Bassenthwaite Lake: a general assessment of environmental and biological features and their susceptibility to change

Bassenthwaite (Lake) is one of the larger Cumbrian lakes, certainly one of the most distinctive, and of considerable conservation and amenity value. Although its shores lack sizeable settlements, its main inflow receives sewage effluent from a major tourist centre (Keswick) and is subject to episodic floods. These influences, the growing development of leisure activities at the lake (e.g. sailing, time-share units), and recent road-construction, have led to past appraisals of ecological impacts and lake management. The lake has not been the subject of intense and long-term ecological study, but much scattered information exists that is relevant to future management decisions. In the present Report, commissioned by North West Water, such information - published and unpublished - is surveyed. Especial attention is given to evidence bearing on susceptibility to change, affecting the lake environment and its biota or species of conservation interest. Extensive use has been made of the results of a recent (1986-7) seasonal survey by the FBA.

A general assessment of environmental and biological features of Windermere and their susceptibility to change

Bassenthwaite (Lake) is one of the larger Cumbrian lakes, certainly one of the most distinctive, and of considerable conservation and amenity value. Although its shores lack sizeable settlements, its main inflow receives sewage effluent from a major tourist centre (Keswick) and is subject to episodic floods. These influences, the growing development of leisure activities at the lake (e.g. sailing, time-share units), and recent road-construction, have led to past appraisals of ecological impacts and lake management. The lake has not been the subject of intense and long-term ecological study, but much scattered information exists that is relevant to future management decisions. In the present Report, commissioned by North West Water, such information - published and unpublished - is surveyed. Especial attention is given to evidence bearing on susceptibility to change, affecting the lake environment and its biota or species of conservation interest. Extensive use has been made of the results of a recent (1986-7) seasonal survey by the FBA.

Use of macroinvertebrate communities to detect environmental stress in running waters

This paper presents an account of some current uses of RIVPACS (River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System), a software package developed by the Institute of Freshwater Ecology (UK). Background information is also given on the unique data-set on which the system is based. Before discussing RIVPACS, we consider the range of environmental stresses encountered in flowing-water systems and some of the ways in which stresses may affect macroinvertebrate communities. The wide application and relevance of the RIVPACS approach was recognised when it was chosen as the biological method for use throughout the UK in the 1990 River Quality Survey (RQS). In the concluding section we list some lessons learnt both from the 1990 survey and from our own testing exercise, and we outline current developments which will lead to a new version of RIVPACS for use in the 1995 RQS.

Microorganisms of the East African Great Lakes and their response to environmental changes

We have reviewed the phytoplankton composition and succession in the East African Great Lakes, their response to environmental changes, and the communities of microorganisms of the microbial food web. Recent studies in some great lakes, as well as progress in understanding phytoplankton succession and response to environmental factors, enable us to update knowledge of the phytoplankton ecology of these lakes. In particular, we present information indicating that phytoplankton composition in lakes Tanganyika and Kivu may reflect recent changes as a result of global warming or species introduction. We also stress the importance of microbes (at the base of the food web) in these systems and suggest that the microbial food web, which has been mostly overlooked until recently, may play a very large role in determining productivity and nutrient cycling in these large lakes.

Detection of cryptosporidium oocysts in water and environmental concentrates

Whilst current methods for the isolation and enumeration of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in water have provided some insight into their occurrence and significance, they are regarded as being inefficient, variable and time-consuming, with much of the interpretation being left to the expertise of the analyst. Two expectations of novel developments are to reduce the variability and subjectivity associated with the isolation and identification of oocysts. Flocculation, immunomagnetisable and flow cytometric techniques, for concentrating oocysts from water samples, should prove more reliable than current methods, whilst the development of more avid and specific monoclonal antibodies in conjunction with the use of nuclear fluorochromes will aid identification. Further insight into the viability, taxonomy, species identification, infectivity and virulence of the parasite should be forthcoming through the use of techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridisation and non-uniform alternating current electrical fields. Such information is necessary in order to enable microbiologists, epidemiologists, engineers, utility operators and regulators to assess the safety of a water supply, with respect to Cryptosporidium contamination, more effectively.

