Species of thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera) in two strawberry production systems in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Species of thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera) in two strawberry production systems in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Thrips are tiny insects responsible for the reduction of strawberry fruit quality. The work aimed to record and quantify the thysanopterofauna present in two strawberry production systems, low tunnel and semi-hydroponic. Leaves, flowers and fruits were collected weekly, from July 2005 to December 2006 in Caxias do Sul and Bom Princípio municipalities, RS. A total of 664 individuals were collected, representing two families, four genus and 10 species: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895), F. schultzei (Trybom, 1910), F. rodeos Moulton, 1933, F. simplex (Priesner, 1924), F. williamsi (Hood, 1915), F. gemina (Bagnall, 1919), Frankliniella sp., Thrips tabaci (Lindeman, 1888), Thrips tabaci (Lindeman, 1888), Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande 1895) from Thripidae and Heterothrips sp. from Heterothripidae. Frankliniella occidentalis represented 89.7% of the samples with 95.8% of the species collected in flowers, 3.9% in fruits and 0.8% in leaves. The results show that flowers are the most important food resource for these insects on strawberry plants. Frankliniella rodeos, F. simplex, F. williamsi, C. fasciatus, and Heterothrips sp. are new records on strawberry for Brazil.

Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This study carried out an insect gall inventory in restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, in the municipality of Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sampling was carried out monthly from April 2010 to March 2011 along the full extension of seven beaches. A total number of 147 gall morphotypes associated with 70 plant species were found, distributed in 33 plant families, and at least 54 genera. Myrtaceae was the botanical family with the highest richness of gall morphotypes and host species, followed by Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapindaceae, and Malpighiaceae. Most of the gall morphotypes occurred in leaves (78 morphotypes), 38 in stems, 14 in flowers, eight in buds and fruits, and one in adventitious roots. The galling insects belong to the five orders: Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) was the most common galling taxon (78 morphotypes), represented by 87 species, being 78 gallers, seven inquilines and two predators. In addition to the gallers, parasitoids, inquilines, and predators were also found.

BINGO, January 2010

Fruits and veggies provide the unrivaled combination of great taste, nutrition and abundant variety. With all the great choices available, incorporating fruits and veggies into your day is easy! BINGO game produced by Iowa Department of Public Health.

BINGO, February 2010

Fruits and veggies provide the unrivaled combination of great taste, nutrition and abundant variety. With all the great choices available, incorporating fruits and veggies into your day is easy! BINGO game produced by Iowa Department of Public Health.

BINGO, March 2010

Fruits and veggies provide the unrivaled combination of great taste, nutrition and abundant variety. With all the great choices available, incorporating fruits and veggies into your day is easy! BINGO game produced by Iowa Department of Public Health.

BINGO, April 2010

Fruits and veggies provide the unrivaled combination of great taste, nutrition and abundant variety. With all the great choices available, incorporating fruits and veggies into your day is easy! BINGO game produced by Iowa Department of Public Health.

BINGO, May 2010

Fruits and veggies provide the unrivaled combination of great taste, nutrition and abundant variety. With all the great choices available, incorporating fruits and veggies into your day is easy! BINGO game produced by Iowa Department of Public Health.

BINGO, July 2010

Fruits and veggies provide the unrivaled combination of great taste, nutrition and abundant variety. With all the great choices available, incorporating fruits and veggies into your day is easy! BINGO game produced by Iowa Department of Public Health.

BINGO, August 2010

Fruits and veggies provide the unrivaled combination of great taste, nutrition and abundant variety. With all the great choices available, incorporating fruits and veggies into your day is easy! BINGO game produced by Iowa Department of Public Health.

BINGO, September 2010

Fruits and veggies provide the unrivaled combination of great taste, nutrition and abundant variety. With all the great choices available, incorporating fruits and veggies into your day is easy! BINGO game produced by Iowa Department of Public Health.

BINGO, October 2010

Fruits and veggies provide the unrivaled combination of great taste, nutrition and abundant variety. With all the great choices available, incorporating fruits and veggies into your day is easy! BINGO game produced by Iowa Department of Public Health.

BINGO, November 2010

Fruits and veggies provide the unrivaled combination of great taste, nutrition and abundant variety. With all the great choices available, incorporating fruits and veggies into your day is easy! BINGO game produced by Iowa Department of Public Health.

BINGO, December 2010

Fruits and veggies provide the unrivaled combination of great taste, nutrition and abundant variety. With all the great choices available, incorporating fruits and veggies into your day is easy! BINGO game produced by Iowa Department of Public Health.

ASSESSMENT OF BIOAVAILABILITY OF HEAVY METALS AFTER VERMICOMPOSTING IN THE PRESENCE OF ELECTRONIC WASTE

ABSTRACT Heavy metals contained in electronic waste, if discarded improperly, can become bioavailable after vermicomposting, posing a risk to the environment. Small-scale vermicomposting experiments were carried out with printed circuit boards (PCBs) to investigate the migration of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Sn) to the final compost, as well as the mobility and bioavailability of these metals. High total levels of Pb, Sn and Cu in samples of manure with electronic waste (MEW) and vegetables with electronic waste (VEW) were detected. Based on the initial metal levels in the PCBs and their concentration in the resulting compost, the order of migration of these metals to the MEW and VEW samples was Sn (23.1 %)>Pb (18.4 %)>Ni (4.63 %)>Zn (0.46 %)>Cu (0.14 %) and Sn (24.3 %)>Pb (23.6 %)>Ni (11.33 %)>Zn (1.76 %)>Cu (0.60 %), respectively. Mobility and bioavailability of these metals in the compost were evaluated by three-stage sequential extraction, where F1 was the exchangeable fraction, F2 the organic fraction and F3 the residual fraction. The bioavailability factor (BF) was calculated by the ratio of the sum of fractions F1 and F2 divided by the total sum of the fractions (F1 + F2 + F3). The highest bioavailability factor (BF = 0.92) was found for Pb, the heavy metal considered the greatest environmental concern in this study, indicating the high mobility and the possibility of becoming bioavailable of this metal.

Conservation of 'Pedro Sato' guavas under treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene

The search for techniques that extend shelf life of guava (Psidium guajava) fruits, and reduce its postharvest losses is desirable. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of concentrations of competitive ethylene antagonist 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on conservation of 'Pedro Sato' guava fruits. Treatments consisted of 0, 100, 300 or 900 nL L-1 of 1-MCP for 3 hours followed by storage at 25ºC, and 10ºC with 90±5% RH. The application of 900 nL L-1 1-MCP for 3 hours was efficient in delaying loss of skin color, and in keeping fruit firmness at both storage temperatures. The 300 nL L-1 of 1-MCP concentration was efficient in delaying skin color loss only when fruits were stored at 10ºC. The effect of 1-MCP was quite significant on the reduction of rot incidence at both storage temperatures. The respiratory rate was lower in fruits treated with 300 and 900 nL L-1 of 1-MCP during storage at 25ºC. The product was efficient in delaying the ripening of fruits, and the concentration of 900 nL L-1 showed the best effect.