través del servicio de presencia de la arquitectura IMS para poder crear perfiles de usuario y así poder realizar dicha provisión personalizada. Además, se desarrolla una aplicación de teleconsulta, como ejemplo de servicio AAL, que utiliza una serie de servicios enablers desarrollados para ofrecer funcionalidades avanzadas a la aplicación. Bajo el paradigma contex‐awareness se ha desarrollado y evaluado técnicamente un servicio enabler para ofrecer soporte a la movilidad y a la independencia de las personas mayores con deterioro cognitivo que sufren episodios de desorientación espacial. ABSTRACT The progressive ageing of the population is making elderly people demand sociohealthcare services to maintain an independent living and therefore an “active ageing”. The initiative Ambient Assisted Living (AAL), on which the current PhD thesis is focused, promotes the “active ageing” by means of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Essential features of AAL services are the adaptation and personalization to the user’s characteristics and preferences as well as user’s context. Thus, the “context‐awareness” paradigm implies a great importance in the AAL service provision and the elderly independent living support. In particular, the usage of ontologies allows creating user and contexts models to be employed in the reasoning mechanism of context‐aware services. On the other hand, users currently require accessing to a set of services from anywhere and any device. Next‐Generation Networks (NGN) support this need by offering a service‐network‐device convergence. The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) technology is an architecture that implements the NGN paradigm and offers a generic network services know as service enabler which can be reused by any application supporting application interoperability mechanism as well as allowing a simple, fast and robust application development. Furthermore, the service enablers offer user’s information management procedures to achieve and adapt service provision considering the user’s status. The objective of this PhD thesis is focused on establishing a convergence framework between these two previous fields by designing and developing a group of service enablers that will be deployed in an IMS architecture. The enablers developed will support the AAL applications provision from the context‐awareness paradigm and service‐network‐device convergence in order to cover the elderly people’s requirements and needs. Among the contributions achieved in this PhD thesis, the definition of an AAL platform service model, named as “Assited Virtual Nursing Home”, for being deployed in the older adult home is emphasised. In addition, a proposal of service enablers to support the AAL service defined in the model is made. Otherwise, an ontology is defined to model AAL services as well as their users with the aim at achieve a personalized and adapted AAL service. This ontology has been implemented by means of the IMS service presence in order to create users profiles to be used in the personalized AAL services. As an example of AAL service, a teleconsulting application has been developed to employ a group of service enablers developed using a set of advanced functionalities. Considering the context‐paradigm, a service enabler has been developed and technologically evaluated to support the mobility and independence of elderly people with mild cognitive impairment who suffers spatial disorientation episodes.

