O ensino e a surpresa: experimentos surpreendentes e suas possibilidades no ensino de Física

Some experiments in Physics teaching have an amazing effect among the students, that is, generally be characterized by counteracting the initial expectations of students. This characteristic may contribute to the emergence of learning situations extremely promising. However, the privilege, by the teacher, the description of certain results shortens the involvement that the student could establish on teaching situations favor a more careful observation that can be done. We discuss in this paper, the that surprise may be manifested in the student on an experimental demonstration and its ability to mobilize the interest and curiosity of this student. We intend to observe the pedagogic value that represents the amazing effect such in situations of teaching and learning, particularly for the Teaching of Physics, as well as the possibilities for educational approaches.Through an extensive analysis of several authors who address about experimental learning activities, Epistemology of Science and Education, we found some results that lead us to understand some of the possibilities that the surprise element can propose. We describe a demonstration activity that we consider amazingly from our point of view and that was realized in a regular classroom in a of Rio Claro Public High School in the year of 2011

O Paradigma iniciário e a refacção no ensino de produção textual

A prática da reescrita é um dos métodos mais eficazes para aprender a dar sentido aos textos produzidos, a escrever textos coesos e coerentes, a não cometer erros de gramática, a se familiarizar com a ortografia da língua e, consequentemente, cometer cada vez menos erros desse tipo. Além disso, a reescrita permite chegar a textos com argumentação bem construída, a sair de textos de senso comum, a deixar de lado a linguagem infantilizada, a escrever para um leitor que não apenas o professor e a se acostumar com as características próprias de cada tipo de texto. Foram realizadas análises de textos escritos por estudantes do 2º ano do Ensino Médio a partir dos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos referentes ao paradigma indiciário, paradigma este que permite análises do tipo qualitativa, desenvolvido no âmbito das ciências humanas. A partir do olhar de detetive proposto pelo paradigma indiciário foi possível indicar os erros cometidos pelos estudantes, fazê-los refletir sobre os próprios textos e melhorá-los através da reescrita. Os resultados obtidos com as refacções mostram que é este um método eficiente de se trabalhar em sala de aula, pois essa prática permite que o aluno se volte para os seus erros de forma a corrigi-los. Além disso, é possível concluir que essa prática constante tende sempre a trazer resultados positivos, visto que quantas mais forem as reescritas, melhor o texto se torna. Nesse sentido, a utilização do paradigma indiciário é muito pertinente por permitir uma análise minuciosa, mais atenta aos erros cometidos e às análises dos mesmos

Inserção do ensino de astronomia como componente importante para a formação continuada de professores

According to the Brazilian National Curriculum Parameters (PCN), the teaching of astronomy must provide subjects to the teaching/learning processes of basic education, acquisition of skills and competencies in order to form a critical, reflective and conscious citizen. Several surveys on teaching astronomy show that some changes need to be made in educational, aiming to provide to participants (students and teachers) of the teaching/learning real and significant conditions of knowledge aiming to astronomy. Thus, by prior construction, implementation and evaluation, of a course on astronomy, thought and implemented by the author in a public school in elementary school and high school in a town in São Paulo state, aimed to this work: know the challenges that teachers face in teaching Astronomy and identify possible contributions in formative processes of these teachers in service. So, the study revealed that teachers have many difficulties to teach the concepts of astronomy because of the deficit in their formations, both in specific and pedagogical knowledge that was the main problem pointed out by them. In view of this, it was possible to say here that the lack of specific knowledge about astronomy and pedagogical knowledge of how to teach this area are two hotspots in the dynamics of these school teachers who have the challenge of teach an area that really do not know

