Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië /uitgegeven door C.L. Blume.

1825-26 pt. 13-17

Nordisches Plankton : botanischer teil, band 8, [hrsg. von K. Brandt und C. Apstein, unter Mitwirkung von Bergendal ... et al.].

Bd.8,hft.13

Importância da HDL-c para a ocorrência de doença cardiovascular no idoso

FUNDAMENTO: Estudos sobre o impacto da HDL-c e ocorrência de doença cardiovascular (CV) em idosos são escassos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais e a ocorrência de eventos CV em idosos estratificados de acordo com o comportamento da HDL-c em seguimento de oito anos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, em dois momentos (A1 e A2), com espaço mínimo de cinco anos, 81 idosos, com idade média de 68,51 ± 6,32 (38,2% do sexo masculino). Os indivíduos foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com o nível da HDL-c: HDL-c normal nas duas avaliações (GN) (n=31); HDL-c baixa nas duas avaliações (GB) (n=21); e HDL-c variável de A1 para A2 (GV) (n=29). Foram registrados os eventos CV maiores: doença coronariana (angina, infarto miocárdio, revascularização miocárdica percutânea/cirúrgica), acidente vascular encefálico, acidente isquêmico transitório, doença carotídea, demência e insuficiência cardíaca. RESULTADOS: Os grupos não diferiram quanto à idade e sexo em A1 e A2. As médias dos triglicérides foram menores no GN em A1 (p=0,027) e A2 (p=0,016) que no GB. Já a distribuição de eventos CV foi de 13 eventos no GN (41,9%), 16 (76,2%) no GB e de 12 (41,4%) no GV (χ2=7,149, p=0,024). Em análise de regressão logística observou-se que quanto maior a idade (OR=1,187, p=0,0230) e quanto menor a HDL-c (OR=0,9372, p=0,0102), maior a ocorrência de eventos CV. CONCLUSÃO: O HDL-c permanentemente baixo ao longo de oito anos de acompanhamento foi fator de risco para desenvolvimento de eventos CV em idosos.

Impacto da proteína-C reativa no risco cardiovascular de adolescentes

FUNDAMENTO: Vários estudos sugerem que a proteína-C reativa (PCR) se correlaciona com doença arterial coronariana em adultos. Entretanto, essa associação ainda é pouco explorada em adolescentes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre a PCR e os fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS: Oitenta e quatro adolescentes (12,6 ± 1,3 anos), ambos os sexos, foram distribuídos nos grupos Eutrófico (n = 28), Sobrepeso (n = 28) e Obeso (n = 28), segundo o índice de massa corpórea (IMC). A concentração de PCR (ELISA ultrassensível), o perfil lipídico e o conteúdo de anticorpos anti-LDLox (ELISA) foram determinados após jejum de 12h. RESULTADOS: Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto a idade (p = 0,13) e sexo (p = 0,83). Colesterol total, HDL-C, CT/HDL-C e LDL-C/HDL-C apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos Eutrófico e Obeso. Não houve variação significativa no conteúdo de anticorpos anti-LDLox. Os valores de PCR foram diferentes entre os três grupos (p < 0,01). PCR apresentou associação significativa com IMC (β = 2,533), CB (β = 2,645) e CC (β = 2,945), CT (β = 0,006), LDL-C (β = 0,006) e anticorpos anti-LDLox (β = 0,383) e negativa entre HDL-C (β = -0,017). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicam que a PCR se associa significativamente com marcadores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes.

Proteína C-Reativa Incrementa o Valor Prognóstico do Escore GRACE em Síndromes Coronarianas Agudas?