Time domain passivity control for delayed teleoperation

La telepesencia combina diferentes modalidades sensoriales, incluyendo, entre otras, la visual y la del tacto, para producir una sensación de presencia remota en el operador. Un elemento clave en la implementación de sistemas de telepresencia para permitir una telemanipulación del entorno remoto es el retorno de fuerza. Durante una telemanipulación, la energía mecánica es transferida entre el operador humano y el entorno remoto. En general, la energía es una propiedad de los objetos físicos, fundamental en su mutual interacción. En esta interacción, la energía se puede transmitir entre los objetos, puede cambiar de forma pero no puede crearse ni destruirse. En esta tesis, se aplica este principio fundamental para derivar un nuevo método de control bilateral que permite el diseño de sistemas de teleoperación estables para cualquier arquitectura concebible. El razonamiento parte del hecho de que la energía mecánica insertada por el operador humano en el sistema debe transferirse hacia el entorno remoto y viceversa. Tal como se verá, el uso de la energía como variable de control permite un tratamiento más general del sistema que el control convencional basado en variables específicas del sistema. Mediante el concepto de Red de Potencia de Retardo Temporal (RPRT), el problema de definir los flujos de energía en un sistema de teleoperación es solucionado con independencia de la arquitectura de comunicación. Como se verá, los retardos temporales son la principal causa de generación de energía virtual. Este hecho se observa con retardos a partir de 1 milisegundo. Esta energía virtual es añadida al sistema de forma intrínseca y representa la causa principal de inestabilidad. Se demuestra que las RPRTs son transportadoras de la energía deseada intercambiada entre maestro y esclavo pero a la vez generadoras de energía virtual debido al retardo temporal. Una vez estas redes son identificadas, el método de Control de Pasividad en el Dominio Temporal para RPRTs se propone como mecanismo de control para asegurar la pasividad del sistema, y as__ la estabilidad. El método se basa en el simple hecho de que esta energía virtual debido al retardo debe transformarse en disipación. As__ el sistema se aproxima al sistema deseado, donde solo la energía insertada desde un extremo es transferida hacia el otro. El sistema resultante presenta dos cualidades: por un lado la estabilidad del sistema queda garantizada con independencia de la arquitectura del sistema y del canal de comunicación; por el otro, el rendimiento es maximizado en términos de fidelidad de transmisión energética. Los métodos propuestos se sustentan con sistemas experimentales con diferentes arquitecturas de control y retardos entre 2 y 900 ms. La tesis concluye con un experimento que incluye una comunicación espacial basada en el satélite geoestacionario ASTRA. ABSTRACT Telepresence combines different sensorial modalities, including vision and touch, to produce a feeling of being present in a remote location. The key element to successfully implement a telepresence system and thus to allow telemanipulation of a remote environment is force feedback. In a telemanipulation, mechanical energy must convey from the human operator to the manipulated object found in the remote environment. In general, energy is a property of all physical objects, fundamental to their mutual interactions in which the energy can be transferred among the objects and can change form but cannot be created or destroyed. In this thesis, we exploit this fundamental principle to derive a novel bilateral control mechanism that allows designing stable teleoperation systems with any conceivable communication architecture. The rationale starts from the fact that the mechanical energy injected by a human operator into the system must be conveyed to the remote environment and Vice Versa. As will be seen, setting energy as the control variable allows a more general treatment of the controlled system in contrast to the more conventional control of specific systems variables. Through the Time Delay Power Network (TDPN) concept, the issue of defining the energy flows involved in a teleoperation system is solved with independence of the communication architecture. In particular, communication time delays are found to be a source of virtual energy. This fact is observed with delays starting from 1 millisecond. Since this energy is added, the resulting teleoperation system can be non-passive and thus become unstable. The Time Delay Power Networks are found to be carriers of the desired exchanged energy but also generators of virtual energy due to the time delay. Once these networks are identified, the Time Domain Passivity Control approach for TDPNs is proposed as a control mechanism to ensure system passivity and therefore, system stability. The proposed method is based on the simple fact that this intrinsically added energy due to the communication must be transformed into dissipation. Then the system becomes closer to the ambitioned one, where only the energy injected from one end of the system is conveyed to the other one. The resulting system presents two benefits: On one hand, system stability is guaranteed through passivity independently from the chosen control architecture and communication channel; on the other, performance is maximized in terms of energy transfer faithfulness. The proposed methods are sustained with a set of experimental implementations using different control architectures and communication delays ranging from 2 to 900 milliseconds. An experiment that includes a communication Space link based on the geostationary satellite ASTRA concludes this thesis.

Definición e implementación de métricas objetivas para la evaluación funcional del miembro superior: aplicación a población con lesión medular cervical