A física no 1º ciclo do ensino fundamental: uma abordagem construtivista

Todos nós sabemos o quanto é importante uma base de conhecimentos sólida, para que, posteriormente, quando forem ensinados os novos conceitos, os alunos possam fazer relações com o conhecimento que já possuem, com maior facilidade. Verificamos no Ensino Médio a grande dificuldade dos alunos têm para o aprendizado de Física, além da idéia pré-concebida que eles possuem de que é uma disciplina de difícil compreensão. Porém, essas dificuldades, em sua grande parte são advindas da compreensão dos textos de e do desenvolvimento de cálculos, ou seja, essas dificuldades provêm das disciplinas de Língua Portuguesa e de Matemática. Com base na situação descrita acima, o presente trabalho tem o objetivo de buscar alternativas para este problema, trabalhando desde a base destes conhecimentos, através de atividades desenvolvidas com o primeiro ciclo do Ensino Fundamental. Dessa maneira, levamos para escola pública de um bairro periférico de Presidente Prudente, mais especificamente, para a 3ª série do ensino fundamental, uma atividade com conceitos de Física para desenvolver com as crianças, estimulando o raciocínio das mesmas e a incentivando a busca por soluções para situações-problemas, utilizando-se para isso das idéias propostas pelo Construtivismo, fundamentadas na epistemologia de Piaget. Este trabalho sempre visou a valorização do conhecimento prévio desses alunos e estabelecendo relações com o seu cotidiano

Desvendando o sistema ABO: subsídios para o ensino de ciências e biologia

O conteúdo “Grupos sanguíneos” é abordado principalmente no ensino de biologia no Ensino Médio e está atrelado a diversas questões biológicas relevantes ao ensino básico. Além disso, sabe-se que esse tema é de cunho abstrato aos alunos, o que muitas vezes dificulta a apropriação do conteúdo pelo aluno. Nesse contexto, se torna relevante a elaboração de materiais que contribuam para um melhor processo de ensino e aprendizagem desse tema, além da incorporação da dimensão lúdica no universo escolar. Assim, a proposta do presente trabalho foi a elaboração de dois modelos didáticos de célula que facilitem a visualização da relação direta existente entre os genes responsáveis pela manifestação dos antígenos do sistema ABO, os genótipos dos diferentes indivíduos e as possibilidades de transfusão sanguínea existentes dentro de cada grupo sanguíneo. Além disso, foi construído um jogo didático de perguntas e respostas que envolvem os conhecimentos adquiridos durante a explanação teórica do professor com o intuito de fixação do conteúdo. O conteúdo fornecido neste trabalho foi baseado em livros didáticos, possibilitando aulas com conteúdo programático adequado e evitando erros conceituais

Jogo Mega-Duque: uma proposta para o ensino de probabilidade

Pós-graduação em Matemática em Rede Nacional - IBILCE

O modelo atômico de Bohr e as abordagens para seu ensino na escola média

The teaching of modern and contemporary Physics subjects in high school is indispensable and it was already justified by several researchers. Among the subjects which must be taught, there is, for instance, Bohr atomics model. However, as it was noticed in literature review, many didactic materials do not deal with this model adequately, since that they do not take into account Bohr ideas, which involved Planck studies on black-body radiation, Einsten theory for photoelectric effect, Rutherford experiences and atomics model and the empiric results upon the spectrums of chemical elements emission. From that, it is extremely important teaching through approaches which potentialize the learning of the model proposed by Niels Bohr. On the other hand, teachers from high schools cannot have clearness about which approaches can be applied for teaching the mentioned model. Thus, it is presented some possibilities for teaching Bohr atomics model, with examples and justifications for the use of each one. Special treatment was attributed to the teaching from Science History and Philosophy, from the reading of scientific diffusion and original scientific texts, from analogies, from comic strips and from computer simulations.

Experimentação no ensino de física: um estudo escolas estaduais na região de São José dos Campos

This work presents the results of a study on the use of experimentation in physics teaching, presenting a survey on the use of this strategy in public high schools in the region of São José dos Campos. Data collection was carried out in schools by means of questionnaires prepared for physics teachers and students from three grades of high school. Data were obtained in eighteen schools distributed in the city of São José dos Campos (two in the central region, in the west, three on the east side, seven in the north and five in the south), a school in the district of Sao Francisco Xavier and a school in the town of Monteiro Lobato. Thus, data from 20 schools, 610 students and 20 teachers were analyzed. Among the main results, we highlight that over 80% of the students said that there is no physics lab at the school where they study, and less than 1% declares that uses laboratory weekly. We note that there is a laboratory in 25% of the schools in the northern region and 10% or less of the other schools. According to the students the proposition of the experimental activities by teachers is rare - only three schools in East Side the options sometimes and always exceeded the number of responses experimental activities are never proposed. We had 60% of the teachers who reported using the curriculum of the state of São Paulo to propose activities to students, and half of the teachers said they did not have classes experimental physics classes in initial training or had them in sufficient quantity to support the use of this feature in practice