The potential of RIVPACS for predicting the effects of environmental change

RIVPACS has been used successfully for biological assessment of river water quality but its potential in forecasting the effects of environmental change has not been investigated. This study has shown that it is possible to simulate faunal changes in response to environmental disturbance, provided that the disturbance directly involves the environmental variables used in RIVPACS predictions. These variables relate to channel shape, discharge and substratum. Many impacts, particularly those associated with pollution, will not affect these variables and therefore RIVPACS cannot simulate the effects of pollution. RIVPACS was sensitive only to major changes in substratum. It was concluded that, because of the static nature of RIVPACS, it cannot respond to the dynamic effects and processes associated with environmental disturbance. Thus RIVPACS, while showing direction of change and indicating sensitive taxa, cannot be used to predict or forecast the effects of environmental impacts.

Blue frontiers: managing the environmental costs of aquaculture

The report begins with an overview of the current status of world aquaculture. It then goes on to describe an approach for estimating the current combined biophysical resource demands of aquaculture for producer countries and regions. Following a comparison of these results with those available for other animal food production sectors the report then examines the consequences of likely future trends in production on the environmental impacts of aquaculture. Finally, the policy implications of the report’s findings are discussed along with the research agenda that should be pursued to meet the challenge of sustainable food production.

Estudo estrutural e bioquímico da bexiga de ratos após tratamento com altas doses de corticosterona

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as alterações estruturais e bioquímicas na parede da bexiga resultante do tratamento crônico de ratos pré-púberes com altas doses de corticosterona. Foram estudados 26 ratos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos: T30 foi tratado com corticosterona até 29 dias de idade e morto no dia 30. T65 recebeu o mesmo tratamento, mas foi morto com 65 dias. Cada grupo tinha seu próprio controle (C30 e C65). Os animais foram tratados com injeções intraperitoneais diárias de corticosterona (2 mg/100g peso corporal) entre o 7 e 29 dias de vida. A bexigas foram removidas e processadas para inclusão em parafina. Foram estudados os seguintes elementos da parede vesical: Colágeno, músculo liso, fibras do sistema elástico, densidade vascular e do epitélio. Estes parâmetros foram analisados por métodos morfométricos, imunofluorescência e bioquímica. A densidade vascular na lâmina foi reduzida em 40% (p <0,05) no grupo T65. A organização do colágeno foi alterada em T30 e T65, apesar da concentração de colágeno total não ser alterada. O grupo T65 teve um aumento de fibras do sistema elástico. Não houve diferença na altura e na densidade de células epiteliais entre os grupos. Quanto à densidade de fibras musculares lisas, observamos um aumento de 19% (p <0,05) no grupo T65. A administração de corticosterona na fase pré-púbere provoca modificações estruturais na bexiga de ratos afetando de modo significativo o substrato morfológico sob qual repousa a fisiologia vesical. Foi observado também que estas modificações normalmente aparecem num tempo mais longo após o término do tratamento

Controle da Hanseníase: Detecção precoce através do exame de contatos e avaliação do tratamento dos pacientes submetidos a 12 doses de poliquimioterapia (PQT/OMS)

O diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento são imprescindíveis para o controle da hanseníase, pois visam eliminar o mais precocemente possível as fontes de transmissão. O principal critério de cura da doença é o tempo de tratamento, relacionado às doses fixas da poliquimioterapia. O tempo de tratamento dos pacientes multibacilares foi reduzido de 24 para 12 doses em até 18 meses em 1998. Os objetivos desta tese foram: avaliar a detecção de casos de hanseníase entre os contatos dos pacientes e avaliar fatores de risco associados à piora das incapacidades físicas nos pacientes após a alta do tratamento poliquimioterápico com as 12 doses mensais. Dois artigos foram elaborados. O primeiro artigo avaliou características dos pacientes com hanseníase e de seus contatos associadas ao risco de adoecimento entre os contatos. O segundo artigo avaliou fatores de risco relacionados à piora das incapacidades físicas dos pacientes com hanseníase multibacilar, submetidos ao tratamento com 12 doses fixas da poliquimioterapia. Os resultados mostraram que o risco para hanseníase, relacionado aos contatos foi o tipo de convivência com o caso índice. Entre os fatores dos casos índices, a carga bacilar foi o único associado ao adoecimento dos contatos. Além desses fatores, os contatos que apresentam relação de consangüinidade com o caso índice e os contatos dos pacientes com menor nível de escolaridade mostraram maior chance de se apresentarem doentes no momento do diagnóstico do caso índice. A cicatriz BGC e a vacina recebida após o diagnóstico do caso índice contribuíram independentemente como fatores de proteção. A neuropatia piorou em 40% dos pacientes durante o período de 10 anos após a alta do tratamento. Esta piora foi associada à presença de incapacidades físicas e ao número de lesões cutâneas no momento do diagnóstico assim como à presença de neurite durante o acompanhamento.

Understanding Density in an Uneven City, Santiago de Chile: Implications for Social and Environmental Sustainability

Efforts to promote infill development and to raise densities are growing in many cities around the world as a way to encourage urban sustainability. However, in cities polarized along socio-economic lines, the benefits of densification are not so evident. The aim of this paper is to discuss some of the contradictions of densification in Santiago de Chile, a city characterized by socio-spatial disparities. To that end, we first use regression analysis to explain differences in density rates within the city. The regression analysis shows that dwelling density depends on the distance from the city center, socioeconomic conditions, and the availability of urban attributes in the area. After understanding the density profile, we discuss the implications for travel and the distribution of social infrastructures and the environmental services provided by green areas. While, at the metropolitan scale, densification may favor a more sustainable travel pattern, it should be achieved by balancing density rates and addressing spatial differences in the provision of social services and environmental amenities. We believe a metropolitan approach is essential to correct these spatial imbalances and to promote a more sustainable and socially cohesive growth pattern.

Uso de ambientes virtuais para a simulação de acidentes radiológicos

Em um ambiente virtual, construído com o uso de tecnologia computacional, encontram-se presentes entidades virtuais inseridas em um espaço tridimensional, que é utilizado para a simulação de processos críticos, como os acidentes radiológicos. A pronta detecção de um acidente radiológico e a determinação da sua possível extensão são fatores essenciais para o planejamento de respostas imediatas e de ações de emergência. A integração das representações georeferenciadas do espaço tridimensional, com modelos baseados em agentes autônomos, com o objetivo de construir ambientes virtuais que tenham a capacidade de simular acidentes radiológicos é a proposta dessa tese. As representações georeferenciadas do espaço tridimensional candidatas são: i)as representações espaciais usadas nos sistemas de informações geográficas (SIG) e ii) a representação adotada pelo Google MapsTM. Com o uso deste ambiente pode-se: quantificar as doses recebidas pelas pessoas; ter uma distribuição espacial das pessoas contaminadas; estimar o número de indivíduos contaminados; estimar o impacto na rede de saúde; estimar impactos ambientais; gerar zonas de exclusão; construir cenários alternativos; treinar pessoal técnico para lidar com acidentes radiológicos.

Environmental friendly aquaculture key to sustainable fish farming development in Nigeria

Aquaculture production in Nigeria has increased tremendously in recent times; along with this increase is the rise in the level of waste outputs from aquaculture practices. The discharge of waste from aquaculture operations on continuous basis leads to eutrophication and destruction of natural ecosystem in receiving water body. Controlled wastes production strategies is necessary to maintain sustainable aquaculture growth into the future, as long-term sustainability of fish culture systems depends on their ability to reduce their waste outputs. The release of solid wastes is mainly a function of the digestibility of various dietary components while the release of dissolved wastes is mainly a function of the metabolism of nutrients by the fish. This paper critically reviews the impacts of aquaculture wastes on the environment and the strategies to mitigate the effect of these impacts. Future trends and research needs on aquaculture induced effluents are outlined. As the amount of nutrient discharge is typically site and operation specific, effective farm management has been identified as the most important factor to avoid effluent pollution.