Fundamento: O valor prognóstico incremental da dosagem plasmática de Proteína C-reativa (PCR) em relação ao Escore GRACE não está estabelecido em pacientes com síndromes coronarianas agudas sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCA). Objetivo: Testar a hipótese de que a medida de PCR na admissão incrementa o valor prognóstico do escore GRACE em pacientes com SCA. Métodos: Foram estudados 290 indivíduos, internados consecutivamente por SCA, os quais tiveram material plasmático colhido na admissão para dosagem de PCR por método de alta sensibilidade (nefelometria). Desfechos cardiovasculares durante hospitalização foram definidos pela combinação de óbito, infarto não fatal ou angina refratária não fatal. Resultados: A incidência de eventos cardiovasculares durante hospitalização foi 15% (18 óbitos, 11 infartos, 13 anginas), tendo a PCR apresentado estatística-C de 0,60 (95% IC = 0,51 - 0,70; p = 0,034) na predição desses desfechos. Após ajuste para o Escore GRACE, PCR elevada (definida pelo melhor ponto de corte) apresentou tendência a associação com eventos hospitalares (OR = 1,89; 95% IC = 0,92 - 3,88; p = 0,08). No entanto, a adição da variável PCR elevada no modelo GRACE não promoveu incremento significativo na estatística-C, a qual variou de 0,705 para 0,718 (p = 0,46). Da mesma forma, não houve reclassificação de risco significativa com a adição da PCR no modelo preditor (reclassificação líquida = 5,7%; p = 0,15). Conclusão Embora PCR possua associação com desfechos hospitalares, esse marcador inflamatório não incrementa o valor prognóstico do Escore GRACE.

Parallelism in the evolution of the Permian reptilian faunas of the Old and New Worlds / Everett C. Olson.

v.37:no.13(1955)

Gods and heroes of Japan / by Helen C. Gunsaulus, Assistant Curator of Japanese Ethnology.

no.13(1924)

Química de l'espín prohibit: la importància dels intermedis a capa oberta en l'activació d'enllaços C-H

Estudi realitzat a partir d’una estada a la School of Chemistry de la University of Bristol, Gran Bretanya, entre 2006 i 2008. La reacció d’activació del pre-catalitzador CH3-Fe(P(iPr)2CH2)3B-Ph, que es dóna en presència de H2 i P(CH3)3, és una reacció spin-prohibida ja que els reactius i els productes tenen diferents estat d’espín en el seu estat fonamental: el pre-catalitzador és quintet, mentre que el producte format després de l’eliminació de metà, PMe3(H3)-Fe[(P(iPr)2CH2)3B-Ph, és singlet. Un dels intermedis d’aquesta reacció és d’especial interès ja que catalitza la hidrogenació d’olefines. Intermedi que experimentalment s’ha proposat com a H-Fe[(P(iPr)2CH2)3B-Ph] o el Hx-Fe[(P(iPr)2CH2)3B-Ph]. Aquestes espècies han estat estudiades computacionalment, mitjançant la combinació de mètodes del funcional de la densitat calibrats mitjançant càlculs ab initio. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que les superfícies d’energia potencial singlet, triplet i quintet es creuen al llarg de les reaccions descrites. La reacció d’activació del pre-catalitzador és una reacció multi spin-prohibida (més d’un canvi d’espín), en la que el mecanisme preferit addiciona primer hidrogen i després la fosfina, el pas determinant de la velocitat és el creuament de la superfície d’energia potencial quintet a la triplet a la geometria del reactiu, que es produeix amb una barrera d’aproximadament 18 kcal/mol. La reacció d’hidrogenació d’olefines en canvi pot ser o no una reacció espín prohibida depenent de les condicions en que es dugui a terme. En cas de que la reacció es dugui a terme en un excés d’hidrogen, en el mecanisme principal l’espècie activa seria el (H2)H-Fe[(P(iPr)2CH2)3B-Ph] singlet en el seu estat fonamental que hidrogenaria l’olefina sense cap pas espín prohibit. Aquest mecanisme és el de barrera més baixa però s’espera que estigui més desafavorit entropicament. Si les condicions no són d’un important excés d’hidrogen, llavors l’espècie activa s’espera que sigui H-Fe[(P(iPr)2CH2)3B-Ph], la reacció llavors seria multi espín prohibida amb una barrera de unes 13 kcal/mol corresponents al creuament entre la superfície quintet i triplet a la geometria del H-Fe[(P(iPr)2CH2)3B-Ph].