Televisão digital interativa na educação: desenvolvimento de um conteúdo. complementar ao ensino

This work had as objective the development of a prototype of educational content, as an experimental process, making use of resources from Interactive Digital TV. The characteristics of interactive digital terrestrial television are presented, in the form of a media mode capable of performing as a complementary source to education. The methodology used is composed of four phases: deduction, analysis, induction and synthesis. Its conception takes as issue the expressed need stated by UNESCO to use ICT (Information and Communications Technology) towards education, as well as the possibility of applying digital television in an educational process. The content is structured in the form of a quiz, a type of question-answer game as an informal way of education for high school students. The prototype developed in this work is presented as a structural script and map, taking into account the necessary activities and routines to put it into operation in the tested environments, eclipse, virtual set-top-box and Developer Box. The practice of prototyping was carried out in NCLua, based on middleware Ginga. As a result, we concluded that Ginga offers enough support to carry out the task, providing characteristics of interaction to publish the proposed content, at the moment of the actual practice.

Pressupostos epistemológicos e a experimentação no ensino de Química: o caso de Lavoisier

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

O processo de aprendizagem em práticas de ensino por investigação: interpretações a partir da abordagem fenomenológica e semiótica social

Pós-graduação em Educação para a Ciência - FC

Por um ensino de história com sentido para a vida

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

O ensino profissional no Plano Nacional de Educação: as questões da oferta, do atendimento e da formação profissional

The aim of this paper is to discuss the issues of supply, service and training put in the brazilian National Education Plan (Law No. 10.172/2001), whose term expired in January 2011. Since a new project of the National Education Plan for the next decade, is currently under discussion in Congress, believe to be of paramount importance to examine which goals that have been achieved, which were partially achieved and what have not yet been achieved, always aiming to better development of professional education in Brazil, we consider mode of teaching still undervalued in the context of public education policies in Brazil.

Indisciplina no ensino técnico: representações sociais de professores

The present study is a result of a Master’s degree’s research in Psychology, which has been developed with the objective of identifying the social representations of teachers about indiscipline in the classroom. We adopted a qualitative and quantitative approach and also the theory of Social Representations. Data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews. There were three high school teachers, three technical teachers and three teachers from both types of education, resulting in nine teachers from a technical school in São Paulo countryside. We defined three themes to process data through a content analysis, which are: indiscipline causes, alternatives to deal with this issue and conception of indiscipline. This division into themes allowed us to identify categories and we were able to measure frequency and percentage of answers. So far, we analyzed data of interviews corresponding to technical teachers. We noted that most of the answers related to the indiscipline were due to individual and family factors of students. Regarding the alternatives to deal with indiscipline, the answers were mostly related to the relationship of teachers and students. In general, we can say these pre-results show us a difference between the indiscipline causes and the alternatives to deal with them: teachers tend to blame the students themselves and their family problems, but they also say the alternatives are centered on the interaction teacherstudent.

Reflexões sobre homofobia e educação em escolas do interior paulista

This is a survey conducted in 2009 with 2,282 students of both sexes enrolled in the three grades of high school in three cities of the west of Sao Paulo state (Assis, Presidente Prudente and Ourinhos). The data collection instrument was a self-administered and anonymous questionnaire with 131 questions. In this article, we reflect on how in schools the research participants reproduce and reinforce the hegemonic discourses of control of sexualities guided by the attempt to promote heterosexuality as the only form of sexual intelligibility, to the detriment of other forms of expression of sexuality. We discuss how homophobia and the devices of social control of sexuality (re) produce prejudices and stereotypies, resulting in vulnerabilities that non-heterosexual teenagers have, such as homophobic victimization, social and affective isolation, ideations and suicide attempts. The study shows that the invariant were discrimination, homophobic violence and the insults that are perpetrated in the values and discourses of adolescents at school and in their family, demonstrating the institutionalization of homophobia as a regulatory practice of the psychological and social construction of gender and sexual identities. We highlight how important it is for the school to appropriate the means of deconstruction of heterocentric normativity to preserve the rights and citizenship of the people who do not identify with the prevailing models of heterosexuality.