En personas que padecen una Lesión Medular cervical, la función de los miembros superiores se ve afectada en mayor o menor medida, dependiendo fundamentalmente del nivel de la lesión y de la severidad de la misma. El déficit en la función del miembro superior hace que la autonomía e independencia de las personas se vea reducida en la ejecución de Actividades de la Vida Diaria. En el entorno clínico, la valoración de la función del miembro superior se realiza principalmente con escalas clínicas. Algunas de ellas valoran el nivel de dependencia o independencia en la ejecución de Actividades de la Vida Diaria, como, por ejemplo, el índice de Barthel y la escala FIM (Medida de la Independencia Funcional). Otras escalas, como Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function, miden la función del miembro superior valorando la destreza y la habilidad en la ejecución de determinadas tareas funcionales. Estas escalas son generales, es decir, se pueden aplicar a distintas poblaciones de sujetos y a la presencia de distintas patologías. Sin embargo, existen otras escalas desarrolladas específicamente para valorar una patología concreta, con el objetivo de hacer las evaluaciones funcionales más sensibles a cambios. Un ejemplo es la escala Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM), desarrollada para valorar Lesión Medular. Las escalas clínicas son instrumentos de medida estandarizados, válidos para su uso en el entorno clínico porque se han validado en muestras grandes de pacientes. No obstante, suelen poseer una elevada componente de subjetividad que depende principalmente de la persona que puntúa el test. Otro aspecto a tener en cuenta, es que la sensibilidad de las escalas es alta, fundamentalmente, a cambios groseros en el estado de salud o en la función del miembro superior, de forma que cambios sutiles en el sujeto pueden no ser detectados. Además, en ocasiones, poseen saturaciones en el sistema de puntuación, de forma que mejorías que se puedan producir por encima de un determinado umbral no son detectadas. En definitiva, estas limitaciones hacen que las escalas clínicas no sean suficientes, por sí mismas, para evaluar estrategias motoras del miembro superior durante la ejecución de movimientos funcionales, siendo necesaria la búsqueda de instrumentos de medida que aporten objetividad, complementen las valoraciones y, al mismo tiempo, intenten solventar las limitaciones que poseen las escalas. Los estudios biomecánicos son ejemplos de métodos objetivos, en los que diversas tecnologías se pueden utilizar para recoger información de los sujetos. Una concreción de estos estudios son los estudios cinemáticos. Mediante tecnología optoelectrónica, inercial o electromagnética, estos estudios proporcionan información objetiva acerca del movimiento realizado por los sujetos, durante la ejecución de tareas concretas. Estos sistemas de medida proporcionan grandes cantidades de datos que carecen de una interpretación inmediata. Estos datos necesariamente deben ser tratados y reducidos a un conjunto de variables que, a priori, posean una interpretación más sencilla para ser utilizados en la práctica clínica. Estas han sido las principales motivaciones de esta investigación. El objetivo principal fue proponer un conjunto de índices cinemáticos que, de forma objetiva, valoren la función del miembro superior; y validar los índices propuestos en poblaciones con Lesión Medular, para su uso como instrumentos de valoración en el entorno clínico. Esta tesis se enmarca dentro de un proyecto de investigación: HYPER (Hybrid Neuroprosthetic and Neurorobotic Devices for Functional Compensation and Rehabilitation of Motor Disorders, referencia CSD2009-00067 CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010). Dentro de este proyecto se lleva a cabo investigación en el desarrollo de modelos, para determinar los requisitos biomecánicos y los patrones de movimiento de los miembros superiores en sujetos sanos y personas con lesión medular. Además, se realiza investigación en la propuesta de nuevos instrumentos de evaluación funcional en el campo de la rehabilitación de los miembros superiores. ABSTRACT In people who have suffered a cervical Spinal Cord Injury, upper limbs function is affected to a greater or lesser extent, depending primarily on the level of the injury and the severity of it. The deficit in the upper limb function reduces the autonomy and independence of persons in the execution of Activities of Daily Living. In the clinical setting, assessment of upper limb function is mainly performed based on clinical scales. Some value the level of dependence or independence in performing activities of daily living, such as the Barthel Index and the FIM scale (Functional Independence Measure). Other scales, such as the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function, measure upper limb function in terms of the skill and ability to perform specific functional tasks. These scales are general, so can be applied to different populations of subjects and the presence of different pathologies. However, there are other scales developed for a specific injury, in order to make the functional assessments more sensitive to changes. An example is the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM), developed for people with Spinal Cord Injury. The clinical scales are standardized instruments measure, valid for use in the clinical setting because they have been validated in large patient samples. However, they usually have a high level of subjectivity which mainly depends on the person who scores the test. Another aspect to take into account is the high sensitivity of the scales mainly to gross changes in the health status or upper limb function, so that subtle changes in the subject may not be detected. Moreover, sometimes, have saturations in the scoring system, so that improvements which may occur above a certain threshold are not detected. For these reasons, clinical scales are not enough, by themselves, to assess motor strategies used during movements. So, it’s necessary to find measure instruments that provide objectivity, supplement the assessments and, at the same time, solving the limitations that scales have. Biomechanical studies are examples of objective methods, in which several technologies can be used to collect information from the subjects. One kind of these studies is the kinematic movement analysis. By means of optoelectronics, inertial and electromagnetic technology, these studies provide objective information about the movement performed by the subjects during the execution of specific tasks. These systems provide large quantities of data without easy and intuitive interpretation. These data must necessarily be treated and reduced to a set of variables that, a priori, having a simpler interpretation for their use in the clinical practice. These were the main motivations of this research. The main objective was to propose a set of kinematic indices, or metrics that, objectively, assess the upper limb function and validate the proposed rates in populations with Spinal Cord Injury, for use as assessment tools in the clinical setting. This dissertation is framed within a research project: HYPER (Neurorobotic Devices for Functional Compensation and Rehabilitation of Motor Disorders, grant CSD2009- 00067 CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010). Within this research project, research is conducted in relation to the biomechanical models development for determining the biomechanical requirements and movement patterns of the upper limb in healthy and people with Spinal Cord Injury. Moreover, research is conducted with respect to the proposed of new functional assessment instruments in the field of upper limb rehabilitation.