Solid-phase synthesis and NMR studies of modified oligonucleotides forming triplex helix and of oligonucleopeptides mimicking the topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complex

Report for the scientific sojourn carried out at the Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona of the CSIC –state agency – from april until september 2007. Topoisomerase I is an essential nuclear enzyme that modulates the topological status of DNA, facilitating DNA helix unwinding during replication and transcription. We have prepared the oligonucleotide-peptide conjugate Ac-NLeu-Asn-Tyr(p-3’TTCAGAAGC5’)-LeuC-CONH-(CH2)6-OH as model compound for NMR studies of the Topoisomerase I- DNA complex. Special attention was made on the synthetic aspects for the preparation of this challenging compound especially solid supports and protecting groups. The desired peptide was obtained although we did not achieve the amount of the conjugate needed for NMR studies. Most probably the low yield is due to the intrinsic sensitive to hydrolysis of the phosphate bond between oligonucleotide and tyrosine. We have started the synthesis and the structural characterization of oligonucleotides carrying intercalating compounds. At the present state we have obtained model duplex and quadruplex sequences modified with acridine and NMR studies are underway. In addition to this project we have successfully resolved the structure of a fusion peptide derived from hepatitis C virus envelope synthesized by the group of Dr. Haro and we have synthesized and started the characterization of a modified G-quadruplex.

Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution.

Waist-hip ratio (WHR) is a measure of body fat distribution and a predictor of metabolic consequences independent of overall adiposity. WHR is heritable, but few genetic variants influencing this trait have been identified. We conducted a meta-analysis of 32 genome-wide association studies for WHR adjusted for body mass index (comprising up to 77,167 participants), following up 16 loci in an additional 29 studies (comprising up to 113,636 subjects). We identified 13 new loci in or near RSPO3, VEGFA, TBX15-WARS2, NFE2L3, GRB14, DNM3-PIGC, ITPR2-SSPN, LY86, HOXC13, ADAMTS9, ZNRF3-KREMEN1, NISCH-STAB1 and CPEB4 (P = 1.9 × 10⁻⁹ to P = 1.8 × 10⁻⁴⁰) and the known signal at LYPLAL1. Seven of these loci exhibited marked sexual dimorphism, all with a stronger effect on WHR in women than men (P for sex difference = 1.9 × 10⁻³ to P = 1.2 × 10⁻&supl;³). These findings provide evidence for multiple loci that modulate body fat distribution independent of overall adiposity and reveal strong gene-by-sex interactions.

IL-13 induces expression of CD36 in human monocytes through PPARgamma activation.

The class B scavenger receptor CD36 is a component of the pattern recognition receptors on monocytes that recognizes a variety of molecules. CD36 expression in monocytes depends on exposure to soluble mediators. We demonstrate here that CD36 expression is induced in human monocytes following exposure to IL-13, a Th2 cytokine, via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma pathway. Induction of CD36 protein was paralleled by an increase in CD36 mRNA. The PPARgamma pathway was demonstrated using transfection of a PPARgamma expression plasmid into the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7, expressing very low levels of PPARgamma, and in peritoneal macrophages from PPARgamma-conditional null mice. We also show that CD36 induction by IL-13 via PPARgamma is dependent on phospholipase A2 activation and that IL-13 induces the production of endogenous 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2, an endogenous PPARgamma ligand, and its nuclear localization in human monocytes. Finally, we demonstrate that CD36 and PPARgamma are involved in IL-13-mediated phagocytosis of Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes. These results reveal a novel role for PPARgamma in the alternative activation of monocytes by IL-13, suggesting that endogenous PPARgamma ligands, produced by phospholipase A2 activation, could contribute to the biochemical and cellular functions of CD36.

Hepatitis B and C prevalences among blood donors in the south region of Brazil

The prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection has been determined in a seroepidemiological survey among blood donors from the south of Brazil (Florianópolis, State of Santa Catarina). These markers has also been correlated with the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), a surrogate marker to prevent post-transfusion hepatitis. Sera from 5000 donors were randomly collected in the period of April to November 1991. The prevalences of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc were respectively 0.78, 7.02 and 13.98. The anti-HCV prevalence after confirmation testing with line immunoassay (LIA), was 1.14. Normal values of ALT ( < = 32 U/ml) were found in 59.78, values slightly above the mean (ALT between 32-70 U/ml) in 37.74 and high values of ALT ( > = 70 U/ml) in 2.48. The positivity of anti-HCV antibodies increased with the elevation of ALT levels. This correlation was not observed in relation to HBsAg. There exists a diversity in the recognition of HCV epitopes among HCV positive donors. Via the confirmation test used, we could observe that 94.7 of donors recognize the structural core antigen. Besides that, we observed that 5.26 of the HCV reactive sera recognized only epitopes located in the NS4 and/or NS5 region, indicating the importance of these epitopes for the improvement of assays.

A two-compartment mathematical model of neuroglial metabolism using [1-(11)C] acetate.

The purpose of this study was to develop a two-compartment metabolic model of brain metabolism to assess oxidative metabolism from [1-(11)C] acetate radiotracer experiments, using an approach previously applied in (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and compared with an one-tissue compartment model previously used in brain [1-(11)C] acetate studies. Compared with (13)C MRS studies, (11)C radiotracer measurements provide a single uptake curve representing the sum of all labeled metabolites, without chemical differentiation, but with higher temporal resolution. The reliability of the adjusted metabolic fluxes was analyzed with Monte-Carlo simulations using synthetic (11)C uptake curves, based on a typical arterial input function and previously published values of the neuroglial fluxes V(tca)(g), V(x), V(nt), and V(tca)(n) measured in dynamic (13)C MRS experiments. Assuming V(x)(g)=10 × V(tca)(g) and V(x)(n)=V(tca)(n), it was possible to assess the composite glial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux V(gt)(g) (V(gt)(g)=V(x)(g) × V(tca)(g)/(V(x)(g)+V(tca)(g))) and the neurotransmission flux V(nt) from (11)C tissue-activity curves obtained within 30 minutes in the rat cortex with a beta-probe after a bolus infusion of [1-(11)C] acetate (n=9), resulting in V(gt)(g)=0.136±0.042 and V(nt)=0.170±0.103 μmol/g per minute (mean±s.d. of the group), in good agreement with (13)C MRS measurements.

Central and Cortical Gray Mater Segmentation of Magnetic Resonance Images of the Fetal Brain