Changes in brain cell shape create residual extracellular space volume and explain tortuosity behavior during osmotic challenge

Diffusion of molecules in brain extracellular space is constrained by two macroscopic parameters, tortuosity factor λ and volume fraction α. Recent studies in brain slices show that when osmolarity is reduced, λ increases while α decreases. In contrast, with increased osmolarity, α increases, but λ attains a plateau. Using homogenization theory and a variety of lattice models, we found that the plateau behavior of λ can be explained if the shape of brain cells changes nonuniformly during the shrinking or swelling induced by osmotic challenge. The nonuniform cellular shrinkage creates residual extracellular space that temporarily traps diffusing molecules, thus impeding the macroscopic diffusion. The paper also discusses the definition of tortuosity and its independence of the measurement frame of reference.

A power law for cells

Darwin observed that multiple, lowly organized, rudimentary, or exaggerated structures show increased relative variability. However, the cellular basis for these laws has never been investigated. Some animals, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, are famous for having organs that possess the same number of cells in all individuals, a property known as eutely. But for most multicellular creatures, the extent of cell number variability is unknown. Here we estimate variability in organ cell number for a variety of animals, plants, slime moulds, and volvocine algae. We find that the mean and variance in cell number obey a power law with an exponent of 2, comparable to Taylor's law in ecological processes. Relative cell number variability, as measured by the coefficient of variation, differs widely across taxa and tissues, but is generally independent of mean cell number among homologous tissues of closely related species. We show that the power law for cell number variability can be explained by stochastic branching process models based on the properties of cell lineages. We also identify taxa in which the precision of developmental control appears to have evolved. We propose that the scale independence of relative cell number variability is maintained by natural selection.

O devido processo legal para o refúgio no Brasil

O processo para o refúgio é o conjunto de regras e princípios necessários à aplicação do Direito dos Refugiados aos casos concretos. Quando este conjunto respeita os padrões democráticos do Devido Processo Legal, as tendências históricas de exploração e manipulação política do instituto de refúgio podem ser limitadas e os objetivos humanitários deste ramo dos Direitos Humanos podem ser alcançados com maior transparência. Quando o Devido Processo Legal para o refúgio é respeitado, também se permite que a pessoa que figura como solicitante de refúgio seja tratada como sujeito de direitos - e não como objeto do processo. Uma vez que a Convenção de Genebra de 1951, sobre o Estatuto dos Refugiados, não estabeleceu normas de processo, cada país signatário necessita criar um regime próprio para processar os pedidos de determinação, extensão, perda e cessação da condição de refugiado em seus territórios. O primeiro regime processual brasileiro foi criado no ano de 1997, pela Lei Federal 9497. Desde então, o país vem desenvolvendo, através do Comitê Nacional para Refugiados (CONARE), regras infra legais e rotinas práticas que têm determinado um padrão processual ainda fragmentado e inseguro. O estudo do aparato normativo nacional e da realidade observada entre 2012 e 2014 revelam a existência de problemas (pontuais ou crônicos) sobre o cumprimento de diversos princípios processuais, tais como a Legalidade, a Impessoalidade e Independência da autoridade julgadora, o Contraditório, a Ampla Defesa, a Publicidade, a Fundamentação, a Igualdade e a Razoável Duração do Processo. Estes problemas impõem desafios variados ao Brasil, tanto em dimensão legislativa quanto estrutural. O enfrentamento destas questões precisa ocorrer com rapidez. O motivo da urgência, porém, não é a nova demanda de imigração observada no país, mas sim o fato de que as violações ao Devido Processo Legal, verificadas no processo para o refúgio brasileiro, representam, em si, violações de Direitos Humanos, que, ademais prejudicam o compromisso do país para com a proteção internacional dos refugiados.

Estudo da influência do relacionamento entre a égua e o potro no comportamento social e no temperamento de potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador

O trabalho teve como objetivo compreender o relacionamento entre a égua e o potro e a influência deste sobre o comportamento social e temperamento do potro, a partir do décimo primeiro dia de vida até após o processo de desmama do potro. Oito díades de éguas e potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador provenientes de um criatório situado na cidade de Amparo/SP foram avaliadas durante três etapas distintas. A primeira foi realizada para caracterizar o comportamento social do grupo de equinos e o relacionamento entre égua e potro durante os três períodos de desenvolvimento do potro (dependência, socialização e independência). Nessa etapa foram registradas: as interações agonísticas das éguas; episódios de mamada dos potros (tentativas e mamadas) e para o par égua e potro foram anotados os comportamentos afiliativos e a relação espacial. Ao final dessa etapa os potros foram classificados em dependentes e independentes e as éguas foram divididas de acordo com sua hierarquia. A segunda etapa constitui-se da avaliação das atividades e relação espacial dos potros durante o processo de desmama, para a caracterização do estresse dos potros. Na terceira etapa a relação social dos potros foi observada na ausência de suas mães, através do registro das interações e da relação espacial dos potros. Durante as três etapas foram aplicados quatro testes de avaliação dos aspectos do temperamento dos animais: teste de reatividade durante o manejo de escovação para a avaliação da reatividade ao manejo; teste de arena para avaliar a emotividade ao isolamento; teste de reatividade perante humano desconhecido e ativo para avaliar a reatividade ao humano; e teste da presença de estímulo sonoro desconhecido para avaliação da emotividade ao estímulo desconhecido. A hierarquia e a experiência da mãe interferiam no cuidado materno de aleitamento (P<0,05), entretanto, não influenciaram o cuidado de proteção (P>0,05). A frequência de permanência dos potros com sua mãe na distância de até 1 metro diminuiu ao longo dos períodos (P<0,05). As éguas não modificaram a frequência dos comportamentos afiliativos com seus potros ao longo dos períodos (P>0,05). As maiores frequências de comportamentos afiliativos dos potros com suas mães foram durante os períodos iniciais do desenvolvimento do potro (dependência e socialização, P<0,05). Potros dependentes apresentaram maior frequência e menor duração das mamadas quando comparado à frequência e duração dos potros independentes (P<0,05). A reatividade ao manejo e a emotividade ao isolamento dos potros foram maiores nos períodos da dependência, da socialização e durante a desmama (P<0,05). A reatividade ao humano e emotividade ao desconhecido apresentaram a tendência de diminuir ao longo dos períodos observados (P<0,05). Os potros dependentes apresentaram maior emotividade ao desconhecido e ao isolamento (P<0,05), além de maior estresse durante a desmama, quando comparado aos potros independentes. Todos os potros normalizaram suas atividades no decorrer do processo da desmama. Na ausência das mães os potros independentes foram os que iniciaram a maioria das interações entre os animais (P<0,05). O relacionamento entre a égua e o potro foi modificado devido às características maternas de hierarquia e experiência, além do nível de independência do potro e do seu temperamento.

Constitucionalismo principialista y constitucionalismo garantista

En este artículo, el autor presenta las diferencias más relevantes entre el neoconstitucionalismo y el constitucionalismo garantista. En primer lugar, afirma que el constitucionalismo puede ser concebido de dos formas opuestas: como una superación del positivismo jurídico en sentido tendencialmente iusnaturalista o como su expansión o perfeccionamiento, realizando para llevar a cabo esta labor una revisión terminológica. En segundo lugar, el autor considera que si las constituciones incorporan principios de justicia de carácter ético-político desaparece el principal rasgo distintivo del positivismo jurídico: la separación entre Derecho y moral o entre validez y justicia. A continuación, considera al constitucionalismo garantista como un iuspositivismo reforzado, completando al Estado de Derecho porque comporta el sometimiento al Derecho y al control de constitucionalidad. En cuarto lugar, el autor afirma que la tesis de que todo ordenamiento jurídico satisface objetivamente algún «mínimo ético» no es más que la vieja tesis iusnaturalista, que termina por convertirse en la actual versión del legalismo ético que es el constitucionalismo ético, en virtud del cual los principios constitucionales se pretenden objetivamente justos. En quinto lugar, el autor realiza una crítica a la contraposición entre principios y reglas, en los que se basa una concepción de la constitución y del constitucionalismo opuesta a la concepción positivista y garantista. En sexto lugar, el autor afirma que la idea de que los principios constitucionales son siempre objeto de ponderación y no de aplicación genera un peligro para la independencia de la jurisdicción y para su legitimación política. Finalmente, el autor considera que el constitucionalismo conlleva un debilitamiento y virtualmente un colapso de la normatividad de los principios constitucionales, así como una degradación de los derechos fundamentales establecidos en ellas a meras recomendaciones genéricas de carácter ético-político.

La reapertura de radiotelevisión valenciana. De la manipulación al servicio público

La próxima reapertura de la radiotelevisión valenciana, teniendo en cuenta el fracaso en la gestión de RTVV durante años, suscita interrogantes sobre cómo se está desarrollando el proceso de creación del nuevo ente público. Cuáles son las medidas que se están llevando a cabo para garantizar la independencia política de la nueva corporación y evitar los errores del pasado. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en comparar los mecanismos y herramientas con los que contaba RTVV y con los que se dotará al nuevo ente, ya que a priori marcarán la diferencia entre ambos. En este sentido, la investigación se fundamenta en el análisis de contenido de la legislación tanto de RTVV como de la futura Corporación Valenciana de Medios de Comunicación, teniendo como referencia el informe de expertos Bases per a la renovació de l’espai comunicatiu valencià i la restitució del servei públic de radiotelevisió. Finalmente, se ha podido concluir que algunas herramientas de autorregulación interna propuestas hoy, ya formaban parte de la antigua RTVV. Estos organismos no cumplieron su cometido debido a la politización de los mismos, que en definitiva fue la principal causa de su declive. No obstante, también existieron carencias en cuanto a regulación externa, y que en esta nueva etapa se están incluyendo para aumentar las garantías de independencia y cumplimiento deontológico profesional.

Ecuador, 1892 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carta geográfica del Ecuador, por Teodoro Wolf ; publicada por órden del supremo gobierno de la república y trabajada bajo las presidencias de los EE. señores D.J.M. Plácido Caamaño y D. Antonio Flores. It was published by Instituto geográfica de H. Wagner & E. Debes in 1892. Scale 1:445,000. Covers coastal Ecuador and portions of Colombia and Peru. Map in Spanish. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, railroads, roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by shading and spot heights. Includes also insets: La region oriental del Ecuador -- Archipiélago de Galápagos, and table of altitudes of cities, villages and other inhabited spots, and, a table administrative divisions and subdivisions of Ecuador. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Boston, Massachusetts and vicinity, showing Revolutionary War fortification sites, 1788 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Boston with its environs, [by] T. Conder, sculpt. The map was originally published in: William Gordon's The history of the rise, progress, and establishment, of the independence of the United States of America, 1788. Scale [ca. 1:53,360]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows Revolutionary War features such as positions of troops, redoubts, batteries, and forts, etc. It also shows features such as roads, drainage, selected public buildings and residences, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Espaço enquanto matéria da arte, espaço enquanto matéria do museu : (re)configurações da experiência site-specific

The central theme of this dissertation encompasses the importance of space, particularly the exhibition space, and how it has become part of the subject matter, as well as a medium in art. Some artistic practices of the 20th century, mainly in the 20s and 60s, both in Europe and the United States of America have provided the contextual foundation. The close relation between the architectural and exhibition spaces has become an intrinsic link to establish the existence of the three-dimensional work of art. The overarching importance of space in the contemporary artistic practice is visible through the creative and exhibition installation process, most notably in the artistic movements of Installation art and Site-specific. By carrying over the transformative contemporary art scene concepts to an institutional and museological context, paired with the inherent evolution of its practices, these have allowed for a convergence of the museological fields. With the intention of providing audiences a unique experience, curators and museologists have relied on site-specific practices. By inviting artists (typically featured in the current artistic scene) to develop projects specially thought for a specific museum space, this simultaneously allows for a dialogue between the work of art and the space. These temporary exhibitions have garnered the attention a more diverse audience. As a result sustainability and independence of the museums are a constant source of debate. The result of which has allowed for the broadening of the notions of how museums function and have integrated the audience as a main element of the strategies of the museum programming. The principles of the cultural marketing provide museums a clearer vision of the understanding of the different audience and their needs. Thus, the main goal of this study is to perceive the importance of the museum space in the relation to the artistic practice. While existing as a strategic resource of the museological program, insofar as having the ability to lure new audiences. It also matters to notice, if the fact of the artist working directly inside the museum, contribute to a narrowing of the artist/audience relationship, being the museum the mediation element

Reciprocal Prospective Associations Between Depressive Symptoms and Perceived Relationship With Parents in Early Adolescence

Objective: Adolescent depressive symptoms are associated with difficult family relationships. Family systems and interpersonal theories of depression suggest that this association could reflect a circular process in which symptoms and family functioning affect each other over time. Few longitudinal studies have tested this hypothesis, and the results of these studies have been equivocal. In this study, we examine reciprocal prospective associations in early adolescence between depressive symptoms and 2 important aspects of parent–child relationships: communication and conflict. Methods: Participants were 3862 students who annually filled out self-reports. Path analysis was used to examine prospective associations between depressive symptoms and perceived communication and conflict with parents from the age of 12 to 13 and 14 to 15 years. Independence of these associations was assessed by controlling for family context (parental separation and family socioeconomic status) and adolescent behaviour problems (delinquent behaviours and substance use). Sex differences were evaluated with multiple group analysis. Results: Reciprocal prospective associations were found between depressive symptoms and perceived conflict with parents, but not between depressive symptoms and communication with parents. Depressive symptoms were found to predict poorer communication with parents over time, but communication was not predictive of lower depressive symptoms in subsequent years. All paths were sex-invariant and independent from family context and behaviour problems. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of considering the potential impact of adolescent symptomatology on parent–child relationships and suggests that reciprocity may characterize the association between depressive symptoms and negative aspects of parent–child relationships. The role of adolescent perceptions in the interplay between depressive symptoms and family relationships remains to be clarified.

Germany's energy transformation: difficult beginnings. OSW Report, March 2013

Initiated in May 2011, several months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Germany’s energy transformation (Energiewende) has been presented as an irrevocable plan, and – due to the speed of change required – it represents a new quality in Germany’s energy strategy. Its main objectives include: nuclear energy being phased out by 2022, the development of renewable energy sources (OZE), the expansion of transmission networks, the construction of new conventional power plants and an improvement in energy efficiency.The cornerstone of the strategy is the development of renewable energy. Under Germany's amended renewable energy law, the proportion of renewable energy in electricity generation is supposed to increase steadily from the current level of around 20% to approximately 38% in 2020. In 2030, renewable energy is expected to account for 50% of electricity generation. This is expected to increase to 65% in 2040 and to as much as 80% in 2050. The impact of the Energiewende is not limited to the sphere of energy supplies. In the medium and long term, it will change not only to the way the German economy operates, but also the functioning of German society and the state. Facing difficulties with the expansion of transmission networks, the excessive cost of building wind farms, and problems with the stability of electricity supplies, especially during particularly cold winters, the federal government has so far tended to centralise power and limit the independence of the German federal states with regard to their respective energy policies, justifying this with the need for greater co-ordination. The Energiewende may also become the beginning of a "third industrial revolution", i.e. a transition to a green economy and a society based on sustainable development. This will require a new "social contract" that will redefine the relations between the state, society and the economy. Negotiating such a contract will be one of the greatest challenges for German policy in the coming years.