Motivation. The study of human brain development in itsearly stage is today possible thanks to in vivo fetalmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Aquantitative analysis of fetal cortical surfacerepresents a new approach which can be used as a markerof the cerebral maturation (as gyration) and also forstudying central nervous system pathologies [1]. However,this quantitative approach is a major challenge forseveral reasons. First, movement of the fetus inside theamniotic cavity requires very fast MRI sequences tominimize motion artifacts, resulting in a poor spatialresolution and/or lower SNR. Second, due to the ongoingmyelination and cortical maturation, the appearance ofthe developing brain differs very much from thehomogenous tissue types found in adults. Third, due tolow resolution, fetal MR images considerably suffer ofpartial volume (PV) effect, sometimes in large areas.Today extensive efforts are made to deal with thereconstruction of high resolution 3D fetal volumes[2,3,4] to cope with intra-volume motion and low SNR.However, few studies exist related to the automatedsegmentation of MR fetal imaging. [5] and [6] work on thesegmentation of specific areas of the fetal brain such asposterior fossa, brainstem or germinal matrix. Firstattempt for automated brain tissue segmentation has beenpresented in [7] and in our previous work [8]. Bothmethods apply the Expectation-Maximization Markov RandomField (EM-MRF) framework but contrary to [7] we do notneed from any anatomical atlas prior. Data set &Methods. Prenatal MR imaging was performed with a 1-Tsystem (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee) using single shotfast spin echo (ssFSE) sequences (TR 7000 ms, TE 180 ms,FOV 40 x 40 cm, slice thickness 5.4mm, in plane spatialresolution 1.09mm). Each fetus has 6 axial volumes(around 15 slices per volume), each of them acquired inabout 1 min. Each volume is shifted by 1 mm with respectto the previous one. Gestational age (GA) ranges from 29to 32 weeks. Mother is under sedation. Each volume ismanually segmented to extract fetal brain fromsurrounding maternal tissues. Then, in-homogeneityintensity correction is performed using [9] and linearintensity normalization is performed to have intensityvalues that range from 0 to 255. Note that due tointra-tissue variability of developing brain someintensity variability still remains. For each fetus, ahigh spatial resolution image of isotropic voxel size of1.09 mm is created applying [2] and using B-splines forthe scattered data interpolation [10] (see Fig. 1). Then,basal ganglia (BS) segmentation is performed on thissuper reconstructed volume. Active contour framework witha Level Set (LS) implementation is used. Our LS follows aslightly different formulation from well-known Chan-Vese[11] formulation. In our case, the LS evolves forcing themean of the inside of the curve to be the mean intensityof basal ganglia. Moreover, we add local spatial priorthrough a probabilistic map created by fitting anellipsoid onto the basal ganglia region. Some userinteraction is needed to set the mean intensity of BG(green dots in Fig. 2) and the initial fitting points forthe probabilistic prior map (blue points in Fig. 2). Oncebasal ganglia are removed from the image, brain tissuesegmentation is performed as described in [8]. Results.The case study presented here has 29 weeks of GA. Thehigh resolution reconstructed volume is presented in Fig.1. The steps of BG segmentation are shown in Fig. 2.Overlap in comparison with manual segmentation isquantified by the Dice similarity index (DSI) equal to0.829 (values above 0.7 are considered a very goodagreement). Such BG segmentation has been applied on 3other subjects ranging for 29 to 32 GA and the DSI hasbeen of 0.856, 0.794 and 0.785. Our segmentation of theinner (red and blue contours) and outer cortical surface(green contour) is presented in Fig. 3. Finally, torefine the results we include our WM segmentation in theFreesurfer software [12] and some manual corrections toobtain Fig.4. Discussion. Precise cortical surfaceextraction of fetal brain is needed for quantitativestudies of early human brain development. Our workcombines the well known statistical classificationframework with the active contour segmentation forcentral gray mater extraction. A main advantage of thepresented procedure for fetal brain surface extraction isthat we do not include any spatial prior coming fromanatomical atlases. The results presented here arepreliminary but promising. Our efforts are now in testingsuch approach on a wider range of gestational ages thatwe will include in the final version of this work andstudying as well its generalization to different scannersand different type of MRI sequences. References. [1]Guibaud, Prenatal Diagnosis 29(4) (2009). [2] Rousseau,Acad. Rad. 13(9), 2006, [3] Jiang, IEEE TMI 2007. [4]Warfield IADB, MICCAI 2009. [5] Claude, IEEE Trans. Bio.Eng. 51(4) (2004). [6] Habas, MICCAI (Pt. 1) 2008. [7]Bertelsen, ISMRM 2009 [8] Bach Cuadra, IADB, MICCAI 2009.[9] Styner, IEEE TMI 19(39 (2000). [10] Lee, IEEE Trans.Visual. And Comp. Graph. 3(3), 1997, [11] Chan, IEEETrans. Img. Proc, 10(2), 2001 [12] Freesurfer,http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu.